Add mathematical documentation for algorithms

[rajgandhi1]

Enhance documentation across all algorithm modules with mathematical explanations, complexity analysis, and usage guidance.

Requirements:

• Document mathematical basis for each algorithm (use LaTeX in doc comments)
• Add time/space complexity analysis
• Include when to use each algorithm (use case guidance)
• Add diagrams where helpful (rendered in docs)
• Document parameter selection guidance
• Add "See Also" sections linking related algorithms
• Ensure all public APIs have examples in doc comments

katex or similar for math rendering in docs