[GLUTEN-12013][VL] Fix bloom-filter bytes corruption on whole-stage AQE fallback

[brijrajk]

What changes are proposed in this pull request?

Fixes #12013, and the SPARK-54336 regression that the issue's query shape exposes.

Background

BloomFilterMightContainJointRewriteRule rewrites a bloom-filter producer
(bloom_filter_agg) and its consumer (might_contain) to their Velox variants so Velox
evaluates them natively. Previously it was a physical pre-transform rule; this PR splits the
rewrite into two rules according to where the expressions become visible in the optimizer
pipeline.

1. User-facing bloom filters: logical rule (the GLUTEN-12013 fix)

BloomFilterMightContainJointRewriteRule is now a Rule[LogicalPlan] registered via
injectOptimizerRule, which lands in Spark's Operator Optimization batch. Running there
ensures the substitution is baked into the originalPlan snapshot that
ExpandFallbackPolicy captures when it promotes an individual-stage fallback to a
whole-stage AQE fallback, so both sides keep the same serialized byte format (version=1)
even if a stage reverts to JVM execution. That is the original GLUTEN-12013 crash
(java.io.IOException: Unexpected Bloom filter version number).

The producer and consumer are always rewritten as a pair, or not at all:

• might_contain(ScalarSubquery(...), <non-literal>): rewrite both sides to Velox forms.
• might_contain(ScalarSubquery(...), <literal>) (the SPARK-54336 shape,
  might_contain((SELECT bloom_filter_agg(col) FROM t), 0L)): leave BOTH sides vanilla.
  Rewriting only the outer side to Velox (version=1) while the inner vanilla
  bloom_filter_agg has no Substrait mapping and emits version=0 bytes is what caused the
  kBloomFilterV1 == version (1 vs. 0) crash. Leaving both vanilla also preserves
  vanilla's NULL-on-empty-input semantics.

2. Runtime bloom filters: physical rule

injectOptimizerRule registers into extendedOperatorOptimizationRules, which run inside
the Operator Optimization batch, while InjectRuntimeFilter runs in a later batch of
SparkOptimizer. The logical rule therefore never sees runtime-filter bloom expressions:
they do not exist yet when it fires. Without a rewrite they have no Substrait mapping, and
both the consuming FilterExec and the producing aggregate would fall back to the JVM with
R2C/C2R transitions (a serious performance regression on TPC-DS q59 and other
runtime-filter queries, caught by reviewers on an earlier revision of this PR).

A new physical pre-transform rule, RuntimeBloomFilterRewriteRule, handles them. It is
restricted to InjectRuntimeFilter's exact expression shape, which always wraps the key in
xxhash64(...) on both sides:

• producer: bloom_filter_agg(xxhash64(key), ...) to velox_bloom_filter_agg(...)
• consumer: might_contain(bf, xxhash64(key)) to velox_might_contain(...)

Each side is identifiable on its own, so the rewrite stays consistent even when AQE
compiles the bloom-filter subquery separately from the consuming filter stage. This keeps
FilterExecTransformer and the bloom-filter aggregate native, matching the behavior before
this PR; no TPC-DS plan-stability goldens change.

The xxhash64 fingerprint also means DataFrame.stat.bloomFilter() (which builds
bloom_filter_agg on the raw column and deserializes the bytes with Spark's
BloomFilter.readFrom) is structurally never matched, so the
CallerInfo.isBloomFilterStatFunction stack-walk hack is removed.

How was this patch tested?

New GlutenBloomFilterFallbackSuite in backends-velox covering:

• whole-stage AQE fallback at thresholds 1 and 2 (the GLUTEN-12013 scenarios)
• the SPARK-54336 literal-value path (both sides stay vanilla)
• JVM-mode subquery aggregation (VeloxBloomFilterAggregate inside ObjectHashAggregateExec)
• DataFrame.stat.bloomFilter() staying on Spark-native bytes
• spark.gluten.sql.native.bloomFilter=false early exit
• runtime bloom filters keeping a native FilterExecTransformer with velox_might_contain
  and a VeloxBloomFilterAggregate producer

All green locally (Spark 4.0, Velox backend), plus GlutenBloomFilterAggregateQuerySuite
(14/14, including SPARK-54336) and all 7 TPC-DS/TPC-H plan-stability suites against the
unchanged goldens (322/322).

