Just in time compilation for riscv32 architecture

.github/workflows/build-and-test.yaml

@@ -366,6 +366,33 @@ jobs:
           arch: "s390x"
           library-arch: s390x-linux-gnu
 
+        # riscv32-ilp32 build
+        - os: "ubuntu-24.04"
+          cc: "riscv32-unknown-linux-gnu-gcc"
+          cxx: "riscv32-unknown-linux-gnu-g++"
+          cflags: "-O2"
+          otp: "28"
+          elixir_version: "1.17"
+          rebar3_version: "3.24.0"
+          cmake_opts_other: "-DAVM_WARNINGS_ARE_ERRORS=ON -DCMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_FILE=${RUNNER_TEMP}/riscv32_ilp32_toolchain.cmake"
+          compiler_pkgs: "qemu-user qemu-user-binfmt binfmt-support"
+          arch: "riscv32"
+          library-arch: riscv32-linux-gnu-ilp32
+
+        # riscv32-ilp32 build + jit
+        - os: "ubuntu-24.04"
+          cc: "riscv32-unknown-linux-gnu-gcc"
+          cxx: "riscv32-unknown-linux-gnu-g++"
+          cflags: "-O2"
+          otp: "28"
+          elixir_version: "1.17"
+          rebar3_version: "3.24.0"
+          cmake_opts_other: "-DAVM_DISABLE_JIT=OFF -DAVM_JIT_TARGET_ARCH=riscv32 -DCMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_FILE=${RUNNER_TEMP}/riscv32_ilp32_toolchain.cmake"
+          compiler_pkgs: "qemu-user qemu-user-binfmt binfmt-support"
+          arch: "riscv32"
+          library-arch: riscv32-linux-gnu-ilp32
+          jit_target_arch: "riscv32"
+
     env:
       ImageOS: ${{ matrix.container == 'ubuntu:20.04' && 'ubuntu20' || matrix.os == 'ubuntu-20.04' && 'ubuntu20' || matrix.os == 'ubuntu-22.04' && 'ubuntu22' || matrix.os == 'ubuntu-24.04' && 'ubuntu24' || 'ubuntu24' }}
       CC: ${{ matrix.cc }}
@@ -386,7 +413,7 @@ jobs:
       run: sudo dpkg --add-architecture i386
 
     - name: "Setup cross compilation architecture"
-      if: matrix.library-arch != ''
+      if: matrix.library-arch != '' && matrix.library-arch != 'riscv32-linux-gnu-ilp32'
       run: |
         # Replace Azure mirrors with official Ubuntu repositories
         sudo sed -i 's|azure\.||g' /etc/apt/sources.list
@@ -420,6 +447,97 @@ jobs:
         set(MBEDTLS_LIBRARIES_DIR /usr/lib/${{ matrix.library-arch }})
         EOF
 
