-
Notifications
You must be signed in to change notification settings - Fork 1
/
Copy pathsession08.html
571 lines (364 loc) · 23.1 KB
/
session08.html
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Education & Globalization</title>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="author" content="Dr. Zhou Yisu 周憶粟" />
<link href="libs/remark-css/robot.css" rel="stylesheet" />
<link href="libs/remark-css/robot-fonts.css" rel="stylesheet" />
<link rel="stylesheet" href="robot-extra.css" type="text/css" />
</head>
<body>
<textarea id="source">
class: top, left, inverse, title-slide
# Education & Globalization
## Session 08
### Dr. Zhou Yisu 周憶粟
### 2018/09/20
---
# Body worker
## Aims
Unevenness: How does globalization affect labor?
Globalized thinking: What is neoliberalism
---
class: inverse, center, middle
## What happened to body workers in the Western world?
---
background-image: url(https://www.incimages.com/uploaded_files/image/1940x900/getty_84709618_2000133320009280268_362529.jpg)
background-size: contain
## .yellow[Story 1: The Golden Arch]
---
## McDonald's is one of the early pioneer of global operations
It branched in more than 100 countries
--
Why people love McDonald's?
- Greater availability of food to the general population
- Affordable
- Instant service
- Uniform quality
- 24/7
---
### Also represents localization with different culture
--
- Willingness to tweak its menu:
+ No beef menu in India
+ Rice burger in East Asian regions
+ Beer for German market
+ McLobster for Canada
+ Avocado replace ketchup in Chile
+ Salmon in Norway
--
- Actively embracing social media to change its social image
+ "I'm loving it"
+ Kids - Uncle McDonald
+ Teenager/ young adults: McCafe
+ Health awareness: Health campaign (salads, less saturated fat, etc)
--
- Inspired many more: KFC, Starbucks, other franchised food chains
---
### Symbol of globalization
In 1986, _The Economist_ started using the Big Mac 巨無霸 as a tool to compare cost of living between countries, and it's still being used today.
---
background-image: url(https://victualling.files.wordpress.com/2014/02/truckstopfreeportil.jpg)
background-size: contain
background-position: top
.footnote[Image credit: https://restaurant-ingthroughhistory.com/2014/02/23/truckstops/]
---
background-image: url(https://i.pinimg.com/originals/6a/f8/b7/6af8b707735b65156f5466d4da4b36a8.jpg)
background-size: contain
### First McDonald's Hamburgers in 1940
---
background-image: url(https://kottke.org/plus/misc/images/original-mcdonalds-menu-02.jpg)
background-size: contain
---
## The greater contribution to globalization: McDonaldization 麥當勞化
--
McDonaldization is a concept created by sociologist George Ritzer <sup>.red[1]</sup>, refers to the business model pioneered by McDonald that focuses on 4 main elements:
--
1. .orange[Efficiency]: finding the best of optimum means to an end.
2. .orange[Calculability]: The focus on quantity over quality.
3. .orange[Predictability]: Knowing what you are getting from one place to the next.
4. .orange[Control]: The focus on non-human control through technology
.footnote[ [1] Ritzer, George. "The McDonaldization of society." Thousand Oaks, CA. _Pine Forge Press_, (1993).]
---
## Efficiency via Standardization
### .cyan[How long does it take to make a double cheeseburger?]
--
>It takes about 60 seconds to assemble a double cheeseburger. Because our grill has two sides, it takes about 38 seconds to cook the hamburger patties. And we also lightly toast the bun. It's pretty easy to assemble the burger. So it goes bottom bun, first hamburger patty, first cheese slice, second hamburger patty, second cheese slice, pickles, onions, ketchup and mustard. That's it!
>3 minutes for French fries
.footnote[Source: https://yourquestions.mcdonalds.ca/answer/how-long-does-it-take-to-make-a-double-cheeseburger-what-is-the-recipe-/]
---
## Predictability: Usain Bolt
---
background-image: url(http://i1128.photobucket.com/albums/m485/aloyallyanders/2011%20PAB%20Blog/Mc17.jpg)
background-size: contain
## Control over technology
---
background-image: url(http://i1128.photobucket.com/albums/m485/aloyallyanders/2011%20PAB%20Blog/Mc20.jpg)
background-size: contain
---
## What do these elements mean for people who work at McDonald's?
.violet[De-skilling]: the process by which skilled labor within an industry or economy is eliminated by the introduction of technologies operated by _semiskilled_ or _unskilled_ workers.
