Add very basic "comptime" fn implementation

[oli-obk]

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Implements functions that cannot be called at runtime (and thus also not from normal const functions, as those could be called from runtime).

This is done via the internal attribute rustc_comptime that can be added to normal functions, turning them into compile-time-only functions.

Because @fee1-dead and @compiler-errors did amazing work, we even get trait bounds that work inside comptime fns: via unconditionally-const const Trait bounds.

Use cases are

• Reflection MVP #146923
• const heap intrinsics
• and the other various intrinsics (e.g. size_of 😆) that will just ICE in codegen or panic at runtime if they actually end up in runtime code

project goal issue: rust-lang/rust-project-goals#406

no tracking issue until we have a feature gate and some sort of syntax

cc @scottmcm as the T-lang goal champion

[rustbot]

Some changes occurred in compiler/rustc_attr_parsing

cc @jdonszelmann

Some changes occurred in compiler/rustc_passes/src/check_attr.rs

cc @jdonszelmann

Some changes occurred in compiler/rustc_hir/src/attrs

cc @jdonszelmann

Some changes occurred to the CTFE machinery

cc @RalfJung, @oli-obk, @lcnr

Some changes occurred in src/tools/rustfmt

cc @rust-lang/rustfmt

[rustbot]

r? @JonathanBrouwer

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[rustbot]

Some changes occurred to MIR optimizations

cc @rust-lang/wg-mir-opt

[rustbot]

Some changes occurred in src/tools/clippy

cc @rust-lang/clippy

Some changes occurred to constck

cc @fee1-dead

[rustbot]

This PR changes rustc_public

cc @celinval, @ouz-a, @makai410

[oli-obk]

@rustbot ready

[rustbot]

This PR was rebased onto a different main commit. Here's a range-diff highlighting what actually changed.

Rebasing is a normal part of keeping PRs up to date, so no action is needed—this note is just to help reviewers.