oit-dual-depth-peeling.html

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  The MIT License (MIT)

  Copyright (c) 2017 Tarek Sherif, Shuai Shao

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<!-- 
    Based on "Order Independent Transparency with Dual Depth Peeling"
    By Louis Bavoil, Kevin Myers 
    http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.193.3485&rep=rep1&type=pdf
-->
<html>
<head>
    <title>WebGL 2 Example: Order-independent Transparency using Dual Depth Peeling</title>
    <meta charset="utf-8">
    <script src="utils/gl-matrix.js"></script>
    <script src="utils/utils.js"></script>
    <link rel="stylesheet" href="css/webgl2examples.css">
</head>
<body>
    <div id="example-title">
        <header>WebGL 2 Example: Order-independent Transparency using Dual Depth Peeling</header>
        <div id="features">
            Features: Vertex Arrays, Uniform Buffers, Immutable Textures, Multiple Render Targets, Float Textures, texelFetch, Hardware Instancing, EXT_color_buffer_float
        </div>
        <div>
            <a href="https://github.com/tsherif/webgl2examples/blob/master/oit-dual-depth-peeling.html">Source code</a>
        </div>
    </div>
    <canvas id="gl-canvas"></canvas>
    <script type="x-shader/vs" id="vertex-peeling">
        #version 300 es

        layout(std140, column_major) uniform;
        
        layout(location=0) in vec4 position;
        layout(location=1) in vec2 uv;
        layout(location=2) in vec3 normal;
        layout(location=3) in vec4 color;
        layout(location=4) in mat4 modelMatrix;
        
        uniform SceneUniforms {
            mat4 uViewProj;
            vec4 uEyePosition;
            vec4 uLightPosition;
        };       
        
        out vec3 vPosition;
        out vec2 vUV;
        out vec3 vNormal;
        flat out vec4 vColor;

        void main() {
            vec4 worldPosition = modelMatrix * position;
            vPosition = worldPosition.xyz;
            vUV = uv;
            vNormal = mat3(modelMatrix) * normal;
            vColor = color;
            gl_Position = uViewProj * worldPosition;
        }
    </script>
    <script type="x-shader/fs" id="fragment-peeling">
        #version 300 es
        precision highp float;
        precision highp sampler2D;

        #define MAX_DEPTH 99999.0

        layout(std140, column_major) uniform;

        uniform SceneUniforms {
            mat4 uViewProj;
            vec4 uEyePosition;
            vec4 uLightPosition;
        };

        uniform sampler2D uTexture;
        uniform sampler2D uDepth;
        uniform sampler2D uFrontColor;
        
        in vec3 vPosition;
        in vec2 vUV;
        in vec3 vNormal;
        flat in vec4 vColor;

        layout(location=0) out vec2 depth;  // RG32F, R - negative front depth, G - back depth
        layout(location=1) out vec4 frontColor;
        layout(location=2) out vec4 backColor;

        void main() {

            // -------------------------
            // dual depth peeling
            // -------------------------

            float fragDepth = gl_FragCoord.z;   // 0 - 1

            ivec2 fragCoord = ivec2(gl_FragCoord.xy);
            vec2 lastDepth = texelFetch(uDepth, fragCoord, 0).rg;
            vec4 lastFrontColor = texelFetch(uFrontColor, fragCoord, 0);

            // depth value always increases
            // so we can use MAX blend equation
            depth.rg = vec2(-MAX_DEPTH);

            // front color always increases
            // so we can use MAX blend equation
            frontColor = lastFrontColor;

            // back color is separately blend afterwards each pass
            backColor = vec4(0.0);

            float nearestDepth = - lastDepth.x;
            float furthestDepth = lastDepth.y;
            float alphaMultiplier = 1.0 - lastFrontColor.a;


            if (fragDepth < nearestDepth || fragDepth > furthestDepth) {
                // Skip this depth since it's been peeled.
                return;
            }

            if (fragDepth > nearestDepth && fragDepth < furthestDepth) {
                // This needs to be peeled.
                // The ones remaining after MAX blended for 
                // all need-to-peel will be peeled next pass.
                depth.rg = vec2(-fragDepth, fragDepth);
                return;
            }


