A module & test case for quickstart reserves, based on the pattern of spinning reserves, but without contingencies. I only implemented a single rule for quickstart reserves here because that satisfies my immediate use case, and I don't know what rules were used in the GE Hawaii RPS study. I structured the quickstart reserve module to allow for easy subsequent extension of rules for quickstart reserve requirements.

josiahjohnston · josiahjohnston · commit d36a35d6f1d3 · 2019-08-09T12:42:40.000-07:00
diff --git a/examples/production_cost_models/spinning_and_quickstart_reserves/README.md b/examples/production_cost_models/spinning_and_quickstart_reserves/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+SYNOPSIS
+	switch solve --verbose --log-run
+
+This example extends spinning_reserves by adding quickstart reserve requirements.
diff --git a/examples/production_cost_models/spinning_and_quickstart_reserves/inputs/financials.dat b/examples/production_cost_models/spinning_and_quickstart_reserves/inputs/financials.dat
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+param base_financial_year := 2015;
+param interest_rate := .07;
+param discount_rate := .05;
diff --git a/examples/production_cost_models/spinning_and_quickstart_reserves/inputs/fuel_cost.tab b/examples/production_cost_models/spinning_and_quickstart_reserves/inputs/fuel_cost.tab
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+load_zone	fuel	period	fuel_cost
+South	NaturalGas	2010	4
diff --git a/examples/production_cost_models/spinning_and_quickstart_reserves/inputs/fuels.tab b/examples/production_cost_models/spinning_and_quickstart_reserves/inputs/fuels.tab
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+fuel	co2_intensity	upstream_co2_intensity
+NaturalGas	0.05306	0
diff --git a/examples/production_cost_models/spinning_and_quickstart_reserves/inputs/gen_build_costs.tab b/examples/production_cost_models/spinning_and_quickstart_reserves/inputs/gen_build_costs.tab
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+GENERATION_PROJECT	build_year	gen_overnight_cost	gen_fixed_om
+S-Geothermal	1998	5524200	0
+S-NG_CC	2000	1143900	5868.3
+S-NG_GT	1990	605430	4891.8
+S-NG_GT	2002	605430	4891.8
+S-Central_PV-1  2001    2334300	41850
diff --git a/examples/production_cost_models/spinning_and_quickstart_reserves/inputs/gen_build_predetermined.tab b/examples/production_cost_models/spinning_and_quickstart_reserves/inputs/gen_build_predetermined.tab
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+GENERATION_PROJECT	build_year	gen_predetermined_cap
+S-Geothermal	1998	2.0
+S-NG_CC	2000	7.0
+S-NG_GT	1990	3.0
+S-NG_GT	2002	4.0
+S-Central_PV-1	2001	3
diff --git a/examples/production_cost_models/spinning_and_quickstart_reserves/inputs/gen_inc_heat_rates.tab b/examples/production_cost_models/spinning_and_quickstart_reserves/inputs/gen_inc_heat_rates.tab
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+GENERATION_PROJECT	power_start_mw	power_end_mw	incremental_heat_rate_mbtu_per_mwhr	fuel_use_rate_mmbtu_per_h
+S-NG_CC	40	.	.	269.4069
+S-NG_CC	40	100.0	6.684885	.
+S-NG_GT	0	.	.	0.1039
+S-NG_GT	0	1.0	10.2861	.
