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Fix more grammar and flow throughout specification.
Co-authored-by: Ted Thibodeau Jr <[email protected]>
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@@ -267,20 +267,14 @@
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<body>
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<section id='abstract'>
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<p>
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This specification provides normative and non-normative guidance on
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implementing and managing [=verifiable credentials=] and associated
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cryptographic practices. It emphasizes the importance of understanding and
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updating cryptographic systems and managing private signing keys with limited
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cryptoperiods. It discusses mechanisms for ensuring content integrity of
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linked external resources and highlights the risks of unsigned claims.
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Strategies are provided to mitigate man-in-the-middle (MITM), replay, and
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spoofing attacks, and to address issues related to credential atomization,
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validity periods, and device security. This specification also covers
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acceptable use of credentials, warns against code injection risks, and
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underscores the need for accessibility and internationalization
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considerations, advocating for a data-first approach and adherence to
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internationalization standards to ensure correct rendering of
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multilingual text.
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[=Credentials=] are integral to our daily lives: driver's licenses confirm
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our capability to operate motor vehicles; university degrees assert our level
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of education; and government-issued passports attest to our citizenship when
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traveling between countries. This specification provides a mechanism for
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expressing these sorts of [=credentials=] on the Web in a way that is
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cryptographically secure, privacy respecting, and machine verifiable. These
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[=credentials=] provide benefits to us when used in the physical world, but
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their use on the Web continues to be elusive.
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</p>
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</section>
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@@ -312,8 +306,8 @@ <h2>Introduction</h2>
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<p>
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[=Credentials=] are integral to our daily lives: driver's licenses confirm
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our capability to operate motor vehicles, university degrees assert our level
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of education, and government-issued passports attest to our citizenship when
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our capability to operate motor vehicles; university degrees assert our level
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of education; and government-issued passports attest to our citizenship when
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traveling between countries. This specification provides a mechanism for
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expressing these sorts of [=credentials=] on the Web in a way that is
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cryptographically secure, privacy respecting, and machine verifiable. These
@@ -4870,9 +4864,9 @@ <h3>Spectrum of Privacy</h3>
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For example, many people would prefer to remain anonymous when purchasing
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alcohol because the regulation is only to verify whether a purchaser is
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above a specific age. In contrast, when filling prescriptions written by
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a medical professional for a patient, the pharmacy must more strongly
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identify both the prescriber and the patient. No single approach to
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privacy works for all use cases.
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a medical professional for a patient, the pharmacy is legally required
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to more strongly identify both the prescriber and the patient. No single
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approach to privacy works for all use cases.
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</p>
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<p class="note"
@@ -4980,7 +4974,7 @@ <h3>Personally Identifiable Information</h3>
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[=Issuers=] are strongly advised to provide privacy-protecting [=verifiable
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credentials=] when possible — for example, by issuing `ageOver` [=verifiable
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credentials=] instead of `dateOfBirth` [=verifiable credentials=] for use when a
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[=verifier=] wants to determine whether an [=entity=] is 18 years of age.
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[=verifier=] wants to determine whether an [=entity=] is at least 18 years of age.
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</p>
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<p>
@@ -5095,7 +5089,7 @@ <h3>Signature-Based Correlation</h3>
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</li>
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<li>
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cryptographic material associated with the digital signature, such as
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a public key identifier.
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a public key identifier
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</li>
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</ul>
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@@ -5519,7 +5513,7 @@ <h3>Aggregation of Credentials</h3>
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<p>
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The solution to the privacy implications of correlation or aggregation tends
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not to be technological in nature, but policy-driven instead. Therefore, if a
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[=holder=] wishes to avoid the aggregation of their information, they must
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[=holder=] wishes to avoid the aggregation of their information, they need to
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express this in the [=verifiable presentations=] they transmit, and
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by the [=holders=] and [=verifiers=] to whom they transmit their
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[=verifiable presentations=].
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transaction.
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</p>
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<p>
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Regulators are advised to reconsider audit requirements such that mechanisms
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that better preserve privacy can be used to achieve similar enforcement and
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audit capabilities. For example, audit-focused regulations that insist on the
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collection and long-term retention of personally identifiable information can
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cause harm to individuals and organizations if that same information is later
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compromised and accessed by an attacker. The technologies
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described by this specification enable [=holders=] to prove properties about
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themselves and others more readily, reducing the need for long-term data
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retention by [=verifiers=]. Alternatives include keeping logs that the
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information was collected and checked, as well as random tests to ensure
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that compliance regimes are operating as expected.
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Regulators are advised to reconsider existing audit requirements such that
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mechanisms that better preserve privacy can be used to achieve similar
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enforcement and audit capabilities. For example, audit-focused regulations
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that insist on the collection and long-term retention of personally
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identifiable information can cause harm to individuals and organizations
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if that same information is later compromised and accessed by an attacker.
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The technologies described by this specification enable [=holders=] to
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prove properties about themselves and others more readily, reducing the
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need for long-term data retention by [=verifiers=]. Alternatives include
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keeping logs that the information was collected and checked, as well as
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random tests to ensure that compliance regimes are operating as expected.
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</p>
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</section>
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@@ -5823,7 +5817,7 @@ <h3>Issuer Cooperation Impacts on Privacy</h3>
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such features. In many cases, privacy protections which make use of zero-knowledge
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proofs, data minimization techniques, bearer credentials, abstract claims, and
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protections against signature-based correlation require active support by the
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[=issuer=], who must incorporate those capabilities into the [=verifiable
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[=issuer=], who need to incorporate those capabilities into the [=verifiable
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credentials=] they issue.
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</p>
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<p>
@@ -6741,8 +6735,8 @@ <h3>"Artificial Intelligence" and "Machine Learning"</h3>
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and/or "machine learning" might be capable of performing complex tasks at a
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level that meets or exceeds human performance. This might include tasks such as
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the acquisition and use of [=verifiable credentials=]. Using such tasks to
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distinguish between human and automated "bot" activity, as is
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commonly done today with a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAPTCHA">CAPTCHA</a>,
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distinguish between human and automated "bot" activity, as is commonly done
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today with a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAPTCHA">CAPTCHA</a>,
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for instance, might thereby cease to provide adequate or acceptable protection.
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</p>
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