Tier 1: Core numeric operators and math functions

[kavanaghpatrick]

Summary

• Add 9 new math opcodes (POW, SQRT, SIN, COS, EXP, LOG, ABS, MIN, MAX) wired through full pipeline: opcodes → VM → bytecode → Metal kernel → GPU glue → C compiler
• Transpiler support for ** operator, math.sqrt/sin/cos/exp/log(), abs()/min()/max() builtins, math.pi/math.e constants
• random.uniform(a, b) and random.gauss(mu, sigma) via inline expansion
• Chained comparisons (a < b < c)
• 778 tests passing (63+ new tests added)

Closes #27

Test plan

• All 9 opcodes work in VM with correct results
• Transpiler handles **, math.*, builtins, constants, chained comparisons
• random.uniform returns values in range, random.gauss returns float
• Bytecode encoding for all 9 new ops
• Metal kernel compiles with all new dispatch cases
• C compiler emits correct math.h calls
• Full regression: 778 tests, 0 failures

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