Merge pull request #60 from zhangzhuang15/dev

Dev

Author: zhangzhuang15

.vitepress/config.ts

@@ -288,6 +288,10 @@ export default defineConfig({
               text: "Terminal的魔法",
               link: "/blog/terminal-io"
             },
+            {
+              text: 'Kilo, Text Editor',
+              link: '/blog/terminal-kilo',
+            },
             {
               text: "对立统一的一点看法",
               link: "/blog/conflict-thought"
@@ -364,6 +368,10 @@ export default defineConfig({
               text: '协程-用C语言实现',
               link: '/blog/coroutine'
             },
+            {
+              text: 'System Program with C',
+              link: '/blog/system-program-with-c'
+            },
             {
               text: 'Talk about pthread',
               link: '/blog/pthread'

docs/blog/learning-zig.md

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ Zig 是一个系统级编程语言，是C语言的有力替代品。与C语言
 
 目前看，比较出色的Zig项目只有Bunjs。
 
-## How to debug zig in vscode 
+## Debug Zig with Vscode
 确保安装 codeLLDB 的vscode 插件。
 
 ```shell 

docs/blog/programer-and-english.md

@@ -117,4 +117,10 @@ aside: true
 
 **It's made from scratch**, 不是一蹴而就的
 
-**become a loophole**, 变成无底洞
+**become a loophole**, 变成无底洞
+
+**It doesnt seem to be the case**, 看来不太符合预期
+
+**I would expect that**, 我预期是...
+
+**keep code more understandable and self-evident**, 令代码更好理解、更直观

docs/blog/sytem-program-with-c.md

@@ -0,0 +1,216 @@
+---
+title: "System Program with C"
+page: true
+aside: true
+---
+
+# System Program with C
+I talk about learning to write system program with c language.
+
+## Overview
+System programming with C is different from normal programming with other languages.Today, popular operating system is created by C, e.g. Windows, MacOS and Linux.As default, operating system provides wrappers of systemcalls in C language out of box. In other words, using C is considered as communicating with operating system directly, bringing your program high performance and minimist runtime.
+
+Other languages, provide wrappers of systemcalls on their own. They might wrap systemcalls with asm, e.g. Go language. They might wrap systemcalls based on C library. They give you more human-friendly way to write program, but it's not direct, simple and performant. You cannot communicate with operating system directy, and have to burden unignored runtime.
+
+Of course, you can write system program in C++ or Rust languages. It seems to be more friendly, readable than C. But it's still important to know how to write system program in C.
+
+## Header File
+You should know some c header files, some of them belong to C standard and some of them belong to operating system, so that you can write portable c program.
+
+Every operating system that supports using c developing software, has to implement C standard, promise that people can include c standard header files out of box.
+
+
+### C Standard Library Header File
+#### Input/Output
+- `<stdio.h>`
+
+#### Input/Output Extensions
+- `<errno.h>`
+    - Example: errno, EIO, ENOMEM
+- `<fcntl.h>`,  File control options (POSIX)
+    - Example: open, O_RDONLY, O_WRONLY
+
+#### Input/Output Format
+- `<inttypes.h>`, Integer types and formatting macros (C99)
+    - Example: PRId32, PRIu64
+- `<stdint.h>`, Fixed-width integer types (C99)
+    - Example: int8_t, uint32_t, INT_MAX
+
+#### String and Memory Manipulation
+- `<string.h>`
+    - Example: strlen, strcpy, strcat, memcmp, memcpy
+- `<wchar.h>`, Wide character handling
+    - Example: wcslen, wcscpy, wcscat
+- `<wctype.h>`, Wide character classification and conversion
+    - Example: iswalpha, towlower
+
+#### Math
+- `<math.h>`
+    - Example: sin, cos, sqrt, pow, ceil, floor
+- `<complex.h>`, Complex number arithmetic (C99)
+    - Example: cabs, creal, cimag
+- `<tgmath.h>`, Type-generic macros for math functions (C99)
+    - Example: tgmath functions automatically select the correct type (e.g., float, double).
+
+#### General Utilities
+- `<stdlib.h>`
+    - Example: malloc, free, exit, atoi, rand, qsort.
+- `<stddef.h>`, Standard type definitions
+    - Example: size_t, ptrdiff_t, NULL
+- `<stdarg.h>`, Variable argument handling
+    - Example: va_start, va_arg, va_end
+- `<ctype.h>`, Character classification and conversion
+    - Example: isalpha, isdigit, toupper, tolower
+
+#### Time and Date
+- `<time.h>`
+    - Example: time, clock, difftime, strftime
+
+#### Signal
+- `<signal.h>`
+    - Example: signal, raise, kill, SIGINT, SIGTERM
+
+#### Localization
+- `<locale.h>`, Localization utilities
+    - Example: setlocale, localeconv.
+
+#### Error Handle
+- `<assert.h>`, Diagnostics and assertions
+    - Example: assert
+
+#### Atomic