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[Copilot]

Copilot encountered an error and was unable to review this pull request. You can try again by re-requesting a review.

[philo-he]

Gentle ping for a maintainer review. The link-referenced-issues CI check that initially failed has since re-run successfully — all checks are green.

Also re-raising: could a maintainer remove the CORE label? The three changed files are all Velox-backend-specific (backends-velox/ and gluten-ut/spark40/) — no common core code is touched, so VELOX label only is correct.

@brijrajk, thanks for the PR. Could you rebase the code to see if the CI failures go away?

[brijrajk]

Done — rebased onto current main and force-pushed. Fresh CI triggered.

[Copilot]

Pull request overview

Copilot reviewed 3 out of 3 changed files in this pull request and generated 2 comments.

[philo-he]

@brijrajk, could you first check if Copilot's comments make sense?

[brijrajk]

Thanks for flagging this, @philo-he!

Both of Copilot's comments were valid:

1. Patcher active when native bloom filter is disabled

When spark.gluten.sql.native.bloomFilter=false, Stage 0 falls back to Spark and produces Spark-format bytes. The joint-fallback rule still wraps Stage 1 in a FallbackNode, so the patcher was incorrectly rewriting it to VeloxBloomFilterMightContain — which would cause the same IOException the patcher was introduced to fix, just from the opposite trigger.

Added a second guard: if (!GlutenConfig.get.enableNativeBloomFilter) return plan. This mirrors the existing guard already in BloomFilterMightContainJointRewriteRule.

2. df.collect + df.count() runs the query twice

Combined into assert(df.collect().length == 200003L) — single execution, same failure signal if the IOException is thrown.

[philo-he]

@brijrajk, thanks for the update. Could you check if my following understanding is correct?

Besides the spark.gluten.sql.native.bloomFilter=false setting, which makes the bloom filter fall back in stage 0, there's another case: the fallback policy can also cause it to fall back. In that case, if we rely solely on checking that config, could it lead to an incompatibility issue in stage 1?

[brijrajk]

@philo-he You are absolutely right. We confirmed it with a test case.

How threshold and cost work

ExpandFallbackPolicy counts the number of columnar↔row conversion boundaries inside a stage. If that count (cost) meets COLUMNAR_WHOLESTAGE_FALLBACK_THRESHOLD, the entire stage is wrapped in a FallbackNode and runs as plain Spark.

Scenario	Threshold	Stage 0 cost	Stage 1 cost	Outcome
Original fix (PR as-is)	2	1 → native ✓	2 → whole-stage fallback	Stage 0 Velox bytes, Stage 1 JVM — patcher correct
Your scenario	1	1 → whole-stage fallback	≥ 1 → whole-stage fallback	Stage 0 Spark bytes, Stage 1 JVM — patcher misfires

Test case confirming the failure

testGluten(
  "Test bloom_filter_agg whole-stage fallback when both stages fall back",
  Issue12013) {
  ...
  if (BackendsApiManager.getSettings.requireBloomFilterAggMightContainJointFallback()) {
    // threshold=1: Stage 0's inherent transition cost of 1 meets the threshold, so
    // ExpandFallbackPolicy promotes Stage 0 to a whole-stage fallback as well.
    // Stage 0 runs as Spark and produces Spark-format bytes. Stage 1 also falls back.
    // The patcher must NOT rewrite BloomFilterMightContain -> VeloxBloomFilterMightContain
    // in this case.
    withSQLConf(
      GlutenConfig.COLUMNAR_FILTER_ENABLED.key -> "false",
      GlutenConfig.COLUMNAR_WHOLESTAGE_FALLBACK_THRESHOLD.key -> "1",
      SQLConf.ANSI_ENABLED.key -> "false"
    ) {
      val df = spark.sql(sqlString)
      assert(df.collect().length == 200003L)
    }
  }
}

Output

- Gluten - Test bloom_filter_agg whole-stage fallback when both stages fall back *** FAILED ***
  org.apache.spark.SparkException: Job aborted due to stage failure: Task 0 in stage 7.0 failed 1 times,
  most recent failure: Lost task 0.0 in stage 7.0: org.apache.gluten.exception.GlutenException:
  Exception: VeloxUserError
  Error Source: USER
  Error Code: INVALID_ARGUMENT
  Reason: (1 vs. 0)
  Retriable: False
  Expression: kBloomFilterV1 == version
  Function: mayContain
  File: velox/common/base/BloomFilter.h
  Line: 70

    at org.apache.gluten.utils.VeloxBloomFilterJniWrapper.mightContainLongOnSerializedBloom(Native Method)
    at org.apache.gluten.utils.VeloxBloomFilter.mightContainLongOnSerializedBloom(VeloxBloomFilter.java:163)
    ...

