concurrentKernels.cu

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//
// This sample demonstrates the use of streams for concurrent execution. It also
// illustrates how to introduce dependencies between CUDA streams with the
// cudaStreamWaitEvent function.
//

// Devices of compute capability 2.0 or higher can overlap the kernels
//
#include <cooperative_groups.h>
#include <stdio.h>

namespace cg = cooperative_groups;
#include <helper_cuda.h>
#include <helper_functions.h>

// This is a kernel that does no real work but runs at least for a specified
// number of clocks
__global__ void clock_block(clock_t *d_o, clock_t clock_count) {
  unsigned int start_clock = (unsigned int)clock();

  clock_t clock_offset = 0;

  while (clock_offset < clock_count) {
    unsigned int end_clock = (unsigned int)clock();

    // The code below should work like
    // this (thanks to modular arithmetics):
    //
    // clock_offset = (clock_t) (end_clock > start_clock ?
    //                           end_clock - start_clock :
    //                           end_clock + (0xffffffffu - start_clock));
    //
    // Indeed, let m = 2^32 then
    // end - start = end + m - start (mod m).

    clock_offset = (clock_t)(end_clock - start_clock);
  }

  d_o[0] = clock_offset;
}

// Single warp reduction kernel
__global__ void sum(clock_t *d_clocks, int N) {
  // Handle to thread block group
  cg::thread_block cta = cg::this_thread_block();
  __shared__ clock_t s_clocks[32];

  clock_t my_sum = 0;

  for (int i = threadIdx.x; i < N; i += blockDim.x) {
    my_sum += d_clocks[i];
  }

  s_clocks[threadIdx.x] = my_sum;
  cg::sync(cta);

  for (int i = 16; i > 0; i /= 2) {
    if (threadIdx.x < i) {
      s_clocks[threadIdx.x] += s_clocks[threadIdx.x + i];
    }

    cg::sync(cta);
  }

  d_clocks[0] = s_clocks[0];
}

int main(int argc, char **argv) {
  int nkernels = 8;             // number of concurrent kernels
  int nstreams = nkernels + 1;  // use one more stream than concurrent kernel
  int nbytes = nkernels * sizeof(clock_t);  // number of data bytes
  float kernel_time = 10;                   // time the kernel should run in ms
  float elapsed_time;                       // timing variables
  int cuda_device = 0;

  printf("[%s] - Starting...\n", argv[0]);

  // get number of kernels if overridden on the command line
  if (checkCmdLineFlag(argc, (const char **)argv, "nkernels")) {
    nkernels = getCmdLineArgumentInt(argc, (const char **)argv, "nkernels");
    nstreams = nkernels + 1;
  }

  // use command-line specified CUDA device, otherwise use device with highest
  // Gflops/s
  cuda_device = findCudaDevice(argc, (const char **)argv);

  cudaDeviceProp deviceProp;
  checkCudaErrors(cudaGetDevice(&cuda_device));

  checkCudaErrors(cudaGetDeviceProperties(&deviceProp, cuda_device));

  if ((deviceProp.concurrentKernels == 0)) {
    printf("> GPU does not support concurrent kernel execution\n");
    printf("  CUDA kernel runs will be serialized\n");
  }

  printf("> Detected Compute SM %d.%d hardware with %d multi-processors\n",
         deviceProp.major, deviceProp.minor, deviceProp.multiProcessorCount);

  // allocate host memory
  clock_t *a = 0;  // pointer to the array data in host memory
  checkCudaErrors(cudaMallocHost((void **)&a, nbytes));

  // allocate device memory
  clock_t *d_a = 0;  // pointers to data and init value in the device memory
  checkCudaErrors(cudaMalloc((void **)&d_a, nbytes));

  // allocate and initialize an array of stream handles
  cudaStream_t *streams =
      (cudaStream_t *)malloc(nstreams * sizeof(cudaStream_t));

  for (int i = 0; i < nstreams; i++) {
    checkCudaErrors(cudaStreamCreate(&(streams[i])));
  }

  // create CUDA event handles
  cudaEvent_t start_event, stop_event;
  checkCudaErrors(cudaEventCreate(&start_event));
  checkCudaErrors(cudaEventCreate(&stop_event));

  // the events are used for synchronization only and hence do not need to
  // record timings this also makes events not introduce global sync points when
  // recorded which is critical to get overlap
  cudaEvent_t *kernelEvent;
  kernelEvent = (cudaEvent_t *)malloc(nkernels * sizeof(cudaEvent_t));

  for (int i = 0; i < nkernels; i++) {
    checkCudaErrors(
        cudaEventCreateWithFlags(&(kernelEvent[i]), cudaEventDisableTiming));
  }

  //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  // time execution with nkernels streams
  clock_t total_clocks = 0;
#if defined(__arm__) || defined(__aarch64__)
  // the kernel takes more time than the channel reset time on arm archs, so to
  // prevent hangs reduce time_clocks.
  clock_t time_clocks = (clock_t)(kernel_time * (deviceProp.clockRate / 100));
#else
  clock_t time_clocks = (clock_t)(kernel_time * deviceProp.clockRate);
#endif

  cudaEventRecord(start_event, 0);

  // queue nkernels in separate streams and record when they are done
  for (int i = 0; i < nkernels; ++i) {
    clock_block<<<1, 1, 0, streams[i]>>>(&d_a[i], time_clocks);
    total_clocks += time_clocks;
    checkCudaErrors(cudaEventRecord(kernelEvent[i], streams[i]));

    // make the last stream wait for the kernel event to be recorded
    checkCudaErrors(
        cudaStreamWaitEvent(streams[nstreams - 1], kernelEvent[i], 0));
  }

  // queue a sum kernel and a copy back to host in the last stream.
  // the commands in this stream get dispatched as soon as all the kernel events
  // have been recorded
  sum<<<1, 32, 0, streams[nstreams - 1]>>>(d_a, nkernels);
  checkCudaErrors(cudaMemcpyAsync(
      a, d_a, sizeof(clock_t), cudaMemcpyDeviceToHost, streams[nstreams - 1]));

  // at this point the CPU has dispatched all work for the GPU and can continue
  // processing other tasks in parallel

  // in this sample we just wait until the GPU is done
  checkCudaErrors(cudaEventRecord(stop_event, 0));
  checkCudaErrors(cudaEventSynchronize(stop_event));
  checkCudaErrors(cudaEventElapsedTime(&elapsed_time, start_event, stop_event));

  printf("Expected time for serial execution of %d kernels = %.3fs\n", nkernels,
         nkernels * kernel_time / 1000.0f);
  printf("Expected time for concurrent execution of %d kernels = %.3fs\n",
         nkernels, kernel_time / 1000.0f);
  printf("Measured time for sample = %.3fs\n", elapsed_time / 1000.0f);

  bool bTestResult = (a[0] > total_clocks);

  // release resources
  for (int i = 0; i < nkernels; i++) {
    cudaStreamDestroy(streams[i]);
    cudaEventDestroy(kernelEvent[i]);
  }

  free(streams);
  free(kernelEvent);

  cudaEventDestroy(start_event);
  cudaEventDestroy(stop_event);
  cudaFreeHost(a);
  cudaFree(d_a);

  if (!bTestResult) {
    printf("Test failed!\n");
    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
  }

  printf("Test passed\n");
  exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
}