--
Ritzer believed McDonaldization leads to the deskilling of the workforce.
- _Why have a human do it if a computer can do it efficiently, calculability and predictably every time?_
- _Why hire a qualified cook when you can replace him/her with machines and high school students?_
Of course, this is meant to be .green[the most rationale system of operation although it might be more irrational in other aspects].
--
.violet[De-humanization]
- Health and environment hazards.
- Dehumanization of customers and employees
- Negative effect on human relations
---
### "Body worker" doesn't have a precise definition, we use the term to describe those who primarily engage in manual work:
- Janitor
- Cleaner
- Cashier
- Factory process line worker
- Various types of low-end service work (i.e. McDonald's, package delivery, bank teller etc)
Deskilling and Dehumanization are the situations facing by most body workers, people who engaged in .green[manual], .green[repetitive], and .green[routine] jobs.
There are no "career paths" for body workers: long working hour, low pay, almost none benefits <sup>.red[2]</sup>.
.footnote[ [2]: [Workers Say McDonald’s Isn’t Keeping Up With Rising Local Wages](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-04-02/workers-say-mcdonald-s-isn-t-keeping-up-with-rising-local-wages) ]
---
### As a consequence, human labor is easily replaced by machines at very fast speed. Simultaneously, the nature of the job changes
.footnote[Source: https://www.businessinsider.com/bank-teller-automation-on-the-rise-with-new-atm-technology-2017-6]
---
class: inverse, middle, center
## McDonaldization has been embraced by many global business because of: lower cost, flexibility, ease of scale up
--
## Accompanied deskilling and dehumanization are only part of the story for body worker. Another part is the changing attitude toward them
---
## Story 2: the Janitor's story
English: https://nyti.ms/2x1YnuD
Chinese: http://bit.ly/2whKZ2O
---
background-image: url(https://static01.nyt.com/images/2017/08/30/upshot/00up-janitors-apple-kodak/00up-janitors-apple-kodak-superJumbo.jpg?quality=90&auto=webp)
background-size: contain
background-position: bottom
## Two great companies of their times: Apple and Eastman Kodak
---
## Two people started similar jobs: .green[janitor] 門房 in different eras, but faced very different situations
Gail Evans was able to find an employee who was willing to invest in her, while Marta Ramos struggles with bottom-rung jobs that never sees an option out.
Now you understand what I mean by ".violet[job markets are segmented]":
- In today's working environment, body worker such as Ms. Ramos has no opportunity to move up.
- The (only) way for people to cross that line which divides job: education.
- But when one work long hours with low pay (to invest in education), how is it possible?
---
## Connecting to Session 07:
### Some jobs are lifted up (both in terms pay and skills required)
.pull-left[
.green[Translation:] 當初蘋果公司為建造新總部大樓尋求批準時，它的諮詢顧問預計，蘋果的職員總數將達到 2.34 萬人，人均薪水可以輕鬆達到 6 位數。30 年前，柯達公司在羅切斯特僱傭了約 6 萬人，全公司的平均薪水和福利放到今天，相當於一年 7.9 萬美元。
]
.pull-right[
.green[Original:] When Apple was seeking permission to build its new headquarters, its consultants projected the company would have 23,400 employees, with an average salary comfortably in the six figures. Thirty years ago, Kodak employed about 60,000 people in Rochester, with average pay and benefits companywide worth $79,000 in today’s dollars.