Tests: succeeded 1, failed 1

kBloomFilterV1 == version failing with (1 vs. 0) is the exact version-byte mismatch: Velox's reader expected its own format (1) but got Spark's format (0).

Proposed fix

The root cause is that enableNativeBloomFilter answers "is native bloom filter on in config?" but the right question is "did Stage 0 actually run natively?" The fix is to make the guard structural: inside patchBloomFilterMightContain, before rewriting, inspect the physical plan referenced by bloomFilterExpression. If Stage 0's plan is itself a FallbackNode, it will produce Spark-format bytes and Stage 1 must be left with the vanilla BloomFilterMightContain.

Do you see any concerns with this approach, or is there a cleaner way you would handle it?

[zhztheplayer]

@brijrajk thanks.

[zhztheplayer]

I don't recall why BloomFilterMightContainJointRewriteRule was made a physical rule, but can you try turning it to a logical rule anyway? So such a patcher rule can be avoided?

[brijrajk]

Done — BloomFilterMightContainJointRewriteRule is now a Rule[LogicalPlan] registered via injectOptimizerRule, modelled after CollectRewriteRule. The patcher is gone. Running as an optimizer rule ensures both substitutions (BloomFilterAggregate → VeloxBloomFilterAggregate and BloomFilterMightContain → VeloxBloomFilterMightContain) are captured in the originalPlan snapshot before ExpandFallbackPolicy takes it, so the byte format stays consistent regardless of which stages fall back. This also fixes the threshold=1 case where Stage 0 itself falls back (the patcher would incorrectly rewrite the filter side while Stage 0 was producing Spark-format bytes).

[rdtr]

could CallerInfo.isBloomFilterStatFunction() and inBloomFilterStatFunctionCall() be removed now with this PR?

[rdtr]

I think Patcher is now gone so this comment is outdated?

[brijrajk]

Fixed — updated the comment to describe the optimizer rule approach instead.

[brijrajk]

@zhztheplayer — quick update: CI is now fully green on this PR ✅ (62/62 checks pass; approved & mergeable).

The earlier spark-test-spark40 / spark-test-spark41 reds were the TPC-DS plan-stability golden regeneration — moving BloomFilterMightContainJointRewriteRule into the Operator Optimization batch (your suggestion) changes those plans, and the regenerated goldens are now included. The PR is squashed into two logical commits (the fix incl. SPARK-54336, and the regenerated goldens). Thanks again for the logical-rule pointer — it is what made the fix clean.

[zhztheplayer]

@brijrajk is this change on the final executed plan? If so, it's doesn't seem right to have the fallback?

[brijrajk]

@zhztheplayer Yes, ObjectHashAggregate is in the final executed plan, and the fallback is intentional.

bloom_filter_agg is the attribute name, not the physical function class. It comes from resultExpressions, which is frozen when ObjectHashAggregateExec is first built with vanilla BloomFilterAggregate. Since transformAllExpressions only patches aggregateExpressions and not resultExpressions, the name stays the same regardless of any later substitution.

The physical function inside is VeloxBloomFilterAggregate, not vanilla. BloomFilterRuntimeFilterRewriteRule substitutes it via subq.withNewPlan(rewrittenPlan). eval() calls serialize(buffer) unconditionally, producing version=1 bytes that VeloxBloomFilterMightContain reads correctly.

JVM mode is unavoidable here. PlanSubqueries (pos 2) prepares the subquery before ApplyColumnarRulesAndInsertTransitions (pos 10) runs, so HeuristicTransform sees vanilla BloomFilterAggregate with no Substrait mapping and emits ObjectHashAggregateExec. By the time our rule patches it at pos 10 on the main plan, HeuristicTransform has already finished.

Substituting earlier would break SPARK-54336. If we substitute during subquery preparation, it also fires for might_contain(empty_subquery, literal). Since VeloxBloomFilterAggregate has no cardinality guard, empty input returns bytes instead of null.