+    - name: "Setup cross compilation architecture (riscv32)"
+      if: matrix.library-arch == 'riscv32-linux-gnu-ilp32'
+      run: |
+        sudo dpkg --add-architecture ${{ matrix.arch }}
+
+        # Download toolchain and libraries from release
+        gh release download riscv-toolchain-2025.10.18 \
+          -R pguyot/crossbuild-essential-riscv32 \
+          --pattern 'riscv32-gnu-toolchain-ilp32_2025.10.18_amd64.deb' \
+          --pattern 'libc6-ilp32_2.39-0ubuntu1_riscv32.deb' \
+          --pattern 'libc6-dev-ilp32_2.39-0ubuntu1_riscv32.deb' \
+          --pattern 'libc6-dbg-ilp32_2.39-0ubuntu1_riscv32.deb' \
+          --pattern 'zlib1g-ilp32_1.3.1-0ubuntu1_riscv32.deb' \
+          --pattern 'zlib1g-dev-ilp32_1.3.1-0ubuntu1_riscv32.deb' \
+          --pattern 'libmbedcrypto7-ilp32_2.28.8-0ubuntu1_riscv32.deb' \
+          --pattern 'libmbedtls-dev-ilp32_2.28.8-0ubuntu1_riscv32.deb' \
+          --pattern 'libmbedtls14-ilp32_2.28.8-0ubuntu1_riscv32.deb' \
+          --pattern 'libmbedx509-1-ilp32_2.28.8-0ubuntu1_riscv32.deb'
+
+        # Install the toolchain
+        sudo dpkg -i riscv32-gnu-toolchain-ilp32_2025.10.18_amd64.deb
+
+        # Add to PATH for all subsequent steps
+        echo "/opt/riscv32-ilp32/bin" >> $GITHUB_PATH
+
+        # Install the libs
+        sudo dpkg -i libc6-ilp32_2.39-0ubuntu1_riscv32.deb
+        sudo dpkg -i libc6-dev-ilp32_2.39-0ubuntu1_riscv32.deb
+        sudo dpkg -i libc6-dbg-ilp32_2.39-0ubuntu1_riscv32.deb
+
+        sudo dpkg -i zlib1g-ilp32_1.3.1-0ubuntu1_riscv32.deb
+        sudo dpkg -i zlib1g-dev-ilp32_1.3.1-0ubuntu1_riscv32.deb
+
+        # Install mbedtls runtime packages first (in dependency order)
+        sudo dpkg -i libmbedcrypto7-ilp32_2.28.8-0ubuntu1_riscv32.deb
+        sudo dpkg -i libmbedx509-1-ilp32_2.28.8-0ubuntu1_riscv32.deb
+        sudo dpkg -i libmbedtls14-ilp32_2.28.8-0ubuntu1_riscv32.deb
+        # Then install the dev package
+        sudo dpkg -i libmbedtls-dev-ilp32_2.28.8-0ubuntu1_riscv32.deb
+
+        sudo sed -i '/Types: deb/a Architectures: amd64' /etc/apt/sources.list.d/ubuntu.sources
+
+        cat > ${RUNNER_TEMP}/riscv32_ilp32_toolchain.cmake <<'EOF'
+        # Toolchain file for RISC-V32 ILP32 (RV32-IMAC) cross-compilation
+        set(CMAKE_SYSTEM_NAME Linux)
+        set(CMAKE_SYSTEM_PROCESSOR riscv32)
+        set(CMAKE_C_LIBRARY_ARCHITECTURE riscv32-linux-gnu-ilp32)
+
+        # Specify the cross compiler
+        set(CMAKE_C_COMPILER riscv32-unknown-linux-gnu-gcc)
+        set(CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER riscv32-unknown-linux-gnu-g++)
+
+        # Specify the target architecture
+        set(CMAKE_C_FLAGS "${CMAKE_C_FLAGS} -march=rv32imac -mabi=ilp32" CACHE STRING "" FORCE)
+        set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS} -march=rv32imac -mabi=ilp32" CACHE STRING "" FORCE)
+
+        # Set up paths for cross-compiled libraries
+        set(ZLIB_LIBRARY /usr/lib/riscv32-linux-gnu-ilp32/libz.so CACHE FILEPATH "")
+        set(ZLIB_INCLUDE_DIR /usr/include/riscv32-linux-gnu CACHE PATH "")
+        set(ZLIB_FOUND TRUE CACHE BOOL "")
+
+        # MbedTLS configuration
+        set(MBEDTLS_ROOT_DIR /usr)
+        set(MBEDTLS_LIBRARIES_DIR /usr/lib/riscv32-linux-gnu-ilp32)
+
+        # Add cross-compilation include path to compiler flags
+        include_directories(SYSTEM /usr/include/riscv32-linux-gnu)
+
+        # Search for programs in the build host directories
+        set(CMAKE_FIND_ROOT_PATH_MODE_PROGRAM NEVER)
+
+        # Search for libraries and headers in the target directories
+        set(CMAKE_FIND_ROOT_PATH_MODE_LIBRARY ONLY)
+        set(CMAKE_FIND_ROOT_PATH_MODE_INCLUDE ONLY)
+        set(CMAKE_FIND_ROOT_PATH_MODE_PACKAGE ONLY)
+        EOF
+
+        # Set up qemu-user binfmt to find libraries
+        sudo ln -s /opt/riscv32-ilp32/sysroot/lib/ld-linux-riscv32-ilp32.so.1 /lib/ld-linux-riscv32-ilp32.so.1
+        sudo mkdir -p /usr/gnemul
+        sudo ln -s /opt/riscv32-ilp32/sysroot /usr/gnemul/qemu-riscv32
+
+        # Copy cross-compiled libraries to sysroot for qemu-user
+        sudo cp /usr/lib/${{ matrix.library-arch }}/libz.so.1* /opt/riscv32-ilp32/sysroot/lib/
+        sudo cp /usr/lib/${{ matrix.library-arch }}/libmbedtls.so.14 /opt/riscv32-ilp32/sysroot/lib/
+        sudo cp /usr/lib/${{ matrix.library-arch }}/libmbedcrypto.so.7 /opt/riscv32-ilp32/sysroot/lib/
+        sudo cp /usr/lib/${{ matrix.library-arch }}/libmbedx509.so.1 /opt/riscv32-ilp32/sysroot/lib/
+
+      env:
+        GH_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+
     - name: "APT update"
       run: sudo apt update -y
 
