fix: add quadratic scaling penalty to TimeWeightedVotingPower (#91)

script/Deploy.s.sol

@@ -207,7 +207,7 @@ contract Deploy is Script {
 
         // 4. Voting power strategy (uses constructor immutables, deployed directly)
         votingPowerStrategy =
-            address(new TimeWeightedVotingPower(IVotesCheckpoints(token), AbstractCycleModule(cycleModule)));
+            address(new TimeWeightedVotingPower(IVotesCheckpoints(token), AbstractCycleModule(cycleModule), 0));
 
         // 5. Deploy the three mutually-dependent modules: distManager, votingModule, strategy.
         //

src/implementation/TimeWeightedVotingPower.sol

@@ -9,12 +9,19 @@ import {Ownable} from "@solady/contracts/auth/Ownable.sol";
 
 /// @title TimeWeightedVotingPower
 /// @author BreadKit
-/// @notice Lossless time-weighted voting power calculation using the breadchain pattern
-/// @dev Walks the token's ERC20Votes checkpoint array to compute the exact
-///      area-under-the-curve of delegated votes over the current cycle, then
-///      divides by the period length to produce a time-weighted average.
-///      The lookback window is derived from the cycle module's cycle length.
-///      Every balance change is accounted for — no sampling or approximation.
+/// @notice Time-weighted voting power with optional per-interval quadratic scaling
+/// @dev By default computes a lossless time-weighted average over the cycle window.
+///      When a non-zero scalingPeriod is set, applies a quadratic penalty to each
+///      checkpoint interval where duration < scalingPeriod:
+///
+///      - intervalLength >= scalingPeriod: contribution = value * intervalLength  (no penalty)
+///      - intervalLength < scalingPeriod: contribution = value * intervalLength^2 / scalingPeriod
+///
+///      This makes flash-loan attacks progressively more expensive even when the
+///      total period is long — an attacker holding tokens for only 1 block with
+///      scalingPeriod=10 gets ~10x less voting power than the nominal amount.
+///
+///      Every balance change in the ERC20Votes checkpoint array is fully accounted for.
 contract TimeWeightedVotingPower is IVotingPowerStrategy, Ownable {
     // ============ Errors ============
 
@@ -30,31 +37,63 @@ contract TimeWeightedVotingPower is IVotingPowerStrategy, Ownable {
     /// @notice Thrown when end block is in the future
     error FuturePeriod();
 
+    /// @notice Thrown when scaling period exceeds the maximum allowed value
+    error ScalingPeriodTooLarge();
+
+    /// @notice Maximum allowed scaling period (~365 days in blocks at 12s/block)
+    uint256 public constant MAX_SCALING_PERIOD = 365 days / 12;
+
     // ============ Immutable Storage ============
 
     /// @notice The ERC20Votes token used for voting power calculation
-    IVotesCheckpoints public immutable votingToken;
+    IVotesCheckpoints public immutable VOTING_TOKEN;
 
     /// @notice The cycle module for period tracking and lookback derivation
-    ICycleModule public immutable cycleModule;
+    ICycleModule public immutable CYCLE_MODULE;
+
+    /// @notice Scaling period in blocks for the quadratic flash-loan penalty.
+    /// @dev When 0 (default), no penalty is applied (classic time-weighted average).
+    ///      When set to a non-zero value, intervals shorter than this period receive
+    ///      a quadratic penalty: contribution = value * duration^2 / scalingPeriod.
+    ///      Example: scalingPeriod=100, attacker holds 1000 ETH for 1 block →
+    ///      10 ETH effective power (100x reduction).
+    ///      WARNING: The owner can change scalingPeriod mid-cycle. A timelock or
+    ///      governance delay is recommended for production deployments.
+    uint256 public scalingPeriod;
+
+    // ============ Events ============
+
+    /// @notice Emitted when the scaling period is updated
+    /// @param oldPeriod The previous scaling period value
+    /// @param newPeriod The new scaling period value
+    event ScalingPeriodUpdated(uint256 oldPeriod, uint256 newPeriod);
+
+    // ============ Constructor ============
 
