fix: add retry logic to saving installation results to avoid incorrectly reporting a failure

[jahzielv]

For #25210

Checklist for submitter

If some of the following don't apply, delete the relevant line.

• Changes file added for user-visible changes in changes/, orbit/changes/ or ee/fleetd-chrome/changes.
  See Changes files for more information.
• Added/updated automated tests
• A detailed QA plan exists on the associated ticket (if it isn't there, work with the product group's QA engineer to add it)
• Manual QA for all new/changed functionality
• For Orbit and Fleet Desktop changes:
  • Orbit runs on macOS, Linux and Windows. Check if the orbit feature/bugfix should only apply to one platform (runtime.GOOS).
  • Manual QA must be performed in the three main OSs, macOS, Windows and Linux.
  • Auto-update manual QA, from released version of component to new version (see tools/tuf/test).

[codecov]

Codecov Report

Attention: Patch coverage is 90.00000% with 1 line in your changes missing coverage. Please review.

Project coverage is 63.60%. Comparing base (07416c2) to head (5b1ffc6).
Report is 68 commits behind head on main.

Files with missing lines	Patch %	Lines
orbit/pkg/installer/installer.go	90.00%	1 Missing ⚠️

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main   #25706      +/-   ##
==========================================
+ Coverage   63.59%   63.60%   +0.01%     
==========================================
  Files        1622     1624       +2     
  Lines      155023   155428     +405     
  Branches     4003     4003              
==========================================
+ Hits        98580    98867     +287     
- Misses      48661    48759      +98     
- Partials     7782     7802      +20     

Flag	Coverage Δ
backend	64.46% <90.00%> (+0.01%)	⬆️

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[iansltx]

Almost want to recommend dropping this to 4 attempts tota because "five is right out" but...five is fine. Just a few nits.

[iansltx]

Ready to merge pending fleetd unfreeze