            // -------------------------------------------------------------------
            // If it reaches here, it is the layer we need to render for this pass
            // -------------------------------------------------------------------

            vec3 position = vPosition.xyz;
            vec3 normal = normalize(vNormal.xyz);
            vec2 uv = vUV;

            vec4 baseColor = vColor * texture(uTexture, uv);
            vec3 eyeDirection = normalize(uEyePosition.xyz - position);
            vec3 lightVec = uLightPosition.xyz - position;
            vec3 lightDirection = normalize(lightVec);
            vec3 reflectionDirection = reflect(-lightDirection, normal);
            float nDotL = max(dot(lightDirection, normal), 0.0);
            float diffuse = nDotL;
            float ambient = 0.2;
            float specular = pow(max(dot(reflectionDirection, eyeDirection), 0.0), 20.0);

            vec4 color = vec4((ambient + diffuse + specular) * baseColor.rgb, vColor.a);

            // dual depth peeling
            // write to back and front color buffer

            if (fragDepth == nearestDepth) {
                frontColor.rgb += color.rgb * color.a * alphaMultiplier;
                frontColor.a = 1.0 - alphaMultiplier * (1.0 - color.a);
            } else {
                backColor += color;
            }
        }
    </script>
    <script type="x-shader/vs" id="vertex-quad">
        #version 300 es

        layout(location=0) in vec4 aPosition;
        
        void main() {
            gl_Position = aPosition;
        }
    </script>

    <script type="x-shader/fs" id="fragment-blend-back">
        #version 300 es
        precision highp float;

        uniform sampler2D uBackColor;
        
        out vec4 fragColor;
        void main() {
            fragColor = texelFetch(uBackColor, ivec2(gl_FragCoord.xy), 0);
            if (fragColor.a == 0.0) { 
                discard;
            }
        }
    </script>

    <script type="x-shader/fs" id="fragment-final">
        #version 300 es
        precision highp float;

        uniform sampler2D uFrontColor;
        uniform sampler2D uBackColor;
        
        out vec4 fragColor;
        void main() {
            ivec2 fragCoord = ivec2(gl_FragCoord.xy);
            vec4 frontColor = texelFetch(uFrontColor, fragCoord, 0);
            vec4 backColor = texelFetch(uBackColor, fragCoord, 0);
            float alphaMultiplier = 1.0 - frontColor.a;

            fragColor = vec4(
                frontColor.rgb + alphaMultiplier * backColor.rgb,
                frontColor.a + backColor.a
            );
        }
    </script>
    
    <script>
        var canvas = document.getElementById("gl-canvas");
        canvas.width = window.innerWidth;
        canvas.height = window.innerHeight;

        var gl = canvas.getContext("webgl2");

        if (!gl) {
            console.error("WebGL 2 not available");
            document.body.innerHTML = "This example requires WebGL 2 which is unavailable on this system."
        }

        gl.enable(gl.BLEND);
        gl.depthMask(false);
        gl.disable(gl.CULL_FACE);

        if (!gl.getExtension("EXT_color_buffer_float")) {
            console.error("FLOAT color buffer not available");
            document.body.innerHTML = "This example requires EXT_color_buffer_float which is unavailable on this system."
        }