]
---
### Some jobs are stretched and pulled down: Evan knowledge workers are not safe.
.pull-left[
.green[Translation:] 蘋果公司、Alphabet（Google 的母公司）和 Facebook 三家公司加起來，去年的總收入為 3330 億美元，而它們在全世界的員工總數為 20.5 萬人。1993 年，當時美國東北部最成功的三家科技導向型公司柯達、IBM 和 AT&T 的員工總數是上述的 3 倍以上，達到了 67.5 萬人，而創造的總收入經調整通脹後，只有上述數字的 73%。
]
.pull-right[
.green[Original:] Apple, Alphabet (parent of Google) and Facebook generated $333 billion of revenue combined last year with 205,000 employees worldwide. In 1993, three of the most successful, technologically oriented companies based in the Northeast — Kodak, IBM and AT&T — needed more than three times as many employees, 675,000, to generate 27 percent less in inflation-adjusted revenue.
]
---
### Change (jobs created and destroyed) is much faster
.pull-left[
.green[Translation:] 根據美國發展政策研究所（Progressive Policy Institute）的麥可·曼德爾（Michael Mandel）的計算，當前最有價值的 10 大科技公司共有 150 萬名雇員，相比之下，1979 年，最大的 10 家製造業公司則總共有 220 萬名雇員。不過曼德爾指出，現在科技公司.yellow[創造就業機會的速度比製造業公司快得多，後者花了數十年才達到那個水平]。
]
.pull-right[
.green[Original:] The 10 most valuable tech companies have 1.5 million employees, according to calculations by Michael Mandel of the Progressive Policy Institute, compared with 2.2 million employed by the 10 biggest industrial companies in 1979. Mr. Mandel, however, notes that today’s tech industry .yellow[is adding jobs much faster than the industrial companies, which took many decades to reach that scale].
]
---
### To be fair to Apple, new jobs are created at much faster pace. But here is the catch: these are new types of jobs, spread around the world.
.pull-left[
.green[Translation:] 蘋果公司強調，除了公司直接支付薪水的崗位外，蘋果的產品還創造了許多其他工作崗位。據公司估計，有 150 萬人在「.orange[應用經濟]」中工作，負責搭建、維護蘋果產品上使用的移動應用程式。44 個州的蘋果商店會支付比零售業標準水平更高的報酬和利潤。隨著公司的快速成長，即使在遠離加州總部的地方（例如德州奧斯汀市的 6000 名員工），員工平均年薪也高達 7.7 萬美元。
]
.pull-right[
.green[Original:] Apple emphasizes that its products generate many jobs beyond those who receive a paycheck from the company directly. The company estimates 1.5 million people work in the “.orange[app economy],” building and maintaining the mobile applications used on Apple products. Apple stores in 44 states tend to offer more generous pay and benefits than is standard in the retail industry. And it is growing quickly, including far from its California headquarters, such as with 6,000 jobs in Austin, Tex., at an average salary of $77,000 a year, ...
]
---
.pull-left[
.green[Translation:] 此外，還有更多員工間接靠蘋果養活——蘋果表示，公司每年都會向美國通訊供應商支付 500 億美元。「我們為美國 50 個州創造了超過 200 萬個工作機會，」蘋果發言人表示，「從建築、客戶服務、零售、工程設計到應用開發、生產製造、運營和貨車運輸。無論全職還是兼職，所有蘋果員工都有資格享受福利待遇，獲得股票獎勵。能與這些熟練的合同工和各州 9000 多家供應商合作，為我們的產品和日常服務出力，我們感到很幸運。」
]
.pull-right[
.green[Original:] ... and many more indirectly through what it says is $50 billion in annual spending to suppliers in the United States. “We’re responsible for creating over two million jobs in the U.S., across all 50 states,” said an Apple spokesman, “ranging from construction, customer care, retail and engineering to app development, manufacturing, operations and trucking. All Apple employees, whether full time or part time, are eligible for benefits and stock grants. We’re also fortunate to have skilled contractors that contribute to our products and services daily, along with over 9,000 suppliers in every state.”
]
---
## Globalization tears down of "the middle" of the developed nations
When countries are isolated from one another, the change of occupation structure is mostly driven by domestic technological change. However, the speed of such change become much faster when countries are connected by:
- Immigration
- Communication technology (i.e. the Internet)
--
Old-style middle class jobs are rapidly disappearing:
- Replaced by cheaper options enabled by globalization
- Viewed as replaceable by the society
- Facing more competition
---
## The ideas behind such change: Neoliberalism 新自由主義
Scholars believes neoliberal ideology can be viewed from __four__ angles:
.red[Economic theory]: welfare-maximizing consequences of market exchange
.red[Political theory]: superiority of market allocation of goods and services over public provision and that favors lower taxes, disempowering labor unions, suppressing state regulations of economic activity, and cutting public spending. Embraces formal democracy and the rule of law.