diff --git a/examples/production_cost_models/spinning_and_quickstart_reserves/inputs/generation_projects_info.tab b/examples/production_cost_models/spinning_and_quickstart_reserves/inputs/generation_projects_info.tab
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+GENERATION_PROJECT	gen_dbid	gen_tech	gen_load_zone	gen_connect_cost_per_mw	gen_capacity_limit_mw	gen_max_age	gen_min_build_capacity	gen_scheduled_outage_rate	gen_forced_outage_rate	gen_is_variable	gen_is_baseload	gen_is_cogen	gen_variable_om	gen_energy_source	gen_full_load_heat_rate	gen_unit_size	gen_min_load_fraction	gen_startup_fuel	gen_startup_om	gen_min_downtime	gen_can_provide_spinning_reserves
+S-Geothermal	33	Geothermal	South	134222	3	30	0	0.0075	0.0241	0	1	0	28.83	Geothermal	.	.	.	.	.	.	0
+S-NG_CC	34	NG_CC	South	57566.6	.	20	0	0.04	0.06	0	0	0	3.4131	NaturalGas	6.705	1	0.4	9.16	10.3	12	1
+S-NG_GT	36	NG_GT	South	57566.6	.	20	0	0.04	0.06	0	0	0	27.807	NaturalGas	10.39	.	0	0.22	0.86	.	1
+S-Central_PV-1	41	Central_PV	South	74881.9	4	20	0	0	0.02	1	0	0	0	Solar	.	.	0	.	0	.	0
diff --git a/examples/production_cost_models/spinning_and_quickstart_reserves/inputs/load_zones.tab b/examples/production_cost_models/spinning_and_quickstart_reserves/inputs/load_zones.tab
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+LOAD_ZONE	existing_local_td	local_td_annual_cost_per_mw
+South	10	128040
diff --git a/examples/production_cost_models/spinning_and_quickstart_reserves/inputs/loads.tab b/examples/production_cost_models/spinning_and_quickstart_reserves/inputs/loads.tab
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+LOAD_ZONE	TIMEPOINT	zone_demand_mw
+South	1	3
+South	2	8
+South	3	10
+South	4	7
diff --git a/examples/production_cost_models/spinning_and_quickstart_reserves/inputs/modules.txt b/examples/production_cost_models/spinning_and_quickstart_reserves/inputs/modules.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+# Core Modules
+switch_model
+switch_model.timescales
+switch_model.financials
+switch_model.balancing.load_zones
+switch_model.energy_sources.properties
+switch_model.generators.core.build
+switch_model.generators.core.dispatch
+switch_model.reporting
+# Custom Modules
+switch_model.transmission.local_td
+switch_model.generators.core.commit.operate
+switch_model.generators.core.commit.fuel_use
+switch_model.energy_sources.fuel_costs.simple
+switch_model.balancing.operating_reserves.areas
+switch_model.balancing.operating_reserves.spinning_reserves
+switch_model.balancing.operating_reserves.quickstart
+#switch_model.reporting.dump
diff --git a/examples/production_cost_models/spinning_and_quickstart_reserves/inputs/non_fuel_energy_sources.tab b/examples/production_cost_models/spinning_and_quickstart_reserves/inputs/non_fuel_energy_sources.tab
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+energy_source
+Geothermal
+Solar
diff --git a/examples/production_cost_models/spinning_and_quickstart_reserves/inputs/periods.tab b/examples/production_cost_models/spinning_and_quickstart_reserves/inputs/periods.tab
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+INVESTMENT_PERIOD	period_start	period_end
+2010	2008	2012
diff --git a/examples/production_cost_models/spinning_and_quickstart_reserves/inputs/spinning_reserve_params.dat b/examples/production_cost_models/spinning_and_quickstart_reserves/inputs/spinning_reserve_params.dat
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+param contingency_safety_factor := 1;
diff --git a/examples/production_cost_models/spinning_and_quickstart_reserves/inputs/switch_inputs_version.txt b/examples/production_cost_models/spinning_and_quickstart_reserves/inputs/switch_inputs_version.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+2.0.4
diff --git a/examples/production_cost_models/spinning_and_quickstart_reserves/inputs/timepoints.tab b/examples/production_cost_models/spinning_and_quickstart_reserves/inputs/timepoints.tab
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+timepoint_id	timestamp	timeseries
+1	2010011500	2010_all
+2	2010011506	2010_all
+3	2010011512	2010_all
+4	2010011518	2010_all