        /////////////////////////
        // OBJECT DESCRIPTIONS
        /////////////////////////

        var NUM_SPHERES = 32;
        var NUM_PER_ROW = 8;
        var RADIUS = 0.6;
        var spheres = new Array(NUM_SPHERES);

        var colorData = new Float32Array(NUM_SPHERES * 4);
        var modelMatrixData = new Float32Array(NUM_SPHERES * 16);

        for (var i = 0; i < NUM_SPHERES; ++i) {
            var angle = 2 * Math.PI * (i % NUM_PER_ROW) / NUM_PER_ROW;
            var x = Math.sin(angle) * RADIUS;
            var y = Math.floor(i / NUM_PER_ROW) / (NUM_PER_ROW / 4) - 0.75;
            var z = Math.cos(angle) * RADIUS;
            spheres[i] = {
                scale: [0.8, 0.8, 0.8],
                rotate: [0, 0, 0], // Will be used for global rotation
                translate: [x, y, z],
                modelMatrix: mat4.create()
            };

            colorData.set(vec4.fromValues(
                Math.sqrt(Math.random()),
                Math.sqrt(Math.random()),
                Math.sqrt(Math.random()),
                0.5
            ), i * 4);
        }

        ///////////////////////////////
        // DUAL DEPTH PEELING PROGRAM
        //////////////////////////////

        var depthPeelVsSource =  document.getElementById("vertex-peeling").text.trim();
        var depthPeelFsSource =  document.getElementById("fragment-peeling").text.trim();
        
        var depthPeelVertexShader = gl.createShader(gl.VERTEX_SHADER);
        gl.shaderSource(depthPeelVertexShader, depthPeelVsSource);
        gl.compileShader(depthPeelVertexShader);

        if (!gl.getShaderParameter(depthPeelVertexShader, gl.COMPILE_STATUS)) {
            console.error(gl.getShaderInfoLog(depthPeelVertexShader));
        }

        var depthPeelFragmentShader = gl.createShader(gl.FRAGMENT_SHADER);
        gl.shaderSource(depthPeelFragmentShader, depthPeelFsSource);
        gl.compileShader(depthPeelFragmentShader);

        if (!gl.getShaderParameter(depthPeelFragmentShader, gl.COMPILE_STATUS)) {
            console.error(gl.getShaderInfoLog(depthPeelFragmentShader));
        }

        var depthPeelProgram = gl.createProgram();
        gl.attachShader(depthPeelProgram, depthPeelVertexShader);
        gl.attachShader(depthPeelProgram, depthPeelFragmentShader);
        gl.linkProgram(depthPeelProgram);

        if (!gl.getProgramParameter(depthPeelProgram, gl.LINK_STATUS)) {
            console.error(gl.getProgramInfoLog(depthPeelProgram));
        }

        ////////////////////////////
        // FULL SCREEN QUAD PROGRAMS
        ////////////////////////////

        var quadVsSource =  document.getElementById("vertex-quad").text.trim();

        var fullScreenQuadVertexShader = gl.createShader(gl.VERTEX_SHADER);
        gl.shaderSource(fullScreenQuadVertexShader, quadVsSource);
        gl.compileShader(fullScreenQuadVertexShader);

        if (!gl.getShaderParameter(fullScreenQuadVertexShader, gl.COMPILE_STATUS)) {
            console.error(gl.getShaderInfoLog(fullScreenQuadVertexShader));
        }

        var finalFsSource = document.getElementById("fragment-final").text.trim();
        var blendBackFsSource = document.getElementById("fragment-blend-back").text.trim();

        var finalFragmentShader = gl.createShader(gl.FRAGMENT_SHADER);
        gl.shaderSource(finalFragmentShader, finalFsSource);
        gl.compileShader(finalFragmentShader);

        if (!gl.getShaderParameter(finalFragmentShader, gl.COMPILE_STATUS)) {
            console.error(gl.getShaderInfoLog(finalFragmentShader));
        }

        var blendBackFragmentShader = gl.createShader(gl.FRAGMENT_SHADER);
        gl.shaderSource(blendBackFragmentShader, blendBackFsSource);
        gl.compileShader(blendBackFragmentShader);

        if (!gl.getShaderParameter(blendBackFragmentShader, gl.COMPILE_STATUS)) {
            console.error(gl.getShaderInfoLog(blendBackFragmentShader));
        }

        var finalProgram = gl.createProgram();
        gl.attachShader(finalProgram, fullScreenQuadVertexShader);
        gl.attachShader(finalProgram, finalFragmentShader);
        gl.linkProgram(finalProgram);

        if (!gl.getProgramParameter(finalProgram, gl.LINK_STATUS)) {
            console.error(gl.getProgramInfoLog(finalProgram));
        }

        var blendBackProgram = gl.createProgram();
        gl.attachShader(blendBackProgram, fullScreenQuadVertexShader);
        gl.attachShader(blendBackProgram, blendBackFragmentShader);
        gl.linkProgram(blendBackProgram);

        if (!gl.getProgramParameter(blendBackProgram, gl.LINK_STATUS)) {
            console.error(gl.getProgramInfoLog(blendBackProgram));
        }

