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fix(engine): flatten storage cache #18880

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60f4db1
fix(engine): flatten storage cache
Rjected Oct 3, 2025
415c3b7
perf: invalidate all destroyed accounts at once
Rjected Oct 6, 2025
ea9affc
chore: make clippy happy
Rjected Oct 6, 2025
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138 changes: 49 additions & 89 deletions crates/engine/tree/src/tree/cached_state.rs
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Original file line number Diff line number Diff line change
@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
//! Execution cache implementation for block processing.
use alloy_primitives::{Address, StorageKey, StorageValue, B256};
use alloy_primitives::{
map::{DefaultHashBuilder, HashSet},
Address, StorageKey, StorageValue, B256,
};
use metrics::Gauge;
use mini_moka::sync::CacheBuilder;
use reth_errors::ProviderResult;
Expand All @@ -14,7 +17,6 @@ use reth_trie::{
updates::TrieUpdates, AccountProof, HashedPostState, HashedStorage, MultiProof,
MultiProofTargets, StorageMultiProof, StorageProof, TrieInput,
};
use revm_primitives::map::DefaultHashBuilder;
use std::{sync::Arc, time::Duration};
use tracing::trace;

Expand Down Expand Up @@ -300,65 +302,65 @@ pub(crate) struct ExecutionCache {
/// Cache for contract bytecode, keyed by code hash.
code_cache: Cache<B256, Option<Bytecode>>,

/// Per-account storage cache: outer cache keyed by Address, inner cache tracks that account’s
/// storage slots.
storage_cache: Cache<Address, AccountStorageCache>,
/// Flattened storage cache: composite key of (`Address`, `StorageKey`) maps directly to values.
storage_cache: Cache<(Address, StorageKey), Option<StorageValue>>,

/// Cache for basic account information (nonce, balance, code hash).
account_cache: Cache<Address, Option<Account>>,
}

impl ExecutionCache {
/// Get storage value from hierarchical cache.
/// Get storage value from flattened cache.
///
/// Returns a `SlotStatus` indicating whether:
/// - `NotCached`: The account's storage cache doesn't exist
/// - `Empty`: The slot exists in the account's cache but is empty
/// - `NotCached`: The storage slot is not in the cache
/// - `Empty`: The slot exists in the cache but is empty
/// - `Value`: The slot exists and has a specific value
pub(crate) fn get_storage(&self, address: &Address, key: &StorageKey) -> SlotStatus {
match self.storage_cache.get(address) {
match self.storage_cache.get(&(*address, *key)) {
None => SlotStatus::NotCached,
Some(account_cache) => account_cache.get_storage(key),
Some(None) => SlotStatus::Empty,
Some(Some(value)) => SlotStatus::Value(value),
}
}

/// Insert storage value into hierarchical cache
/// Insert storage value into flattened cache
pub(crate) fn insert_storage(
&self,
address: Address,
key: StorageKey,
value: Option<StorageValue>,
) {
self.insert_storage_bulk(address, [(key, value)]);
self.storage_cache.insert((address, key), value);
}

/// Insert multiple storage values into hierarchical cache for a single account
/// Insert multiple storage values into flattened cache for a single account
///
/// This method is optimized for inserting multiple storage values for the same address
/// by doing the account cache lookup only once instead of for each key-value pair.
/// This method inserts multiple storage values for the same address directly
/// into the flattened cache.
pub(crate) fn insert_storage_bulk<I>(&self, address: Address, storage_entries: I)
where
I: IntoIterator<Item = (StorageKey, Option<StorageValue>)>,
{
let account_cache = self.storage_cache.get(&address).unwrap_or_else(|| {
let account_cache = AccountStorageCache::default();
self.storage_cache.insert(address, account_cache.clone());
account_cache
});

for (key, value) in storage_entries {
account_cache.insert_storage(key, value);
self.storage_cache.insert((address, key), value);
}
}

/// Invalidate storage for specific account
pub(crate) fn invalidate_account_storage(&self, address: &Address) {
self.storage_cache.invalidate(address);
}

/// Returns the total number of storage slots cached across all accounts
pub(crate) fn total_storage_slots(&self) -> usize {
self.storage_cache.iter().map(|addr| addr.len()).sum()
self.storage_cache.entry_count() as usize
}

/// Invalidates the storage for all addresses in the set
pub(crate) fn invalidate_storages(&self, addresses: HashSet<&Address>) {
let storage_entries = self
.storage_cache
.iter()
.filter_map(|entry| addresses.contains(&entry.key().0).then_some(*entry.key()));
for key in storage_entries {
self.storage_cache.invalidate(&key)
}
}

/// Inserts the post-execution state changes into the cache.
Expand All @@ -385,6 +387,7 @@ impl ExecutionCache {
self.code_cache.insert(*code_hash, Some(Bytecode(bytecode.clone())));
}

let mut invalidated_accounts = HashSet::default();
for (addr, account) in &state_updates.state {
// If the account was not modified, as in not changed and not destroyed, then we have
// nothing to do w.r.t. this particular account and can move on
Expand All @@ -397,7 +400,7 @@ impl ExecutionCache {
// Invalidate the account cache entry if destroyed
self.account_cache.invalidate(addr);

self.invalidate_account_storage(addr);
invalidated_accounts.insert(addr);
continue
}