diff --git a/examples/production_cost_models/spinning_and_quickstart_reserves/inputs/timeseries.tab b/examples/production_cost_models/spinning_and_quickstart_reserves/inputs/timeseries.tab
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+TIMESERIES	ts_period	ts_duration_of_tp	ts_num_tps	ts_scale_to_period
+2010_all	2010	6	1	1826.25
diff --git a/examples/production_cost_models/spinning_and_quickstart_reserves/inputs/variable_capacity_factors.tab b/examples/production_cost_models/spinning_and_quickstart_reserves/inputs/variable_capacity_factors.tab
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+GENERATION_PROJECT	timepoint	gen_max_capacity_factor
+S-Central_PV-1	1	0.0
+S-Central_PV-1	2	0.61
+S-Central_PV-1	3	1
+S-Central_PV-1	4	0.4
diff --git a/examples/production_cost_models/spinning_and_quickstart_reserves/inputs/zone_coincident_peak_demand.tab b/examples/production_cost_models/spinning_and_quickstart_reserves/inputs/zone_coincident_peak_demand.tab
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+LOAD_ZONE	PERIOD	zone_expected_coincident_peak_demand
+South	2010	10
diff --git a/examples/production_cost_models/spinning_and_quickstart_reserves/options.txt b/examples/production_cost_models/spinning_and_quickstart_reserves/options.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+--spinning-requirement-rule 3+5
+--unit-contingency
diff --git a/examples/production_cost_models/spinning_and_quickstart_reserves/outputs/total_cost.txt b/examples/production_cost_models/spinning_and_quickstart_reserves/outputs/total_cost.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+36406402.36853148
diff --git a/switch_model/balancing/operating_reserves/quickstart.py b/switch_model/balancing/operating_reserves/quickstart.py
@@ -0,0 +1,211 @@
+# Copyright (c) 2015-2019 The Switch Authors. All rights reserved.
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0, which is in the LICENSE file.
+"""
+A simple model of quickstart reserves to accompany the spinning_reserves
+modules. Patterns from the spinning reserves modules were followed where
+practical to simplify implementation and review.
+
+Unlike spinning reserves, this module does not currently implement
+contingency-based requirements because I lack an immediate use case for that.
+The contigency reserves methodology from spinning reserve modules could
+probably be adapted readily if needed.
+
+For more discussion of operating reserve considerations and modeling
+approaches, see the spinning_reserves module.
+
+"""
+import os
+from pyomo.environ import *
+
+dependencies = (
+    'switch_model.timescales',
+    'switch_model.balancing.load_zones',
+    'switch_model.balancing.operating_reserves.areas',
+    'switch_model.financials',
+    'switch_model.energy_sources.properties',
+    'switch_model.generators.core.build',
+    'switch_model.generators.core.dispatch',
+    'switch_model.generators.core.commit.operate',
+)
+optional_prerequisites = (
+    'switch_model.balancing.operating_reserves.spinning_reserves',
+    'switch_model.balancing.operating_reserves.spinning_reserves_advanced',    
+)
+
+# Uncomment this section when more than one rule is implemented.
+# def define_arguments(argparser):
+#     group = argparser.add_argument_group(__name__)
+#     group.add_argument('--quickstart-requirement-rule', default="3+5",
+#         dest='quickstart_requirement_rule',
+#         choices = ["3+5"],
+#         help=("Choose rules for quickstart reserves requirements as a function "
+#               "of variable renewable power and load. '3+5' requires 3%% of "
+#               "load and 5%% of variable renewable output, based on the "
+#               "heuristic described in the 2010 Western Wind and Solar "
+#               "Integration Study.")
+#     )
+
+
+def define_dynamic_lists(mod):
+    """
+    Quickstart_Reserve_Requirements is a list of model components that
+    contribute to quickstart reserve requirements in each balancing area and
+    timepoint.
+
+    Quickstart_Reserve_Provisions is a list of model components that help
+    satisfy spinning reserve requirements in each balancing area and
+    timepoint.
+
+    Each component in both lists needs to use units of MW and be indexed by:
+    (b, t) in BALANCING_AREA_TIMEPOINTS.