+- `<stdatomic.h>`, Atomic operations (C11)
+    - Example: atomic_store, atomic_load
+
+#### Misc
+- `<limits.h>`, Defines implementation-specific limits.
+    - Example: CHAR_MAX, INT_MAX.
+- `<float.h>`, Defines floating-point limits.
+    - Example: FLT_MAX, DBL_MIN.
+- `<stdbool.h>`, Boolean type and values (true, false) (C99).
+    - Example: bool.
+- `<iso646.h>`, Alternative spellings for operators (e.g., and, or, not).
+- `<stdnoreturn.h>`, Defines the _Noreturn keyword (C11).
+    - Example: _Noreturn.
+
+
+### System Library Header File
+These header files are implemented by operating system, there might be different among operating systems. These header files provide functionalities that c standard cannot cover. Most of these functionalities wrap systemcalls or depend on systemcalls, of course, they might not use any systemcalls.
+
+- `<sys/types.h>`
+- `<sys/ioctl.h>`
+- `<sys/time.h>`
+- `<termios.h>`
+
+## How to Use C Standard Library
+Now you haved learned that what these header files look like. I don't tend to put a list of c functions from these header files, and introduce how to use them one by one.
+
+I just introduce these functions based on practical background.
+
+### Get Random Number 
+```c  
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <time.h>
+
+int main() {
+    srand(time(NULL));
+    int random_number_one = rand();
+    int random_number_two = rand();
+    return 0;
+}
+```
+`srand` and `rand` from: `<stdlib.h>`;
+`time` from: `<time.h>`
+
+### Clear Your Array 
+```c  
+#include <string.h>
+
+int main() {
+    int arr[100];
+    memset(arr, 0, sizeof(arr));
+    return 0;
+}
+```
+
+### Copy Your Array 
+```c  
+#include <string.h>
+int main() {
+    int arr[5] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };
+    int yrr[5];
+    memcpy(yrr, arr, sizeof(arr));
+    return 0;
+}
+```
+
+### Extract Value from Formatted String 
+```c   
+#include <stdio.h>
+int main() {
+    char* s = "hello,20 and peter";
+    int age;
+    char name[10];
+
+    int nums_parsed = sscanf(s, "hello,%d and %s", &age, name);
+
+    if (nums_parsed != 2) {
+        printf("cannot parse age and name");
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    printf("age is %d, and name is %s", age, name);
+    return 0;
+}
+```
+
+### Exit Process Hooking
+```c  
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+void exit_handler() {
+
+};
+int main() {
+    int registered_ok = atexit(exit_handler);
+    if (registered_ok != 0) {
+        return -1;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+```
+
+### Variable Function Pramaters
+```c   
+#include <stdarg.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+int putting(const char* s, int** result, ...) {
+    va_list args;
+    va_start(args, s);
+
+    int value = va_arg(args, int);
+    char c = va_arg(args, char);
+    va_end(args);
+
+    int* arr = malloc(2*sizeof(int));
+    arr[0] = value;
+    arr[1] = (int)c;
+    *result = arr;
+    return 2;
+}
+
+int main() {
+    int* result;
+    int nums = putting("hello", &result, 10, 'c');
+    for (int i = 0; i < nums; i++) {
+        printf("%d", result[i]);
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+```
+
+`va_start`, `va_end`, `va_arg` from: `<stdarg.h>`;
+`malloc` from: `<stdlib.h>`;
+`printf` from: `<stdio.h>`;

docs/blog/terminal-io.md

@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ Terminal 界面上，因为它并没有监听"main.txt"文件的变动。
 
 既然是终端模拟器，它要起到模拟的作用，就必须遵循一套模版，毕竟没有模仿对象的话，何来模拟之言？这种模版就是一种协定。我们按下Enter键，就会执行一条指令的行为，也是这种协定要求的表现行为。
 
-这种协定具体是怎样的呢？这个就要去阅读《Unix高级编程》的终端IO一节了。这里不细说，而是挑一些紧要的介绍下。
+这种协定具体是怎样的呢？这个就要去阅读《Unix高级编程》的终端IO一节了。这里不细说，而是挑一些紧要的介绍。
 
 ## 为什么按下enter键就会执行命令？
 Terminal App在启动之后，默认会加载shell程序，可能是 zsh，也可能是 bash，或者其他的。这些shell程序会读取你的输入，使用 `read` 系统函数。它并不知道你什么时候输入完毕了，它只知道什么时候 `read`函数返回。那么 `read`函数什么时候返回呢？就在你按下Enter的时候。
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ env | grep TERM
 ```
 然后你就查询这种终端对应的终端控制序列，按照屏幕清空、移动光标等功能做好封装，以供使用。像 Vim 程序，它就是这么干的，封装了很多终端的终端控制序列，总结出同样的接口定义，以达到跨平台、跨终端的目的。你也可以这样做。
 
-人总是像偷懒的，你也不必自己去查终端控制序列，完全可以使用已经封装好的工具，就比如`<curses.h>`, `<ncurses.h>`, 如果你使用的是 Rust 编程，还可以使用`crossterm`。你使用的是 Python , 也没有关系，python也有对 `curses.h` 的封装可以使用。
+人总是想偷懒的，你也不必自己去查终端控制序列，完全可以使用已经封装好的工具，就比如`<curses.h>`, `<ncurses.h>`, 如果你使用的是 Rust 编程，还可以使用`crossterm`。你使用的是 Python , 也没有关系，python也有对 `curses.h` 的封装。
 
 :::tip <TipIcon />
 上一节中提到的 `termios.h`, 利用 `tcsetattr` 只是影响了 `read`, `write` 
@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ gcc main.c -lcurses -o main && ./main
 
 你可以使用`tgetflag`查询终端是否支持某个终端控制序列；
 
-对于操作光标的终端控制序列，光靠 `tgetstr` 还不够，还要用上`tgoto`:
+对于操作光标的终端控制序列，光靠 `tgetstr` 还不够，有的控制序列字符串要用`tgoto`才能获取:
 ```c
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <termcap.h>