     /// @notice Constructs the time-weighted voting power strategy
     /// @dev Reverts if either token or cycle module address is zero
     /// @param _votingToken The ERC20Votes token with checkpoint support
     /// @param _cycleModule The cycle module for period tracking
-    constructor(IVotesCheckpoints _votingToken, ICycleModule _cycleModule) {
+    /// @param _scalingPeriod Initial scaling period in blocks (0 = disabled)
+    constructor(
+        IVotesCheckpoints _votingToken,
+        ICycleModule _cycleModule,
+        uint256 _scalingPeriod
+    ) {
         if (address(_votingToken) == address(0)) revert InvalidToken();
         if (address(_cycleModule) == address(0)) revert InvalidCycleModule();
+        if (_scalingPeriod > MAX_SCALING_PERIOD) revert ScalingPeriodTooLarge();
 
-        votingToken = _votingToken;
-        cycleModule = _cycleModule;
+        VOTING_TOKEN = _votingToken;
+        CYCLE_MODULE = _cycleModule;
+        scalingPeriod = _scalingPeriod;
 
         _initializeOwner(msg.sender);
     }
 
     /// @inheritdoc IVotingPowerStrategy
     function getCurrentVotingPower(address account) external view override returns (uint256) {
-        uint256 cycleStart = cycleModule.lastCycleStartBlock();
+        uint256 cycleStart = CYCLE_MODULE.lastCycleStartBlock();
 
         uint256 periodEnd = block.number;
         uint256 periodStart = cycleStart;
@@ -82,34 +121,77 @@ contract TimeWeightedVotingPower is IVotingPowerStrategy, Ownable {
         return _calculateTimeWeightedPower(account, startBlock, endBlock);
     }
 
+    // ============ Admin Functions ============
+
+    /// @notice Sets the scaling period for flash-loan quadratic penalty
+    /// @dev Only callable by owner. Setting to 0 disables the penalty (classic TWAV).
+    /// @param _scalingPeriod New scaling period in blocks
+    function setScalingPeriod(uint256 _scalingPeriod) external onlyOwner {
+        if (_scalingPeriod > MAX_SCALING_PERIOD) revert ScalingPeriodTooLarge();
+        uint256 old = scalingPeriod;
+        scalingPeriod = _scalingPeriod;
+        emit ScalingPeriodUpdated(old, _scalingPeriod);
+    }
+
+    // ============ Internal Functions ============
+
+    /// @dev Applies the quadratic scaling penalty to a checkpoint interval.
+    ///      When scalingPeriod is 0, returns area unchanged (no penalty).
+    ///      When intervalLength >= scalingPeriod, returns area unchanged (fully vested).
+    ///      When intervalLength < scalingPeriod, returns area * intervalLength / scalingPeriod.
+    ///      Since area = value * intervalLength, the effective formula is:
+    ///        value * intervalLength^2 / scalingPeriod (quadratic in duration).
+    /// @param area The raw area contribution (value * intervalLength)
+    /// @param intervalLength The duration of this checkpoint interval in blocks
+    /// @return The scaled area contribution
+    function _applyScalingPenalty(uint256 area, uint256 intervalLength) internal view returns (uint256) {
+        if (scalingPeriod == 0 || intervalLength >= scalingPeriod) {
+            return area;
+        }
+        return (area * intervalLength) / scalingPeriod;
+    }
+
     /// @dev Walks the token's checkpoint array in reverse to compute the exact
     ///      integral of (delegated votes * blocks held) over [start, end), then
     ///      divides by the period length to produce the time-weighted average.
     ///      This is the breadchain pattern — every balance change is accounted for.
-    function _calculateTimeWeightedPower(address account, uint256 start, uint256 end) internal view returns (uint256) {
-        uint32 numCkpts = votingToken.numCheckpoints(account);
+    ///
+    ///      When scalingPeriod is non-zero, each interval shorter than scalingPeriod
+    ///      receives a quadratic penalty (see _applyScalingPenalty), making flash-loan
+    ///      attacks progressively more expensive.
+    function _calculateTimeWeightedPower(address account, uint256 start, uint256 end)
+        internal
+        view
+        returns (uint256)
+    {
+        uint32 numCkpts = VOTING_TOKEN.numCheckpoints(account);
         if (numCkpts == 0) return 0;
 