        /////////////////////////
        // GET UNIFORM LOCATIONS
        /////////////////////////

        var sceneUniformsLocation = gl.getUniformBlockIndex(depthPeelProgram, "SceneUniforms");
        gl.uniformBlockBinding(depthPeelProgram, sceneUniformsLocation, 0);

        var depthPeelTextureLocation = gl.getUniformLocation(depthPeelProgram, "uTexture");
        var depthPeelModelLocation = gl.getUniformLocation(depthPeelProgram, "uModel");
        var depthPeelDepthLocation = gl.getUniformLocation(depthPeelProgram, "uDepth");
        var depthPeelFrontColorLocation = gl.getUniformLocation(depthPeelProgram, "uFrontColor");

        var finalFrontColorLocation = gl.getUniformLocation(finalProgram, "uFrontColor");
        var finalBackColorLocation = gl.getUniformLocation(finalProgram, "uBackColor");

        var blendBackColorLocation = gl.getUniformLocation(blendBackProgram, "uBackColor");

        ////////////////////////////////
        //  SET UP FRAMEBUFFERS
        ////////////////////////////////
        
        // 2 for ping-pong
        // COLOR_ATTACHMENT0 - depth
        // COLOR_ATTACHMENT1 - front color
        // COLOR_ATTACHMENT2 - back color
        var depthPeelBuffers = [gl.createFramebuffer(), gl.createFramebuffer()];
        
        // 2 for ping-pong
        // COLOR_ATTACHMENT0 - front color
        // COLOR_ATTACHMENT1 - back color
        var colorBuffers = [gl.createFramebuffer(), gl.createFramebuffer()];
        
        var blendBackBuffer = gl.createFramebuffer();

        for (var i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
            gl.bindFramebuffer(gl.FRAMEBUFFER, depthPeelBuffers[i]);
            var o = i * 3;

            var depthTarget = gl.createTexture();
            gl.activeTexture(gl.TEXTURE0 + o);
            gl.bindTexture(gl.TEXTURE_2D, depthTarget);
            gl.texParameteri(gl.TEXTURE_2D, gl.TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, gl.NEAREST);
            gl.texParameteri(gl.TEXTURE_2D, gl.TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, gl.NEAREST);
            gl.texParameteri(gl.TEXTURE_2D, gl.TEXTURE_WRAP_S, gl.CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
            gl.texParameteri(gl.TEXTURE_2D, gl.TEXTURE_WRAP_T, gl.CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
            gl.texImage2D(gl.TEXTURE_2D, 0, gl.RG32F, gl.drawingBufferWidth, gl.drawingBufferHeight, 0, gl.RG, gl.FLOAT, null);
            gl.framebufferTexture2D(gl.FRAMEBUFFER, gl.COLOR_ATTACHMENT0, gl.TEXTURE_2D, depthTarget, 0);
            
            var frontColorTarget = gl.createTexture();
            gl.activeTexture(gl.TEXTURE1 + o);
            gl.bindTexture(gl.TEXTURE_2D, frontColorTarget);
            gl.texParameteri(gl.TEXTURE_2D, gl.TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, gl.NEAREST);
            gl.texParameteri(gl.TEXTURE_2D, gl.TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, gl.NEAREST);
            gl.texParameteri(gl.TEXTURE_2D, gl.TEXTURE_WRAP_S, gl.CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
            gl.texParameteri(gl.TEXTURE_2D, gl.TEXTURE_WRAP_T, gl.CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
            gl.texImage2D(gl.TEXTURE_2D, 0, gl.RGBA16F, gl.drawingBufferWidth, gl.drawingBufferHeight, 0, gl.RGBA, gl.HALF_FLOAT, null);
            gl.framebufferTexture2D(gl.FRAMEBUFFER, gl.COLOR_ATTACHMENT1, gl.TEXTURE_2D, frontColorTarget, 0);

