diff --git a/src/Utils.sol b/src/Utils.sol
index 8da8174..4edc00e 100644
--- a/src/Utils.sol
+++ b/src/Utils.sol
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
-
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache 2
-pragma solidity ^0.8.19;
+pragma solidity ^0.8.4;
+
+import { WORD_SIZE, SCRATCH_SPACE_PTR, FREE_MEMORY_PTR } from "./constants/Common.sol";
 
 error NotAnEvmAddress(bytes32);
 
@@ -12,7 +13,8 @@ function fromUniversalAddress(bytes32 universalAddr) pure returns (address addr)
   if (bytes12(universalAddr) != 0)
     revert NotAnEvmAddress(universalAddr);
 
-  assembly ("memory-safe") {
+  /// @solidity memory-safe-assembly
+  assembly {
     addr := universalAddr
   }
 }
@@ -22,21 +24,56 @@ function fromUniversalAddress(bytes32 universalAddr) pure returns (address addr)
  * Meant to be used to easily bubble up errors from low level calls when they fail.
  */
 function reRevert(bytes memory err) pure {
-  assembly ("memory-safe") {
+  /// @solidity memory-safe-assembly
+  assembly {
     revert(add(err, 32), mload(err))
   }
 }
 
 //see Optimization.md for rationale on avoiding short-circuiting
 function eagerAnd(bool lhs, bool rhs) pure returns (bool ret) {
-  assembly ("memory-safe") {
+  /// @solidity memory-safe-assembly
+  assembly {
     ret := and(lhs, rhs)
   }
 }
 
 //see Optimization.md for rationale on avoiding short-circuiting
 function eagerOr(bool lhs, bool rhs) pure returns (bool ret) {
-  assembly ("memory-safe") {
+  /// @solidity memory-safe-assembly
+  assembly {
     ret := or(lhs, rhs)
  }
 }
+
+function keccak256Word(bytes32 word) pure returns (bytes32 hash) {
+  /// @solidity memory-safe-assembly
+  assembly {
+    mstore(SCRATCH_SPACE_PTR, word)
+    hash := keccak256(SCRATCH_SPACE_PTR, WORD_SIZE)
+  }
+}
+
+function keccak256SliceUnchecked(
+  bytes memory encoded,
+  uint offset,
+  uint length
+) pure returns (bytes32 hash) {
+  /// @solidity memory-safe-assembly
+  assembly {
+    // The length of the bytes type `length` field is that of a word in memory
+    let ptr := add(add(encoded, offset), WORD_SIZE)
+    hash := keccak256(ptr, length)
+  }
+}
+
+function keccak256Cd(
+  bytes calldata encoded
+) pure returns (bytes32 hash) {
+  /// @solidity memory-safe-assembly
+  assembly {
+    let freeMemory := mload(FREE_MEMORY_PTR)
+    calldatacopy(freeMemory, encoded.offset, encoded.length)
+    hash := keccak256(freeMemory, encoded.length)
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/constants/Common.sol b/src/constants/Common.sol
index 27f19d9..3f5f9f4 100644
--- a/src/constants/Common.sol
+++ b/src/constants/Common.sol
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache 2
 pragma solidity ^0.8.4;
 
+//see https://docs.soliditylang.org/en/v0.8.4/internals/layout_in_memory.html
+uint256 constant SCRATCH_SPACE_PTR = 0x00;
 uint256 constant FREE_MEMORY_PTR = 0x40;
 uint256 constant WORD_SIZE = 32;
 //we can't define _WORD_SIZE_MINUS_ONE via _WORD_SIZE - 1 because of solc restrictions
diff --git a/src/libraries/BytesParsing.sol b/src/libraries/BytesParsing.sol
index d794ca5..84643d6 100644
--- a/src/libraries/BytesParsing.sol
+++ b/src/libraries/BytesParsing.sol
@@ -9,9 +9,14 @@ library BytesParsing {
   error LengthMismatch(uint256 encodedLength, uint256 expectedLength);
   error InvalidBoolVal(uint8 val);
 