         uint256 periodLength = end - start;
         uint256 totalArea;
         uint256 upperBound = end;
 
         for (uint32 i = numCkpts; i > 0; i--) {
-            Checkpoints.Checkpoint208 memory ckpt = votingToken.checkpoints(account, i - 1);
+            Checkpoints.Checkpoint208 memory ckpt = VOTING_TOKEN.checkpoints(account, i - 1);
             uint256 key = uint256(ckpt._key);
             uint256 value = uint256(ckpt._value);
 
             // Checkpoint is at or after the period end — skip it
             if (key >= end) continue;
 
+            uint256 intervalLength;
             if (key <= start) {
                 // Checkpoint predates the period — its value covers [start, upperBound)
-                totalArea += value * (upperBound - start);
+                intervalLength = upperBound - start;
+                uint256 area = value * intervalLength;
+                totalArea += _applyScalingPenalty(area, intervalLength);
                 break;
             }
 
             // Checkpoint is within (start, end) — its value covers [key, upperBound)
-            totalArea += value * (upperBound - key);
+            intervalLength = upperBound - key;
+            uint256 contribution = value * intervalLength;
+            totalArea += _applyScalingPenalty(contribution, intervalLength);
             upperBound = key;
         }
 

test/TimeWeightedVotingPower.t.sol

@@ -65,24 +65,24 @@ contract TimeWeightedVotingPowerTest is Test {
 
         cycleModule.setDistributionManager(distManager);
 
-        strategy = new TimeWeightedVotingPower(IVotesCheckpoints(address(token)), ICycleModule(address(cycleModule)));
+        strategy = new TimeWeightedVotingPower(IVotesCheckpoints(address(token)), ICycleModule(address(cycleModule)), 0);
     }
 
     // ============ when constructing ============
 
     function test_WhenConstructing_ItShouldSetVotingTokenAndCycleModule() public view {
-        assertEq(address(strategy.votingToken()), address(token));
-        assertEq(address(strategy.cycleModule()), address(cycleModule));
+        assertEq(address(strategy.VOTING_TOKEN()), address(token));
+        assertEq(address(strategy.CYCLE_MODULE()), address(cycleModule));
     }
 
     function test_RevertWhen_Constructing_InvalidToken() public {
         vm.expectRevert(TimeWeightedVotingPower.InvalidToken.selector);
-        new TimeWeightedVotingPower(IVotesCheckpoints(address(0)), ICycleModule(address(cycleModule)));
+        new TimeWeightedVotingPower(IVotesCheckpoints(address(0)), ICycleModule(address(cycleModule)), 0);
     }
 
     function test_RevertWhen_Constructing_InvalidCycleModule() public {
         vm.expectRevert(TimeWeightedVotingPower.InvalidCycleModule.selector);
-        new TimeWeightedVotingPower(IVotesCheckpoints(address(token)), ICycleModule(address(0)));
+        new TimeWeightedVotingPower(IVotesCheckpoints(address(token)), ICycleModule(address(0)), 0);
     }
 