Expand All @@ -424,6 +427,9 @@ impl ExecutionCache {
self.account_cache.insert(*addr, Some(Account::from(account_info)));
}

// invalidate storage for all destroyed acocunts
self.invalidate_storages(invalidated_accounts);

Ok(())
}
}
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -452,11 +458,11 @@ impl ExecutionCacheBuilder {
const TIME_TO_IDLE: Duration = Duration::from_secs(3600); // 1 hour

let storage_cache = CacheBuilder::new(self.storage_cache_entries)
.weigher(|_key: &Address, value: &AccountStorageCache| -> u32 {
// values based on results from measure_storage_cache_overhead test
let base_weight = 39_000;
let slots_weight = value.len() * 218;
(base_weight + slots_weight) as u32
.weigher(|_key: &(Address, StorageKey), _value: &Option<StorageValue>| -> u32 {
// Size of composite key (Address + StorageKey) + Option<StorageValue>
// Address: 20 bytes, StorageKey: 32 bytes, Option<StorageValue>: 33 bytes
// Plus some overhead for the hash map entry
120_u32
})
.max_capacity(storage_cache_size)
.time_to_live(EXPIRY_TIME)
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -573,56 +579,6 @@ impl SavedCache {
}
}

/// Cache for an individual account's storage slots.
///
/// This represents the second level of the hierarchical storage cache.
/// Each account gets its own `AccountStorageCache` to store accessed storage slots.
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub(crate) struct AccountStorageCache {
/// Map of storage keys to their cached values.
slots: Cache<StorageKey, Option<StorageValue>>,
}

impl AccountStorageCache {
/// Create a new [`AccountStorageCache`]
pub(crate) fn new(max_slots: u64) -> Self {
Self {
slots: CacheBuilder::new(max_slots).build_with_hasher(DefaultHashBuilder::default()),
}
}

/// Get a storage value from this account's cache.
/// - `NotCached`: The slot is not in the cache
/// - `Empty`: The slot is empty
/// - `Value`: The slot has a specific value
pub(crate) fn get_storage(&self, key: &StorageKey) -> SlotStatus {
match self.slots.get(key) {
None => SlotStatus::NotCached,
Some(None) => SlotStatus::Empty,
Some(Some(value)) => SlotStatus::Value(value),
}
}

/// Insert a storage value
pub(crate) fn insert_storage(&self, key: StorageKey, value: Option<StorageValue>) {
self.slots.insert(key, value);
}

/// Returns the number of slots in the cache
pub(crate) fn len(&self) -> usize {
self.slots.entry_count() as usize
}
}

impl Default for AccountStorageCache {
fn default() -> Self {
// With weigher and max_capacity in place, this number represents
// the maximum number of entries that can be stored, not the actual
// memory usage which is controlled by storage cache's max_capacity.
Self::new(1_000_000)
}
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
use super::*;
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -697,32 +653,36 @@ mod tests {

#[test]
fn measure_storage_cache_overhead() {
let (base_overhead, cache) = measure_allocation(|| AccountStorageCache::new(1000));
println!("Base AccountStorageCache overhead: {base_overhead} bytes");
let (base_overhead, cache) =
measure_allocation(|| ExecutionCacheBuilder::default().build_caches(1000));
println!("Base ExecutionCache overhead: {base_overhead} bytes");
let mut rng = rand::rng();

let address = Address::random();
let key = StorageKey::random();
let value = StorageValue::from(rng.random::<u128>());
let (first_slot, _) = measure_allocation(|| {
cache.insert_storage(key, Some(value));
cache.insert_storage(address, key, Some(value));
});
println!("First slot insertion overhead: {first_slot} bytes");

const TOTAL_SLOTS: usize = 10_000;
let (test_slots, _) = measure_allocation(|| {
for _ in 0..TOTAL_SLOTS {
let addr = Address::random();
let key = StorageKey::random();
let value = StorageValue::from(rng.random::<u128>());
cache.insert_storage(key, Some(value));
cache.insert_storage(addr, key, Some(value));
}
});
println!("Average overhead over {} slots: {} bytes", TOTAL_SLOTS, test_slots / TOTAL_SLOTS);

println!("\nTheoretical sizes:");
println!("Address size: {} bytes", size_of::<Address>());
println!("StorageKey size: {} bytes", size_of::<StorageKey>());
println!("StorageValue size: {} bytes", size_of::<StorageValue>());
println!("Option<StorageValue> size: {} bytes", size_of::<Option<StorageValue>>());
println!("Option<B256> size: {} bytes", size_of::<Option<B256>>());
println!("(Address, StorageKey) size: {} bytes", size_of::<(Address, StorageKey)>());
}

#[test]
Expand Down
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