+    """
+    mod.Quickstart_Reserve_Requirements = []
+    mod.Quickstart_Reserve_Provisions = []
+
+
+def nrel_3_5_quickstart_reserve_requirements(mod):
+    """
+    NREL35QuickstartRequirement[(b,t) in BALANCING_AREA_TIMEPOINTS] is
+    an expression for quickstart reserve requirements of 3% of load plus 5% of
+    renewable output, based on a heuristic described in NREL's 2010 Western
+    Wind and Solar Integration study. It is added to the
+    Quickstart_Reserve_Requirements list. If the local_td module is available
+    with DER accounting, load will be set to WithdrawFromCentralGrid.
+    Otherwise load will be set to lz_demand_mw.
+    """
+    def NREL35QuickstartRequirement_rule(m, b, t):
+        try:
+            load = m.WithdrawFromCentralGrid
+        except AttributeError:
+            load = m.lz_demand_mw
+        return (0.03 * sum(load[z, t] for z in m.LOAD_ZONES
+                           if b == m.zone_balancing_area[z])
+              + 0.05 * sum(m.DispatchGen[g, t] for g in m.VARIABLE_GENS
+                           if (g, t) in m.VARIABLE_GEN_TPS and
+                              b == m.zone_balancing_area[m.gen_load_zone[g]]))
+    mod.NREL35QuickstartRequirement = Expression(
+        mod.BALANCING_AREA_TIMEPOINTS,
+        rule=NREL35QuickstartRequirement_rule
+    )
+    mod.Quickstart_Reserve_Requirements.append('NREL35QuickstartRequirement')
+
+
+def define_components(mod):
+    """
+    gen_can_provide_quickstart_reserves[g] is a binary flag indicating whether
+    a generation project can provide quickstart reserves. Default to False for
+    baseload & variable generators, otherwise defaults to True.
+
+    QUICKSTART_RESERVE_GEN_TPS is a subset of GEN_TPS for generators that 
+    have gen_can_provide_quickstart_reserves set to True.
+
+    CommitQuickstartReserves[(g,t) in QUICKSTART_RESERVE_GEN_TPS] is a
+    decision variable of how much quickstart reserve capacity to commit
+    (in MW).
+
+    CommitQuickstartReserves_Limit[(g,t) in SPINNING_RESERVE_GEN_TPS]
+    constrain the CommitGenSpinningReserves variables based on CommitSlackUp
+    (and CommitGenSpinningReservesSlackUp as applicable).
+    
+    For example, if discrete unit commitment is enabled, and a 5MW hydro
+    generator is fully committed but only providing 2MW of power and 1 MW of
+    spinning reserves, the remaining 2MW of capacity (summarized in
+    CommitGenSpinningReservesSlackUp) could be committed to quickstart
+    reserves.
+
+    CommittedQuickstartReserves[(b,t) in BALANCING_AREA_TIMEPOINTS] is an
+    expression summarizing the CommitQuickstartReserves variables for
+    generators within each balancing area.
+
+    See also: NREL35QuickstartRequirement defined in the function above.
+    """
+    mod.gen_can_provide_quickstart_reserves = Param(
+        mod.GENERATION_PROJECTS,
+        within=Boolean,
+        default=lambda m, g: not (m.gen_is_baseload[g] or m.gen_is_variable[g]),
+        doc="Denotes whether a generation project can provide quickstart "
+            "reserves. Default to false for baseload & variable generators, "
+            "otherwise true. Can be explicitly specified in an input file."