     // ============ when calculating exact checkpoint integration ============
@@ -386,4 +386,169 @@ contract TimeWeightedVotingPowerTest is Test {
         // With exact checkpoint walking and only 1 checkpoint, gas should be very low
         assertLt(gasUsed, 30_000, "Gas should be very low with few checkpoints");
     }
+
+    // ============ scalingPeriod Feature Tests (Issue #91) ============
+
+    // Test 1: scalingPeriod=0 disables the quadratic penalty entirely
+    function testScalingPeriodDisabledWhenZero() public {
+        // strategy was created with scalingPeriod=0 in setUp
+        assertEq(strategy.scalingPeriod(), 0);
+
+        vm.roll(10);
+        token.mint(user1, 100 ether);
+
+        // Advance to block 500
+        vm.roll(500);
+        // Mint more tokens (this checkpoint is outside our query period)
+        token.mint(user1, 50 ether);
+
+        vm.roll(501);
+
+        // Query period [10, 14): user held 100 ether the whole interval
+        // With scalingPeriod=0, no penalty. intervalLength=4, area=400 ether, avg=100 ether
+        uint256 power = strategy.getVotingPowerForPeriod(user1, 10, 14);
+
+        // Baseline: 100 ether held for entire 4-block period, no penalty
+        uint256 baseline = 100 ether;
+        assertEq(power, baseline, "scalingPeriod=0 should apply no penalty");
+    }
+
+    // Test 2: Quadratic penalty reduces voting power for short intervals
+    function testQuadraticPenaltyApplied() public {
+        // Create a new strategy with scalingPeriod=100
+        TimeWeightedVotingPower scaledStrategy = new TimeWeightedVotingPower(
+            IVotesCheckpoints(address(token)),
+            ICycleModule(address(cycleModule)),
+            100
+        );
+
+        vm.roll(10);
+        token.mint(user1, 100 ether);
+
+        // Advance to block 50 (intervalLength = 40, which is < scalingPeriod=100)
+        vm.roll(50);
+
+        // Query period [10, 50): 40 blocks
+        // Checkpoint at block 10 predates/equals start => intervalLength = upperBound - start = 50-10 = 40
+        // area = 100 ether * 40 = 4000 ether
+        // scaled = (4000 ether * 40) / 100 = 1600 ether
+        // avg = 1600 ether / 40 = 40 ether
+        uint256 power = scaledStrategy.getVotingPowerForPeriod(user1, 10, 50);
+        assertEq(power, 40 ether, "Quadratic penalty should reduce power for short intervals");
+
+        // Without penalty the power would be 100 ether — confirm reduction
+        uint256 unpenalizedPower = strategy.getVotingPowerForPeriod(user1, 10, 50);
+        assertEq(unpenalizedPower, 100 ether, "Unpenalized strategy should return full balance");
+        assertLt(power, unpenalizedPower, "Penalty should reduce voting power");
+    }
+
+    // Test 3: No penalty when intervalLength exactly equals scalingPeriod
+    function testNoPenaltyWhenIntervalExceedsScalingPeriod() public {
+        // scalingPeriod=100, intervalLength=100 => factor = 100/100 = 1.0 => no reduction
+        TimeWeightedVotingPower scaledStrategy = new TimeWeightedVotingPower(
+            IVotesCheckpoints(address(token)),
+            ICycleModule(address(cycleModule)),
+            100
+        );
+
+        vm.roll(10);
+        token.mint(user1, 100 ether);
+
+        // Advance to block 110 (intervalLength = 100 == scalingPeriod)
+        vm.roll(110);
+
+        // area = 100 ether * 100 = 10000 ether
+        // intervalLength (100) >= scalingPeriod (100) => no penalty
+        // avg = 10000 ether / 100 = 100 ether
+        uint256 power = scaledStrategy.getVotingPowerForPeriod(user1, 10, 110);
+        assertEq(power, 100 ether, "No penalty when intervalLength == scalingPeriod");
+    }
+
