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Highlights of the team https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i5dKrIDEmu4
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.pull-right[
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- 2018 marks the 100th anniversary of the game (est. 1915)
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- More than 4000 high schools participated in the compeititon.
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- The final 55 teams, representing each county, appeared in the national tournament in the historical .violet[Koshien Stadium] (阪神甲子園球場).
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- 2018's miracle team: .yellow[秋田県立金足農業高等学校], a rural school from northern Japan.
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- Highlights of the team https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i5dKrIDEmu4
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]
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## Baseball is important in modern Japanese history
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First introduced by an American teacher Horace Wilson in .violet[1872]. Just 4 years after the .violet[Meiji Restoration] (明治維新) started. It embodies a foreign, modern, and civilized sports.
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In 1900s, baseball became a national sports. At the same time:
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In 1900s, baseball became a national sports. At the same time, Japanese imperial army was raging across Asia:
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- 1894-1895 First Sino-Japanese War (甲午戰爭): Qing dynasty ceded Taiwan to Japan
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- 1904-1905 Russo-Japanese War (日俄戰爭): Russia recognizes Korea as part of the Japanese sphere of influence and evacuated Manchuria 满洲
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- 1910 Japan-Korea Treaty: Japan annex Korea completely.
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As a results of the war, more than 100,000 Japanese migrated from Japan to Taiwan, Manchuria, Korea. They built schools mostly for Japanese settlers.
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As a results of the war, more than 100,000 Japanese migrated from Japan to Taiwan, Manchuria, Korea. They built schools mostly for Japanese settlers. Baseball was brought to the colonies.
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## 11th Summer Koshien
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On August 15th, 1926, then Japanese Prime Minister Wakatsuki Reijiro 若槻禮次郞 attend the 2nd day of competition and announced through the PA that:
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On August 15th, 1926, then Japanese Prime Minister Wakatsuki Reijiro 若槻禮次郞 attended the 2nd day of competition and made a public announcement to the audiences:
>.green[Translation:] The spirit of being healthy exists in a healthyy body. The progress of national sports is an element of our nation's uplifting. I wish you all can promote the advancement of national sports through fair competition, which is really a matter of happiness. Wish you all engage in hard and healthy fight!
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When asked by the reporter if he understood baseball, the PM said: "雖然看不太懂，但見識到了勇猛的氣勢。Although I don’t understand it, I saw the brave momentum."
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background-image: url(./pic/Wakatsuki.jpg)
@@ -130,6 +130,7 @@ According to historian Kawanishi Reiko, having a team from the Japanese colony h
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- Maintaining the emotional connection. Softens the relationship between colonies and Japan mainland.
.pull-right[.footnote[Source: [The National Archives](http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20160105222714/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census-analysis/immigration-patterns-and-characteristics-of-non-uk-born-population-groups-in-england-and-wales/non-uk-born-census-populations-1951---2011---full-infographic.html)]]
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## Imperial powers fight for...
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Ever expanding .green[territorial control] (i.e. 19th century was among Germany, Italy, Belgium, Great Britain, France, and USA fight over Africa)
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Ever expanding .green[territorial control] (i.e. 19th century was among Germany, Italy, Belgium, Great Britain, France, and USA fight over Africa; Russia and Japan fight over Asia)
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.green[Political control] (declined significantly after the demise of the Soviet Uninion in 1991)
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.green[Political control] (Soviet Union controlled satellite states. Declined significantly after the demise of the Soviet Uninion in 1991)
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.green[Economic control] (remains powerful)
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- Resources for capitalistic production
@@ -193,54 +189,50 @@ Ever expanding .green[territorial control] (i.e. 19th century was among Germany,
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## What role does education serve?
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Imperialism often involves ".violet[the policy of extending the rule or authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries]" (Wade Davis). Education is seen as an important means to .red[enculturate] the people originally live there.
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Imperialism often involves ".violet[the policy of extending the rule or authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries]" (anthropologist Wade Davis). Education is seen as an important means to .red[enculturate] the people originally live there.
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Its pedagogy and curriculum often involve:
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- creating the superior and the inferior
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- creating a hierarchy of the superior and the inferior
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- create an authority that the "learning" people could not challenge
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- generation of humiliation, a sense of worthlessness
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.footnote[enculturate: 濡化 the process by which an individual learns the traditional content of a culture and assimilates its practices and values.]
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The strong-handed territorial control always needs the soft-handed education to "smooth things out".
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The strong-handed territorial control always needs the soft-handed education to "smooth things out":
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- Toward the ruled people
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- Toward own citizen
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---
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.footnote[.red[enculturate]: 濡化 the process by which an individual learns the traditional content of a culture and assimilates its practices and values.