-  function checkBound(uint offset, uint length) internal pure {
-    if (offset > length)
-      revert OutOfBounds(offset, length);
+  /**
+   * Implements runtime check of logic that accesses memory.
+   * @param pastTheEndOffset The offset past the end relative to the accessed memory fragment.
+   * @param length The length of the memory fragment accessed.
+   */
+  function checkBound(uint pastTheEndOffset, uint length) internal pure {
+    if (pastTheEndOffset > length)
+      revert OutOfBounds(pastTheEndOffset, length);
   }
 
   function checkLength(uint encodedLength, uint expectedLength) internal pure {
diff --git a/test/Keccak.t.sol b/test/Keccak.t.sol
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d232233
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/Keccak.t.sol
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache 2
+
+// forge test --match-contract TestKeccak
+
+pragma solidity ^0.8.0;
+
+import "forge-std/Test.sol";
+import { keccak256Word, keccak256SliceUnchecked, keccak256Cd } from "../src/Utils.sol";
+
+contract TestKeccak is Test {
+  using { keccak256Word } for bytes32;
+  using { keccak256SliceUnchecked } for bytes;
+
+  function test_bytesShouldHashTheSame(bytes calldata data) public {
+    bytes32 hash = data.keccak256SliceUnchecked(0, data.length);
+    bytes32 hashCd = keccak256Cd(data);
+    bytes32 expectedHash = keccak256(abi.encodePacked(data));
+    assertEq(hash, expectedHash);
+    assertEq(hashCd, expectedHash);
+  }
+
+  function test_bytesSubArrayEndShouldHashTheSame(bytes calldata data, uint seed) public {
+    vm.assume(data.length > 0);
+    uint length = seed % data.length;
+    bytes calldata slice = data[0 : length];
+
+    bytes32 hash = data.keccak256SliceUnchecked(0, length);
+    bytes32 hashCd = keccak256Cd(slice);
+
+    bytes32 expectedHash = keccak256(abi.encodePacked(slice));
+    assertEq(hash, expectedHash);
+    assertEq(hashCd, expectedHash);
+  }
+
+  function test_bytesSubArrayStartShouldHashTheSame(bytes calldata data, uint seed) public {
+    vm.assume(data.length > 0);
+    uint start = seed % data.length;
+    bytes calldata slice = data[start : data.length];
+
+    bytes32 hash = data.keccak256SliceUnchecked(start, data.length - start);
+    bytes32 hashCd = keccak256Cd(slice);
+
+    bytes32 expectedHash = keccak256(abi.encodePacked(slice));
+    assertEq(hash, expectedHash);
+    assertEq(hashCd, expectedHash);
+  }
+
+  function test_bytesSubArrayStartEndShouldHashTheSame(bytes calldata data, uint seed) public {
+    vm.assume(data.length > 0);
+    uint end = bound(seed, 1, data.length);
+    uint start = uint(keccak256(abi.encodePacked(seed))) % end;
+    bytes calldata slice = data[start : end];
+
+    bytes32 hash = data.keccak256SliceUnchecked(start, end - start);
+    bytes32 hashCd = keccak256Cd(slice);
+
+    bytes32 expectedHash = keccak256(abi.encodePacked(slice));
+    assertEq(hash, expectedHash);
+    assertEq(hashCd, expectedHash);
+  }
+
+  function test_wordShouldHashTheSame(bytes32 data) public {
+    bytes32 hash = data.keccak256Word();
+    assertEq(hash, keccak256(abi.encodePacked(data)));
+  }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/test/generated/BytesParsingTestWrapper.sol b/test/generated/BytesParsingTestWrapper.sol
index a246dc3..c4586d7 100644
--- a/test/generated/BytesParsingTestWrapper.sol
+++ b/test/generated/BytesParsingTestWrapper.sol
@@ -6,8 +6,8 @@ import "wormhole-sdk/libraries/BytesParsing.sol";
 // This file was auto-generated by wormhole-solidity-sdk gen/libraryTestWrapper.ts
 
 contract BytesParsingTestWrapper {
-  function checkBound(uint offset, uint length) external pure {
-    BytesParsing.checkBound(offset, length);
+  function checkBound(uint pastTheEndOffset, uint length) external pure {
+    BytesParsing.checkBound(pastTheEndOffset, length);
   }
 
   function checkLength(uint encodedLength, uint expectedLength) external pure {