+    // Test 4: No penalty when intervalLength strictly exceeds scalingPeriod
+    function testScalingPeriodOnlyAffectsShortIntervals() public {
+        // scalingPeriod=100, intervalLength=150 > scalingPeriod => no penalty
+        TimeWeightedVotingPower scaledStrategy = new TimeWeightedVotingPower(
+            IVotesCheckpoints(address(token)),
+            ICycleModule(address(cycleModule)),
+            100
+        );
+
+        vm.roll(10);
+        token.mint(user1, 100 ether);
+
+        // Advance to block 160 (intervalLength = 150 > scalingPeriod=100)
+        vm.roll(160);
+
+        // area = 100 ether * 150 = 15000 ether
+        // intervalLength (150) >= scalingPeriod (100) => no penalty
+        // avg = 15000 ether / 150 = 100 ether
+        uint256 power = scaledStrategy.getVotingPowerForPeriod(user1, 10, 160);
+        assertEq(power, 100 ether, "No penalty when intervalLength > scalingPeriod");
+    }
+
+    // Test 5: Owner can update scalingPeriod
+    function testSetScalingPeriodByOwner() public {
+        // strategy created with scalingPeriod=0 in setUp, owner = address(this)
+        assertEq(strategy.scalingPeriod(), 0);
+
+        strategy.setScalingPeriod(100);
+
+        assertEq(strategy.scalingPeriod(), 100, "scalingPeriod should be updated to 100");
+    }
+
+    // Test 6: setScalingPeriod emits ScalingPeriodUpdated event
+    function testSetScalingPeriodEmitsEvent() public {
+        assertEq(strategy.scalingPeriod(), 0);
+
+        vm.expectEmit(true, true, true, true, address(strategy));
+        emit TimeWeightedVotingPower.ScalingPeriodUpdated(0, 100);
+
+        strategy.setScalingPeriod(100);
+    }
+
+    // Test 7: Non-owner cannot set scalingPeriod
+    function testSetScalingPeriodRevertsNonOwner() public {
+        address nonOwner = address(0xBEEF1234);
+        vm.prank(nonOwner);
+        vm.expectRevert(abi.encodeWithSignature("Unauthorized()"));
+        strategy.setScalingPeriod(100);
+    }
+
+    // Test 7b: setScalingPeriod reverts if value exceeds MAX_SCALING_PERIOD
+    function testSetScalingPeriodRevertsExceedsMax() public {
+        vm.expectRevert(abi.encodeWithSignature("ScalingPeriodTooLarge()"));
+        strategy.setScalingPeriod(type(uint64).max);
+    }
+
+    // Test 8: Flash loan attack is mitigated by quadratic scaling
+    function testFlashLoanMitigatedByScaling() public {
+        // scalingPeriod=100: attacker holding tokens for 1 block gets 100x less power
+        TimeWeightedVotingPower scaledStrategy = new TimeWeightedVotingPower(
+            IVotesCheckpoints(address(token)),
+            ICycleModule(address(cycleModule)),
+            100
+        );
+
+        // Attacker mints 1000 ether at block 500
+        vm.roll(500);
+        token.mint(user2, 1000 ether);
+
+        // Move 1 block so checkpoint is visible
+        vm.roll(501);
+
+        // Query the 1-block window [500, 501)
+        // intervalLength = 1 < scalingPeriod=100
+        // area = 1000 ether * 1 = 1000 ether
+        // scaled = (1000 ether * 1) / 100 = 10 ether
+        // avg = 10 ether / 1 = 10 ether
+        uint256 scaledPower = scaledStrategy.getVotingPowerForPeriod(user2, 500, 501);
+        assertEq(scaledPower, 10 ether, "Flash loan with scalingPeriod=100 should give 10 ether not 1000 ether");
+
+        // Without scaling, the same 1-block window returns the full balance
+        uint256 unscaledPower = strategy.getVotingPowerForPeriod(user2, 500, 501);
+        assertEq(unscaledPower, 1000 ether, "Without scaling, full balance is returned");
+
+        // Confirm the 100x reduction
+        assertEq(unscaledPower / scaledPower, 100, "Scaling should give 100x reduction for 1-block hold with scalingPeriod=100");
+    }
 }