            var backColorTarget = gl.createTexture();
            gl.activeTexture(gl.TEXTURE2 + o);
            gl.bindTexture(gl.TEXTURE_2D, backColorTarget);
            gl.texParameteri(gl.TEXTURE_2D, gl.TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, gl.NEAREST);
            gl.texParameteri(gl.TEXTURE_2D, gl.TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, gl.NEAREST);
            gl.texParameteri(gl.TEXTURE_2D, gl.TEXTURE_WRAP_S, gl.CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
            gl.texParameteri(gl.TEXTURE_2D, gl.TEXTURE_WRAP_T, gl.CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
            gl.texImage2D(gl.TEXTURE_2D, 0, gl.RGBA16F, gl.drawingBufferWidth, gl.drawingBufferHeight, 0, gl.RGBA, gl.HALF_FLOAT, null);
            gl.framebufferTexture2D(gl.FRAMEBUFFER, gl.COLOR_ATTACHMENT2, gl.TEXTURE_2D, backColorTarget, 0);

            gl.bindFramebuffer(gl.FRAMEBUFFER, colorBuffers[i]);
            gl.framebufferTexture2D(gl.FRAMEBUFFER, gl.COLOR_ATTACHMENT0, gl.TEXTURE_2D, frontColorTarget, 0);
            gl.framebufferTexture2D(gl.FRAMEBUFFER, gl.COLOR_ATTACHMENT1, gl.TEXTURE_2D, backColorTarget, 0);
        }

        gl.bindFramebuffer(gl.FRAMEBUFFER, blendBackBuffer);

        var blendBackTarget = gl.createTexture();
        gl.activeTexture(gl.TEXTURE6);
        gl.bindTexture(gl.TEXTURE_2D, blendBackTarget);
        gl.texParameteri(gl.TEXTURE_2D, gl.TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, gl.NEAREST);
        gl.texParameteri(gl.TEXTURE_2D, gl.TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, gl.NEAREST);
        gl.texParameteri(gl.TEXTURE_2D, gl.TEXTURE_WRAP_S, gl.CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
        gl.texParameteri(gl.TEXTURE_2D, gl.TEXTURE_WRAP_T, gl.CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
        gl.texImage2D(gl.TEXTURE_2D, 0, gl.RGBA16F, gl.drawingBufferWidth, gl.drawingBufferHeight, 0, gl.RGBA, gl.HALF_FLOAT, null);
        gl.framebufferTexture2D(gl.FRAMEBUFFER, gl.COLOR_ATTACHMENT0, gl.TEXTURE_2D, blendBackTarget, 0);

        gl.bindFramebuffer(gl.FRAMEBUFFER, null);

        /////////////////////
        // SET UP GEOMETRY
        /////////////////////

        var sphere = utils.createSphere({radius: 0.5});
        var numVertices = sphere.positions.length / 3;

        var sphereArray = gl.createVertexArray();
        gl.bindVertexArray(sphereArray);

        var positionBuffer = gl.createBuffer();
        gl.bindBuffer(gl.ARRAY_BUFFER, positionBuffer);
        gl.bufferData(gl.ARRAY_BUFFER, sphere.positions, gl.STATIC_DRAW);
        gl.vertexAttribPointer(0, 3, gl.FLOAT, false, 0, 0);
        gl.enableVertexAttribArray(0);

        var uvBuffer = gl.createBuffer();
        gl.bindBuffer(gl.ARRAY_BUFFER, uvBuffer);
        gl.bufferData(gl.ARRAY_BUFFER, sphere.uvs, gl.STATIC_DRAW);
        gl.vertexAttribPointer(1, 2, gl.FLOAT, false, 0, 0);
        gl.enableVertexAttribArray(1);