Added GlutenBloomFilterFallbackSuite."GLUTEN-12013: VeloxBloomFilterAggregate in JVM subquery produces correct Velox bytes" that inspects collectWithSubqueries(executedPlan) for ObjectHashAggregateExec(VeloxBloomFilterAggregate) and verifies correct query results.

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[brijrajk]

Hi @zhztheplayer — just following up on your June 29 question about the ObjectHashAggregate fallback in the q59 plan stability golden. To summarise: the fallback is intentional — PlanSubqueries (pos 2) prepares the subquery before ApplyColumnarRulesAndInsertTransitions (pos 10) runs, so HeuristicTransform sees vanilla BloomFilterAggregate and emits ObjectHashAggregateExec. BloomFilterRuntimeFilterRewriteRule then patches the inner function to VeloxBloomFilterAggregate at pos 10, so it produces version=1 bytes correctly. Substituting earlier would break the SPARK-54336 empty-input NULL semantics. A regression test covering this exact scenario was added in GlutenBloomFilterFallbackSuite. Hope this helps address your concern!

[zhztheplayer]

@brijrajk

The fallbacks will cause serious performance issues, as FilterExec along with the C2R / R2C now replaces previous FilterExecTransformer .

If this is intentional, would you mean previously Spark 4.0 / 4.1 + bloom filter was broken? Though they were fine in our local tests. Did I miss something here?

[brijrajk]

@zhztheplayer -- you are absolutely right, and thank you for pushing on this.

The FilterExec fallback is not intentional; it is a regression introduced by an overly-broad pattern match in the logical rule. Here is what went wrong and what the fix does:

Root cause

After the rule was moved to injectOptimizerRule (Operator Optimization batch, offset 487), InjectRuntimeFilter (offset 130) runs before it. So when our rule fires, runtime-filter bloom filter expressions of the form might_contain(ScalarSubquery, xxhash64(col, seed)) are already present in the plan.

The rule had two cases:

// Case 1 -- matched only Attribute values (user-facing bloom filter)
case BloomFilterMightContain(subq: ScalarSubquery, v: Attribute) => ...rewrite to Velox...

// Case 2 -- catch-all, intended only for SPARK-54336 literals
case bfmc @ BloomFilterMightContain(_: ScalarSubquery, _) => bfmc  // leave vanilla

Because _ in case 2 matches any expression, including xxhash64(col, seed), runtime-filter nodes fell through to the vanilla path. The FilterExecTransformer transformation then had nothing to work with and fell back to JVM FilterExec with C2R/R2C conversions.

My earlier comment that the rule does not observe runtime-filter expressions was incorrect; I have since verified the batch ordering.

Fix

Change the first case guard from v: Attribute to !v.isInstanceOf[Literal]:

// Covers user-facing (Attribute) AND runtime-filter (xxhash64) -- rewrite both to Velox
case BloomFilterMightContain(subq: ScalarSubquery, v) if !v.isInstanceOf[Literal] =>
  ...rewrite inner bloom_filter_agg to VeloxBloomFilterAggregate and wrap in VeloxBloomFilterMightContain...

// Only Literals reach here (SPARK-54336: might_contain(subq, 0L)) -- leave both vanilla
case bfmc @ BloomFilterMightContain(_: ScalarSubquery, _) => bfmc

Verification

• GlutenTPCDSModifiedPlanStabilitySuite and GlutenTPCDSV1_4_PlanStabilitySuite (Spark 4.0): q59 now shows FilterExecTransformer (native), matching the committed golden exactly. No golden regeneration needed since the committed golden was already in the correct native state.
• GlutenInjectRuntimeFilterSuite (Spark 4.0): 13/13 tests pass.
• GlutenBloomFilterFallbackSuite: all 6 tests pass, including SPARK-54336.

Also included in this update: added gluten-delta as a test dependency under a new delta Maven profile in gluten-ut/test/pom.xml and gluten-ut/spark40/pom.xml. Without it on the classpath, VeloxDeltaComponent throws NoClassDefFoundError during GlutenSessionExtensions.apply(), which Spark silently catches, resulting in no Gluten optimizer rules being injected and tests silently running as vanilla Spark. The dependency is gated on -Pdelta (not unconditional in backends-velox) so CI jobs that do not activate -Pdelta are unaffected.