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## Colonialism
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ped·a·go·gy: 教學法]
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.violet[The creation by the colonial powers in the country or geographical area that has been colonized, of an administrative apparatus to run its internal affairs, including its settlements.]
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## Colonialism
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Often used inter-changeable with imperialism but specifically focus on political control, often involving the development of settlements in the territory for the purpose of economic exploitation<sup>.red[1]</sup>.
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.violet[The creation by the colonial powers in the country or geographical area that has been colonized to run its internal affairs, including its settlements.]
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.footnote[[1] In the extreme form of imperialism, controlling another country without the creation of colonies is possible. See David Harvey (2003)]
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Often used inter-changeable with imperialism but specifically focus on .green[political control], often involving the development of settlements in the territory for the purpose of economic exploitation<sup>.red[1]</sup>.
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Colonialism generally involves settlers as well as much more .green[formal mechanisms of control] than imperialism. Colonialism often entails the colonizer creating an administrative apparatus (i.e. colonial administration 殖民地政府) within the colonized country.
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Imperialism is more about economic control; colonialism is more about political control.
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.footnote[[1] In the extreme form of imperialism, controlling another country without the creation of colonies is possible. See Harvey, David. _Spaces of global capitalism._ Verso, 2006. (p.21)]
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## Colonialism in modern history
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.orange[15th century]: European countries (especially Spain and Portugal) creating colonies in Africa and Asia.
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.orange[1820- WW I]: European countries + USA, Japan
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Most former colonies remain colonized until 20th century after a wave of .orange[decolonization] 去殖民化 movement:
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Most former colonies remained colonized until 20th century after a wave of .orange[decolonization] 去殖民化 movement:
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- revealing and dismantling colonialist power.
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- increased in 20th century, especially post WW II.
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### Japanization in Taiwan & Korea
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<!-- ## Colonialism in education
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Brazilian educator Paulo Freire is one of the leading figure in .red[critical pedagogy], a means by which he uses to demystify colonial power.
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Education should be a means through which student gain liberation; rather it is often used to oppress student.
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His work helped learner to gain consciousness about the power relationship of knowledge. About the nature of learning is not simply transfer of hard knowledge.
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### The banking model of education
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"Education", he argued, had become "an act of .violet[depositing], in which the students are the depositories and the teacher is the depositor. Instead of .violet[communicating], the teacher issues communiques and makes deposits which the students patiently receive, memorize, and repeat."
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- literacy rate 識字率 goes up
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- quality of life??
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Education plays a vital role to modernize the country.
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Many of them remains unemployed (Kenya's unemployment rate is about .orange[40%]). Young men drifted into the slums of Nairobi trying to find a life in cash economy
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--
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Wade Davis:
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Again, anthropologist Wade Davis:
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> Culture is not trivial. culture is not the songs we sing, the clothes we wear, the prayer we utter, even the cosmology we celebrate. .violet[Ultimately culture is about a body of moral and ethical values that every culture places around each individual to keep at bay the barbaric heart that history teaches us that lies within each of us.] It's culture that allows us to make sense out of sensation to find order and meaning in the universe.
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.footnote[trivial: 微不足道
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Development/modernization paradigm brings us .violet[improvement of living standard, abundance of goods], but not necessarily .violet[meaning, or stability, or sense of belonging].
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In fact, many believe that modernization process leads to the "lost of the traditional value". Such thoughts pave way for the revival of all sorts of ".violet[traditions]".
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In fact, many believe that modernization process leads to the "lost of the traditional value" or culture. Such thoughts pave way for the revival of all sorts of ".violet[traditions]".
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@@ -392,7 +373,7 @@ Poorest nations mainly ignored. The North shaped the South according to its own
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- Less-developed countries could not follow the path of today's developed countries.
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.footnote[
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[3] Frank, Andre Gunder. 1969. "The Development of Underdevelopment." _Monthly Review 18_ (4).
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[3] Frank, Andre Gunder. 1969. "The Development of Underdevelopment." _Monthly Review 18_ (4).[中文綜述](https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/hNFvpjNVde0309ml6hNW-Q)
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+ Core-periphery not only exist between countries, also within country
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.footnote[
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[4] Wallerstein, Immanuel. 1974. _The Modern World-System: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World-Economy in the 16th Century_. New York: Academic Press.
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[4] Wallerstein, Immanuel. 1974. _The Modern World-System: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World-Economy in the 16th Century_. New York: Academic Press.[中文綜述](https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/ZXakUf80mEV7pEbW3IGLSw)
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@@ -463,7 +444,21 @@ Ignores importance of links between non-Western countries
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