.red[Policy paradigm]: a set of interrelated policies intended to increase the role of markets in regulating economic life: privatization of public enterprises, reduced controls on capital movements, "shock therapy", global free trade agreements to deregulation of credit or labor markets.
---
.red[Social imaginary]: __entrepreneurship__, __self-reliance__, and sturdy __individualism__; equates untrammeled __pursuit of self-interest__ and __consumer satisfaction__ with __human freedom__; glorify __personal wealth__; sees __volunteerism__ as the appropriate way to solve social problems, and associates government programs with inefficiency, corruption and incompetence.
.footnote[Source: Evans, Peter B. and William H. Jr. Sewell. 2013. ‘Neoliberalism: Policy Regimes, International Regimes, and Social Effects’. Pp. 35–68 in _Social Resilience in the Neoliberal Era_, edited by P. A. Hall and M. Lamont. Cambridge University Press.]
---
## Concept: Neoliberalism
We usually called the first three aspects .green[Neoliberalism with "N"] and the last aspect .green[neoliberalism with "n"].
Neoliberalism is a theory 理論 (economic and political) and an ideology 意識形態:
- It has been a key factor in the development of a "global age" – as has reaction to it
Vital for understanding globalization in general, but particularly for economic and political elements
The current form of globalization is dominated by neoliberalism, but the global economic crisis linked to its principles raises questions over the future of this dominance
---
## What do they want?
.cyan[Improving efficiency] -> Technological improvement, structural change
.cyan[Freer flow of capital] -> tear down the wall of financial regulation
.cyan[Reduce the responsibility of the company] -> going light-weight, not rooted in the local community any more
.cyan[More profit] -> lower taxes, cutting ties with employees
Find more .cyan[capable] employees to meet increasingly sophisticated technology.
---
## The appeal of Neoliberalism
Promise and celebrate personal liberty & freedom
.red[You deserve what you got:] if you are good, you should take more. There is nothing wrong about just looking out for yourself
Everyone is conditioned to be a calculating individual: .orange[Homo-economicus 經濟人]
It fits with cooperate culture, in particular Multi-National Cooperations (MNCs).
---
## What kind of structures and barriers are needed
### Structures
- Flow of ideas (academics, media, management consultant)
+ Consulting firms such as EY, Deloitte, PWC plays important roles
+ "Chicago boys": economists from Chile trained by the University of Chicago
- Flow of labor
+ From rural to urban within a country
+ From developing to developed nations
+ In many cases: body workers are replaced by other body workers, from another country
### Barriers
- Political push back: unions, populist movement, journalists, environmental group, etc
---
## Consequences?
Change of nature in social fabrics: .orange[the relationship between you and those around you is changed]. No more:
- Solidarity 團結
- Caring 關懷
- Universal support 支援
- Trust 信任
- Loyalty 忠誠
Competition is fierce at every imaginable level: so you'd better get ready (e.g. education)
The company becomes lean, more competitive, and bigger.
The benefit is reaped unevenly
---
## Consequences?
Employers became dispensable 可替代的: so you'd better try very hard to make yourself indispensable.
Except for very few elite workers, most employers are replaceable and the company does not commit for long term.
Education's role in this process:
- becomes personal goods for consumption
- strictly instrumental: Skills in STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics)
- School & university teachers are obsessed with test scores, rankings, and other measurable indicators
---
## Consequences: growing inequality on the job market
---
.footnote[Image source: https://www.epi.org/blog/occupation-employment-trends-wage-inequality/]
---
## Consequences: Labor protest
---
### China is no exception: mostly low-skilled, middle aged workers during 2000s.
.footnote[Image credit: http://bit.ly/2NODNWI]
---
## Distribution of costs & benefits
Benefiting:
- Big business (Multi National Cooperations, MNC)
- Finance industry
- Technology industry
- In a strange way: people in China, India, Brazil, etc
Hurting:
- Skilled labor in the developed nation
---
## Alternative to neoliberalism?
Rizter & Dean in Chapter 4 lays out theoretical criticism of neoliberalism. In practice, we have also seen alternative perspectives and possibilities:
- Community organized solidarity movement
- Grow local economy (buy local, eat local)
- More regulation to financial world
- Co-op
---
## Potential for change mainly seen to come from
Recognition of negative impact of neoliberalism, leading some countries to institute protectionist policies against exploitative MNCs.