@@ -630,7 +748,7 @@ jobs:
         valgrind --error-exitcode=1 ./src/AtomVM tests/libs/jit/test_jit.avm
 
     - name: "Test: test_jit.avm"
-      timeout-minutes: 20
+      timeout-minutes: 60
       if: matrix.otp != '21' && matrix.otp != '22'
       working-directory: build
       run: |

.github/workflows/pico-build.yaml

@@ -41,29 +41,56 @@ jobs:
     strategy:
       matrix:
         board: ["pico", "pico_w", "pico2"]
-        language: ["cpp"]
+        platform: [""]
+        jit: ["", "-DAVM_DISABLE_JIT=OFF"]
+        include:
+          - board: "pico2"
+            platform: "-DPICO_PLATFORM=rp2350-riscv"
+            jit: ""
+
+          - board: "pico2"
+            platform: "-DPICO_PLATFORM=rp2350-riscv"
+            jit: "-DAVM_DISABLE_JIT=OFF"
 
     steps:
     - name: Checkout repo
       uses: actions/checkout@v4
 
+    - uses: erlef/setup-beam@v1
+      with:
+        otp-version: "28.1"
+        rebar3-version: "3.24.0"
+        hexpm-mirrors: |
+          https://builds.hex.pm
+          https://repo.hex.pm
+          https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/hex
+
     - name: "apt update"
       run: sudo apt update
 
     - name: "Install deps"
       run: |
         sudo apt install -y \
             cmake doxygen gperf ninja-build gcc-arm-none-eabi \
-            libnewlib-arm-none-eabi libstdc++-arm-none-eabi-newlib \
-            erlang-base erlang-dev erlang-dialyzer erlang-eunit rebar3
+            libnewlib-arm-none-eabi libstdc++-arm-none-eabi-newlib
+
+    - name: Install riscv32 toolchain
+      if: matrix.platform == '-DPICO_PLATFORM=rp2350-riscv'
+      run: |
+        sudo mkdir -p /opt/riscv32-toolchain
+        cd /opt/riscv32-toolchain
+        sudo wget -q https://github.com/raspberrypi/pico-sdk-tools/releases/download/v2.2.0-3/riscv-toolchain-15-x86_64-lin.tar.gz
+        sudo tar xzf riscv-toolchain-15-x86_64-lin.tar.gz
+        sudo rm riscv-toolchain-15-x86_64-lin.tar.gz
+        echo "/opt/riscv32-toolchain/bin" >> $GITHUB_PATH
 
     - name: "Git config safe.directory for codeql"
       run: git config --global --add safe.directory /__w/AtomVM/AtomVM
 