        var normalBuffer = gl.createBuffer();
        gl.bindBuffer(gl.ARRAY_BUFFER, normalBuffer);
        gl.bufferData(gl.ARRAY_BUFFER, sphere.normals, gl.STATIC_DRAW);
        gl.vertexAttribPointer(2, 3, gl.FLOAT, false, 0, 0);
        gl.enableVertexAttribArray(2);

        var color = gl.createBuffer();
        gl.bindBuffer(gl.ARRAY_BUFFER, color);
        gl.bufferData(gl.ARRAY_BUFFER, colorData, gl.STATIC_DRAW);
        gl.vertexAttribPointer(3, 4, gl.FLOAT, false, 0, 0);
        gl.vertexAttribDivisor(3, 1);
        gl.enableVertexAttribArray(3);

        // Columns of matrix as separate attributes for instancing
        var matrixBuffer = gl.createBuffer();
        gl.bindBuffer(gl.ARRAY_BUFFER, matrixBuffer);
        gl.bufferData(gl.ARRAY_BUFFER, modelMatrixData, gl.DYNAMIC_DRAW);
        gl.vertexAttribPointer(4, 4, gl.FLOAT, false, 64, 0);
        gl.vertexAttribPointer(5, 4, gl.FLOAT, false, 64, 16);
        gl.vertexAttribPointer(6, 4, gl.FLOAT, false, 64, 32);
        gl.vertexAttribPointer(7, 4, gl.FLOAT, false, 64, 48);

        gl.vertexAttribDivisor(4, 1);
        gl.vertexAttribDivisor(5, 1);
        gl.vertexAttribDivisor(6, 1);
        gl.vertexAttribDivisor(7, 1);

        gl.enableVertexAttribArray(4);
        gl.enableVertexAttribArray(5);
        gl.enableVertexAttribArray(6);
        gl.enableVertexAttribArray(7);

        var indices = gl.createBuffer();
        gl.bindBuffer(gl.ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, indices);
        gl.bufferData(gl.ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, sphere.indices, gl.STATIC_DRAW);

        // Quad for draw pass
        var quadArray = gl.createVertexArray();
        gl.bindVertexArray(quadArray);

        var quadPositionBuffer = gl.createBuffer();
        gl.bindBuffer(gl.ARRAY_BUFFER, quadPositionBuffer);
        gl.bufferData(gl.ARRAY_BUFFER, new Float32Array([
            -1, 1,
            -1, -1,
            1, -1,
            -1, 1,
            1, -1,
            1, 1,
        ]), gl.STATIC_DRAW);
        gl.vertexAttribPointer(0, 2, gl.FLOAT, false, 0, 0);
        gl.enableVertexAttribArray(0);

        //////////////////////
        // SET UP UNIFORMS
        //////////////////////

        var projMatrix = mat4.create();
        mat4.perspective(projMatrix, Math.PI / 2, canvas.width / canvas.height, 0.1, 10.0);

        var viewMatrix = mat4.create();
        var eyePosition = vec3.fromValues(0, 0.8, 2);
        mat4.lookAt(viewMatrix, eyePosition, vec3.fromValues(0, 0, 0), vec3.fromValues(0, 1, 0));

        var viewProjMatrix = mat4.create();
        mat4.multiply(viewProjMatrix, projMatrix, viewMatrix);

        var lightPosition = vec3.fromValues(1, 1, 2);
        
        var sceneUniformData = new Float32Array(24);
        sceneUniformData.set(viewProjMatrix);
        sceneUniformData.set(eyePosition, 16);
        sceneUniformData.set(lightPosition, 20);

        var sceneUniformBuffer = gl.createBuffer();
        gl.bindBufferBase(gl.UNIFORM_BUFFER, 0, sceneUniformBuffer);
        gl.bufferData(gl.UNIFORM_BUFFER, sceneUniformData, gl.STATIC_DRAW);