New social and alter-globalization movements, such as greens.
Human rights movements in particular able to articulate a new form of globalization based on principles of universal human rights.
Neoliberal globalization seen to "Sow seeds of own destruction" as offers opponents the resources and motivation necessary to counter it.
---
## Relevance to me?
Neoliberal is divisive in nature. It champions atomized individuals, not collective.
Runs directly contrary to "imagined community" (i.e. Everyone is only calculating form themselves, who would care about the community?)
Neoliberal man is also lonely. If you only care about yourself?
---
## Summary
Neoliberalism has been central to the development of the current form of globalization.
The ideology has been spread, with the policies of international institutions having a key role.
Many critiques have been developed, with examples of its failures growing.
The current global crisis fuels both the efforts to develop alternatives and calls for change.
Issues involved in change are complex and impact of neoliberalism on globalization will be long term.
---
## Resources
- For detailed concepts, read Rizter & Dean Chapter 4.
- Chronological view on neoliberalism (a podcast is also inside the link): [Neoliberalism: the idea that swallowed the world](https://www.theguardian.com/news/2017/aug/18/neoliberalism-the-idea-that-changed-the-world)
- Mixing knowledge worker & body worker: [The Hidden Laborers Training AI to Keep Ads Off Hateful Youtube Videos](https://www.wired.com/2017/04/zerochaos-google-ads-quality-raters/)
---
background-image: url(https://m.media-amazon.com/images/M/MV5BMTQ4NTMzMTk4NV5BMl5BanBnXkFtZTgwNTU5MjE4MDI@._V1_.jpg)
background-size: contain
</textarea>
<script src="https://remarkjs.com/downloads/remark-latest.min.js"></script>
<script src="wscale.js"></script>
<script src="hscale.js"></script>
<script src="http://embed-cdn.gettyimages.com/widgets.js"></script>
<script>var slideshow = remark.create({
"highlightStyle": "github",
"highlightLines": true,
"countIncrementalSlides": false
});
if (window.HTMLWidgets) slideshow.on('afterShowSlide', function (slide) {
window.dispatchEvent(new Event('resize'));
});
(function() {
var d = document, s = d.createElement("style"), r = d.querySelector(".remark-slide-scaler");
if (!r) return;
s.type = "text/css"; s.innerHTML = "@page {size: " + r.style.width + " " + r.style.height +"; }";
d.head.appendChild(s);
})();</script>
<script>
(function() {
var i, text, code, codes = document.getElementsByTagName('code');
for (i = 0; i < codes.length;) {
code = codes[i];
if (code.parentNode.tagName !== 'PRE' && code.childElementCount === 0) {
text = code.textContent;
if (/^\\\((.|\s)+\\\)$/.test(text) || /^\\\[(.|\s)+\\\]$/.test(text) ||
/^\$\$(.|\s)+\$\$$/.test(text) ||
/^\\begin\{([^}]+)\}(.|\s)+\\end\{[^}]+\}$/.test(text)) {
code.outerHTML = code.innerHTML; // remove <code></code>
continue;
}
}
i++;
}
})();
</script>
<!-- dynamically load mathjax for compatibility with self-contained -->
<script>
(function () {
var script = document.createElement('script');
script.type = 'text/javascript';
script.src = 'https://cdn.bootcss.com/mathjax/2.7.1/MathJax.js?config=TeX-MML-AM_CHTML';
if (location.protocol !== 'file:' && /^https?:/.test(script.src))
script.src = script.src.replace(/^https?:/, '');
document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(script);
})();
</script>
</body>
</html>