[CALCITE-6248] Illegal dates are accepted by casts #12277

Job	Run time
Linux (JDK 11), Pacific/Chatham Timezone	9m 33s
Linux (JDK 11), Avatica main	11m 52s
Linux (JDK 17)	10m 0s
Linux (JDK 19)	9m 29s
Linux (JDK 8), latest Guava, America/New_York Timezone	11m 7s
Linux (JDK 8), oldest Guava, America/New_York Timezone	10m 11s
Windows (JDK 17)	14m 23s
Windows (JDK 8)	16m 36s
Error Prone (JDK 11), latest Guava	3m 45s
CheckerFramework (JDK 11)	10m 16s
CheckerFramework (JDK 11), oldest Guava	10m 5s
Druid Tests	6m 55s
Linux (JDK 8) Slow Tests	0s
macOS (JDK 19)	13m 52s
	2h 18m 4s

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