        var image = new Image();

        image.onload = function() {

            ///////////////////////
            // BIND TEXTURES
            ///////////////////////

            var texture = gl.createTexture();
            gl.activeTexture(gl.TEXTURE9);
            gl.bindTexture(gl.TEXTURE_2D, texture);

            gl.pixelStorei(gl.UNPACK_FLIP_Y_WEBGL, true);
            gl.texParameteri(gl.TEXTURE_2D, gl.TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, gl.LINEAR);
            gl.texParameteri(gl.TEXTURE_2D, gl.TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, gl.LINEAR_MIPMAP_LINEAR);
            gl.texParameteri(gl.TEXTURE_2D, gl.TEXTURE_WRAP_S, gl.REPEAT);
            gl.texParameteri(gl.TEXTURE_2D, gl.TEXTURE_WRAP_T, gl.REPEAT);
            
            var levels = levels = Math.floor(Math.log2(Math.max(this.width, this.height))) + 1;
            gl.texStorage2D(gl.TEXTURE_2D, levels, gl.RGBA8, image.width, image.height);
            gl.texSubImage2D(gl.TEXTURE_2D, 0, 0, 0, image.width, image.height, gl.RGBA, gl.UNSIGNED_BYTE, image);
            gl.generateMipmap(gl.TEXTURE_2D);

            gl.useProgram(finalProgram);
            gl.uniform1i(finalBackColorLocation, 6);
            gl.useProgram(depthPeelProgram);
            gl.uniform1i(depthPeelTextureLocation, 9);

            var rotationMatrix = mat4.create();

            var DEPTH_CLEAR_VALUE = -99999.0;
            var MAX_DEPTH = 1.0;
            var MIN_DEPTH = 0.0;

            var NUM_PASS = 4;   // maximum rendered layer number = NUM_PASS * 2

            function draw() {

                //////////////////////////////////
                // 1. Initialize min-max depth buffer
                //////////////////////////////////

                gl.bindFramebuffer(gl.DRAW_FRAMEBUFFER, blendBackBuffer);
                gl.clearColor(0, 0, 0, 0);
                gl.clear(gl.COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);

                gl.bindFramebuffer(gl.FRAMEBUFFER, depthPeelBuffers[0]);
                gl.drawBuffers([gl.COLOR_ATTACHMENT0]);
                gl.clearColor(DEPTH_CLEAR_VALUE, DEPTH_CLEAR_VALUE, 0, 0);
                gl.clear(gl.COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);

                gl.bindFramebuffer(gl.DRAW_FRAMEBUFFER, depthPeelBuffers[1]);
                gl.clearColor(-MIN_DEPTH, MAX_DEPTH, 0, 0);
                gl.clear(gl.COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);

                gl.bindFramebuffer(gl.DRAW_FRAMEBUFFER, colorBuffers[0]);
                gl.drawBuffers([gl.COLOR_ATTACHMENT0, gl.COLOR_ATTACHMENT1]);
                gl.clearColor(0, 0, 0, 0);
                gl.clear(gl.COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);

                gl.bindFramebuffer(gl.DRAW_FRAMEBUFFER, colorBuffers[1]);
                gl.clearColor(0, 0, 0, 0);
                gl.clear(gl.COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);

                // draw depth for first pass to peel
                gl.bindFramebuffer(gl.DRAW_FRAMEBUFFER, depthPeelBuffers[0]);
                gl.drawBuffers([gl.COLOR_ATTACHMENT0]);
                gl.blendEquation(gl.MAX);

                gl.useProgram(depthPeelProgram);
                gl.uniform1i(depthPeelDepthLocation, 3);
                gl.uniform1i(depthPeelFrontColorLocation, 4);
                gl.bindVertexArray(sphereArray);

                for (var i = 0, len = spheres.length; i < len; ++i) {
                    spheres[i].rotate[1] += 0.002;

