fix(cast-format): Throw exception when value cannot be found for specific pattern in string to datetime conversion

[TreeHunter9]

• Example: CAST('A.M. 8' as time format 'MI A.M. HH12') where value for MI pattern is missing;
• Handle integer overflow when converting string to int by using std::from_chars;
• Add tests for missing values and integer overflow;

[dyemanov]

Looks like CvtTest.cpp fails on Alpine and Windows 2019, while works OK on other platforms. Could you please take a look? And please also resolve the conflicts.

[TreeHunter9]

As I can see, all tests where we need to parse number are failing, but tests where we parse strings are fine. I guess the problem is std::from_chars, maybe I'm handling its result incorrectly somehow and it cause UB in some compilers, I'll look into it.