     - name: "Initialize CodeQL"
       uses: github/codeql-action/init@v3
       with:
-        languages: ${{matrix.language}}
+        languages: "cpp"
         build-mode: manual
         queries: +./code-queries/term-to-non-term-func.ql,./code-queries/non-term-to-term-func.ql
 
@@ -74,7 +101,7 @@ jobs:
         set -euo pipefail
         mkdir build
         cd build
-        cmake .. -G Ninja -DPICO_BOARD=${{ matrix.board }}
+        cmake .. -G Ninja -DPICO_BOARD=${{ matrix.board }} ${{ matrix.platform }} ${{ matrix.jit }}
         ninja
 
     - name: "Perform CodeQL Analysis"
@@ -97,7 +124,7 @@ jobs:
         mkdir build.nosmp
         cd build.nosmp
         # TODO: fix all warnings and enable -DAVM_WARNINGS_ARE_ERRORS=ON
-        cmake .. -G Ninja -DPICO_BOARD=${{ matrix.board }} -DAVM_DISABLE_SMP=1
+        cmake .. -G Ninja -DPICO_BOARD=${{ matrix.board }} ${{ matrix.jit }} -DAVM_DISABLE_SMP=1
         cmake --build . --target=rp2_tests
 
     - name: Run tests with rp2040js
@@ -112,7 +139,7 @@ jobs:
         npx tsx run-tests.ts ../build.nosmp/tests/rp2_tests.uf2 ../build.nosmp/tests/test_erl_sources/rp2_test_modules.uf2
 
     - name: Build atomvmlib.uf2
-      if: startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags/') && matrix.board != 'pico_w'
+      if: startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags/') && matrix.board != 'pico_w' && matrix.platform == '' && matrix.jit == ''
       shell: bash
       run: |
         set -euo pipefail
@@ -122,7 +149,7 @@ jobs:
         make atomvmlib-${{ matrix.board }}.uf2
 
     - name: Rename AtomVM and write sha256sum
-      if: startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags/')
+      if: startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags/') && matrix.platform == '' && matrix.jit == ''
       shell: bash
       run: |
         pushd src/platforms/rp2/build
@@ -137,7 +164,7 @@ jobs:
         popd
 
     - name: Rename atomvmlib and write sha256sum
-      if: startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags/') && matrix.board != 'pico_w'
+      if: startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags/') && matrix.board != 'pico_w' && matrix.platform == '' && matrix.jit == ''
       shell: bash
       run: |
         pushd build/libs
@@ -148,7 +175,7 @@ jobs:
 
     - name: Release (Pico & Pico2)
       uses: softprops/action-gh-release@v1
-      if: startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags/') && matrix.board != 'pico_w'
+      if: startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags/') && matrix.board != 'pico_w' && matrix.platform == '' && matrix.jit == ''
       with:
         draft: true
         fail_on_unmatched_files: true
@@ -160,7 +187,7 @@ jobs:
 
     - name: Release (PicoW)
       uses: softprops/action-gh-release@v1
-      if: startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags/') && matrix.board == 'pico_w'
+      if: startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags/') && matrix.board == 'pico_w' && matrix.platform == '' && matrix.jit == ''
       with:
         draft: true
         fail_on_unmatched_files: true

CMakeLists.txt

@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ if (NOT AVM_DISABLE_JIT AND NOT DEFINED AVM_JIT_TARGET_ARCH)
     endif()
 endif()
 
-set(AVM_PRECOMPILED_TARGETS "x86_64;aarch64;armv6m;armv6m+float32" CACHE STRING "Targets to precompile code to if AVM_DISABLE_JIT is OFF or AVM_ENABLE_PRECOMPILED is ON")
+set(AVM_PRECOMPILED_TARGETS "x86_64;aarch64;armv6m;armv6m+float32;riscv32" CACHE STRING "Targets to precompile code to if AVM_DISABLE_JIT is OFF or AVM_ENABLE_PRECOMPILED is ON")
 
 if((${CMAKE_SYSTEM_NAME} STREQUAL "Darwin") OR
    (${CMAKE_SYSTEM_NAME} STREQUAL "Linux") OR

doc/src/atomvm-internals.md

@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ Following BEAM, there are two flavors of the emulator: jit and emu, but eventual
 - Native: the VM only runs native code and all code must be precompiled on the desktop using the JIT compiler (which effectively is a AOT or Ahead-of-Time compiler). In this mode, it is not necessary to bundle the jit compiler on the embedded target.
 - Hybrid: the VM can run native code as well as emulated BEAM code and some code is precompiled on the desktop.
 