                    utils.xformMatrix(spheres[i].modelMatrix, spheres[i].translate, null, spheres[i].scale);
                    mat4.fromYRotation(rotationMatrix, spheres[i].rotate[1]);
                    mat4.multiply(spheres[i].modelMatrix, rotationMatrix, spheres[i].modelMatrix);
                
                    modelMatrixData.set(spheres[i].modelMatrix, i * 16);
                }

                gl.bindBuffer(gl.ARRAY_BUFFER, matrixBuffer);
                gl.bufferSubData(gl.ARRAY_BUFFER, 0, modelMatrixData);
                
                gl.drawElementsInstanced(gl.TRIANGLES, sphere.indices.length, gl.UNSIGNED_SHORT, 0, spheres.length);

                ////////////////////////////////////
                // 2. Dual Depth Peeling Ping-Pong
                ////////////////////////////////////
                
                var readId, writeId;
                var offsetRead, offsetBack;

                for (var pass = 0; pass < NUM_PASS; pass++) {
                    readId = pass % 2;
                    writeId = 1 - readId;  // ping-pong: 0 or 1
                    
                    gl.bindFramebuffer(gl.DRAW_FRAMEBUFFER, depthPeelBuffers[writeId]);
                    gl.drawBuffers([gl.COLOR_ATTACHMENT0]);
                    gl.clearColor(DEPTH_CLEAR_VALUE, DEPTH_CLEAR_VALUE, 0, 0);
                    gl.clear(gl.COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);

                    gl.bindFramebuffer(gl.DRAW_FRAMEBUFFER, colorBuffers[writeId]);
                    gl.drawBuffers([gl.COLOR_ATTACHMENT0, gl.COLOR_ATTACHMENT1]);
                    gl.clearColor(0, 0, 0, 0);
                    gl.clear(gl.COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);

                    gl.bindFramebuffer(gl.DRAW_FRAMEBUFFER, depthPeelBuffers[writeId]);
                    gl.drawBuffers([gl.COLOR_ATTACHMENT0, gl.COLOR_ATTACHMENT1, gl.COLOR_ATTACHMENT2]);
                    gl.blendEquation(gl.MAX);

                    // update texture uniform
                    offsetRead = readId * 3;
                    gl.useProgram(depthPeelProgram);
                    gl.uniform1i(depthPeelDepthLocation, offsetRead);
                    gl.uniform1i(depthPeelFrontColorLocation, offsetRead + 1);

                    // draw geometry
                    gl.bindVertexArray(sphereArray);
                    gl.drawElementsInstanced(gl.TRIANGLES, sphere.indices.length, gl.UNSIGNED_SHORT, 0, spheres.length);
                    
                    // blend back color separately
                    offsetBack = writeId * 3;
                    gl.bindFramebuffer(gl.DRAW_FRAMEBUFFER, blendBackBuffer);
                    gl.drawBuffers([gl.COLOR_ATTACHMENT0]);
                    gl.blendEquation(gl.FUNC_ADD);
                    gl.blendFuncSeparate(gl.SRC_ALPHA, gl.ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA, gl.ONE, gl.ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA);
                    gl.useProgram(blendBackProgram);
                    gl.uniform1i(blendBackColorLocation, offsetBack + 2);
                    gl.bindVertexArray(quadArray);
                    gl.drawArrays(gl.TRIANGLES, 0, 6);
                }

                //////////////////////////
                // 3. Final
                //////////////////////////

                gl.bindFramebuffer(gl.FRAMEBUFFER, null);
                gl.clearColor(0, 0, 0, 1);
                gl.clear(gl.COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);
                gl.blendFunc(gl.ONE, gl.ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA);
                gl.useProgram(finalProgram);
                gl.uniform1i(finalFrontColorLocation, offsetBack + 1);

                gl.bindVertexArray(quadArray);
                gl.drawArrays(gl.TRIANGLES, 0, 6);                

                requestAnimationFrame(draw);
            }

            requestAnimationFrame(draw);
            
        }

        image.src = "img/khronos_webgl.png";

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