+    )
+    mod.QUICKSTART_RESERVE_GEN_TPS = Set(
+        dimen=2,
+        within=mod.GEN_TPS,
+        initialize=lambda m: set(
+            (g,t)
+            for g in m.GENERATION_PROJECTS 
+                if m.gen_can_provide_quickstart_reserves[g]
+            for t in m.TPS_FOR_GEN[g]
+        )
+    )
+    mod.CommitQuickstartReserves = Var(
+        mod.QUICKSTART_RESERVE_GEN_TPS,
+        within=NonNegativeReals
+    )
+    def CommitQuickstartReserves_Limit_rule(m, g, t):
+        limit = m.CommitSlackUp[g,t]
+        try:
+            limit += m.CommitGenSpinningReservesSlackUp[g,t]
+        except (AttributeError, KeyError):
+            pass
+        return (m.CommitQuickstartReserves[g,t] <= limit)            
+    mod.CommitQuickstartReserves_Limit = Constraint(
+        mod.QUICKSTART_RESERVE_GEN_TPS,
+        doc="Constrain committed quickstart reserves to uncommited capacity "
+            "plus any dispatch slack that is not committed to spinning "
+            "reserves (if applicable).",
+        rule=CommitQuickstartReserves_Limit_rule
+    )
+
+    mod.CommittedQuickstartReserves = Expression(
+        mod.BALANCING_AREA_TIMEPOINTS,
+        doc="Sum of committed quickstart reserve capacity per balancing "
+            "area and timepoint.",
+        rule=lambda m, b, t: (
+            sum(m.CommitQuickstartReserves[g, t]
+                for z in m.ZONES_IN_BALANCING_AREA[b]
+                for g in m.GENS_IN_ZONE[z]
+                if (g,t) in m.QUICKSTART_RESERVE_GEN_TPS
+            )
+        )
+    )
+    mod.Quickstart_Reserve_Provisions.append('CommittedQuickstartReserves')
+
+    # These rules are in a separate function in anticipation of additional
+    # rulesets eventually being defined and selectable via command line
+    # arguments.
+    nrel_3_5_quickstart_reserve_requirements(mod)
+
+
+def define_dynamic_components(mod):
+    """
+    Satisfy_Quickstart_Requirement[(b,t) in BALANCING_AREA_TIMEPOINTS]
+    is a constraint that ensures quickstart reserve requirements are
+    being satisfied based on the sum of the dynamic lists
+    Quickstart_Reserve_Requirements & Quickstart_Reserve_Provisions.
+    """
+    mod.Satisfy_Quickstart_Requirement = Constraint(
+        mod.BALANCING_AREA_TIMEPOINTS,
+        rule=lambda m, b, t: (
+            sum(getattr(m, provision)[b,t]
+                for provision in m.Quickstart_Reserve_Provisions
+            ) >=
+            sum(getattr(m, requirement)[b,t]
+                for requirement in m.Quickstart_Reserve_Requirements
+            )
+        )
+    )
+
+
+def load_inputs(mod, switch_data, inputs_dir):
+    """
+    All files & columns are optional. See notes above for default values.
+
+    generation_projects_info.tab
+        GENERATION_PROJECTS, ... gen_can_provide_quickstart_reserves
+    """
+    switch_data.load_aug(
+        filename=os.path.join(inputs_dir, 'generation_projects_info.tab'),
+        auto_select=True,
+        optional_params=['gen_can_provide_quickstart_reserves'],
+        param=(mod.gen_can_provide_quickstart_reserves)
+    )
diff --git a/switch_model/balancing/operating_reserves/spinning_reserves.py b/switch_model/balancing/operating_reserves/spinning_reserves.py
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
 reserves, and contingency reserves without distinguishing their timescales or
 required response duration. Operating reserves at timescales with slower
 responses for load following or longer-term recovery from contingencies are not
-included here.
+included here, but can be accounted for with the quickstart module.
 
 Most regions and countries use distinct terminology for reserves products and
 distinct procedures for determining reserve requirements. This module provides

Original file line number	Diff line number	Diff line change
`@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@`
	`1`	`+param base_financial_year := 2015;`
	`2`	`+param interest_rate := .07;`
	`3`	`+param discount_rate := .05;`
Original file line number	Diff line number	Diff line change
`@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@`
	`1`	`+load_zone fuel period fuel_cost`
	`2`	`+South NaturalGas 2010 4`
Original file line number	Diff line number	Diff line change
`@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@`
	`1`	`+fuel co2_intensity upstream_co2_intensity`
	`2`	`+NaturalGas 0.05306 0`
Original file line number	Diff line number	Diff line change
`@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@`
	`1`	`+LOAD_ZONE existing_local_td local_td_annual_cost_per_mw`
	`2`	`+South 10 128040`