-JIT is available on some platforms (currently only x86_64, aarch64 and armv6m) and compiles Erlang bytecode at runtime. Erlang bytecode is never interpreted. EMU is available on all platforms and Erlang bytecode is interpreted.
+JIT is available on some platforms (currently x86_64, aarch64, armv6m and riscv32) and compiles Erlang bytecode at runtime. Erlang bytecode is never interpreted. EMU is available on all platforms and Erlang bytecode is interpreted.
 
 Modules can include precompiled code in a dedicated beam chunk with name 'avmN'. The chunk can contain native code for several architectures, however it may only contain native code for a given version of the native interface. Current version is 1. This native code is executed by the jit-flavor of the emulator as well as the emu flavor if execution of precompiled is enabled.
 
@@ -154,9 +154,16 @@ The JIT compiler is written in Erlang and is therefore precompiled. When a proce
 
 JIT compiler is composed of two main interfaces : backend and stream.
 
-A backend implementation is required for each architecture. The backend is called by jit module as it translates bytecodes to machine code. The current implementations are `jit_x86_64` and `jit_aarch64` which are suitable for systems with System V X86 64 ABI or AArch64 ABI.
+A backend implementation is required for each architecture. The backend is called by jit module as it translates bytecodes to machine code. The current implementations are :
+- `jit_x86_64` for System V X86 64 ABI
+- `jit_aarch64` for AArch64 ABI
+- `jit_armv6m` for AArch32 ABI
+- `jit_riscv32` for rv32imc ilp32 ABI.
 
-A stream implementation is responsible for streaming the machine code, especially in the context of low memory. Two implementations currently exist: `jit_stream_binary` that streams assembly code to an Erlang binary, suitable for tests and precompilation on the desktop, and `jit_stream_mmap` that streams assembly code in an `mmap(2)` allocated page, suitable for JIT compilation on Unix.
+A stream implementation is responsible for streaming the machine code, especially in the context of low memory. Three implementations currently exist:
+- `jit_stream_binary` that streams assembly code to an Erlang binary, suitable for tests and precompilation on the desktop
+- `jit_stream_mmap` that streams assembly code in an `mmap(2)` allocated page, suitable for JIT compilation on Unix
+- `jit_stream_flash` available on Pico that allows for embedded JIT.
 
 ### Embedded JIT and Native
 

libs/jit/include/jit.hrl

@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@
 -define(JIT_ARCH_X86_64, 1).
 -define(JIT_ARCH_AARCH64, 2).
 -define(JIT_ARCH_ARMV6M, 3).
+-define(JIT_ARCH_RISCV32, 4).
 
 -define(JIT_VARIANT_PIC, 1).
 -define(JIT_VARIANT_FLOAT32, 2).

libs/jit/src/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -32,6 +32,8 @@ set(ERLANG_MODULES
     jit_aarch64_asm
     jit_armv6m
     jit_armv6m_asm
+    jit_riscv32
+    jit_riscv32_asm
     jit_x86_64
     jit_x86_64_asm
 )

libs/jit/src/jit_precompile.erl

@@ -93,6 +93,7 @@ compile(Target, Dir, Path) ->
                 "x86_64" -> ?JIT_ARCH_X86_64;
                 "aarch64" -> ?JIT_ARCH_AARCH64;
                 "armv6m" -> ?JIT_ARCH_ARMV6M;
+                "riscv32" -> ?JIT_ARCH_RISCV32;
                 _ -> error({unsupported_target, Target})
             end,