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[philo-he]

@brijrajk, thanks for the update. The ClickHouse CI reported some errors. Please check them using the following account, in case you weren't aware.

gluten/docs/get-started/ClickHouse.md

Line 651 in 5d9bced

public read-only account：gluten/hN2xX3uQ4m

[brijrajk]

Thanks @philo-he for pointing out the ClickHouse CI. I wasn't aware of it and wouldn't have caught this without your heads-up.

The failure was a compile error in GlutenBloomFilterFallbackSuite: it imports VeloxBloomFilterAggregate (a Velox-only type), but the file lived in gluten-ut/test which is compiled by the ClickHouse CI as well. Fixed by moving the suite to backends-velox/src/test/scala/ where all Velox-specific tests belong.

Also rebased onto the latest main, which included a conflict with CallerInfo.scala (commit #12477 optimized inBloomFilterStatFunctionCall that our PR removes). Resolved by keeping our removal; the new rule no longer needs the caller-stack check at all.

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[brijrajk]

@philo-he CI is now fully green including the ClickHouse CI. Thanks again for the heads-up.

[philo-he]

@brijrajk, thank you for your continued efforts. I will review this PR again.
Just a quick glance. I noticed many changes to the approved plans, and I'm still not sure why we need to update them. Also, some filter operators fall back to vanilla Spark according to those changes.

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[brijrajk]

@zhztheplayer @philo-he you were both right to push on the approved-plan changes, and I owe you a correction before anything else.

Retraction. My June 30 comment claimed the q59 fallback was intentional and that a "BloomFilterRuntimeFilterRewriteRule" patched the subquery aggregate. That analysis was wrong: no such mechanism existed on the branch, and the regenerated goldens themselves showed vanilla might_contain / bloom_filter_agg (not the Velox variants) with a JVM Filter and ObjectHashAggregate. The fallbacks were a real regression, and regenerating the goldens masked it instead of fixing it. I apologize for the confusion this caused.

Root cause (verified against Spark sources). injectOptimizerRule registers into extendedOperatorOptimizationRules, which run inside the Operator Optimization batch of the optimizer. InjectRuntimeFilter runs in a later batch of SparkOptimizer (after super.defaultBatches). So after the rule was moved to the logical level, runtime-filter bloom expressions did not exist yet when it fired. They were never rewritten to the Velox variants, had no Substrait mapping, and both the consuming FilterExec and the producing aggregate fell back to the JVM with R2C/C2R transitions. The earlier !v.isInstanceOf[Literal] guard change could not have fixed this, for the same ordering reason.

Fix (pushed). The rewrite is now split by where the expressions become visible:

• User-facing might_contain(<scalar subquery>, <non-literal>) pairs: still handled by the logical BloomFilterMightContainJointRewriteRule (your suggestion, @zhztheplayer; it remains the actual GLUTEN-12013 fix, since it bakes the substitution into the originalPlan snapshot that ExpandFallbackPolicy uses for whole-stage AQE fallback).
• Runtime-filter pairs: handled by a new physical pre-transform rule, RuntimeBloomFilterRewriteRule, restricted to InjectRuntimeFilter's exact shape: both producer and consumer always wrap the key in xxhash64(...). Each side is identifiable on its own, so the rewrite stays consistent even when AQE compiles the subquery separately. This restores the pre-PR native FilterExecTransformer behavior.
• DataFrame.stat.bloomFilter() builds bloom_filter_agg on the raw column (no xxhash64 wrapper), so it is structurally never matched, and the CallerInfo stack-walk stays removed as @rdtr requested.
• Literal-valued pairs (SPARK-54336) contain no xxhash64 and stay fully vanilla on both sides.

Goldens. With runtime filters native again, no TPC-DS plans change at all. The golden-regeneration commit is dropped and the PR is back to a single commit, rebased onto current main. That directly answers the "why do we need to update them" question: we should not have.

Tests (all green locally, Spark 4.0 Velox backend).

• GlutenBloomFilterFallbackSuite: 7/7, including a new regression test asserting a runtime bloom filter keeps a native FilterExecTransformer evaluating velox_might_contain with a VeloxBloomFilterAggregate producer, so this fallback cannot silently return.
• GlutenBloomFilterAggregateQuerySuite: 14/14, including SPARK-54336.
• All 7 TPC-DS/TPC-H plan-stability suites against the unchanged main goldens: 322/322.

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