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Perhaps Debian already comes with Gnome/KDE apps that cover the use cases we need. Probably worth investigating.
The enlightenment window manager is available in Debian experimental repository's, apps from Tizen are likely to be using EFL so it could be a useful source for portable projects.
List of applications. With source available at source.tizen.org.
Based upon QT and QTQuick, all applications source code available could be a useful source of portable projects.
The project is discontinued by Canonical, but others have picked it up: ubports
Core applications source available on launchpad
KDE/Blue Systems has a mobile operating systems in the form of both Debian and Ubuntu base, Ubuntu using Project Halium which is the community continuation of Ubuntu Touch. Packages are built on a CI system https://build.neon.kde.org/ Plasma Mobile is the frontend https://plasma-mobile.org/
It's a real Linux system so you know what's going on and can vet most of the code. It's why Purism have chosen it for the Librem5 security focused phone https://puri.sm/shop/librem-5/
Based upon QT and QTQuick.
"Also, the SailfishOS isn't open source, yet" It is, just much of the uppermost (UX) layer isn't. The middle & base layers (MeR) are pretty-much completely open*, all the important plumbing etc, there's some good explanatory diagrams somewhere on the Sailfish site IIRC. They want to license their sw, & the only way they feel they can do that most effectively, is by keeping the uppermost layer proprietary, for now. But nothing stops 3rd parties from using the middle & base layers, & whacking their own UX on top. N.B. They've contributed to a completely open uppermost layer called "Nemo", a small am't of their own closed UX was released to it, & others have contributed separately to it too. But the hope is that one day they'll release the entire shebang to Nemo, or Nemo will remain sep. & they'll just open all of Sailfish's UX in a sep. sister project. *in some ways more-so than UT & Tizen
Some application sources are available in a couple of places in github: sailfishos and nemomobile. The apps generally have names like qmlcalc/qmlcontacts etc.