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<div class="banner-title full-page"><span class="img-credit">
<h1>Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage: Electronic Edition</h1></span></div>
<div class="section indent top-padding">
<div class="row row-centered top-padding">
<div class="col-md-6 col-md-push-3 entry"><br /><div class="entry-title" id="uri:Aleppo">
<h1 class="inline">Aleppo <small></small></h1>
</div>
<div class="body">
<p>City in northern Syria and an important center of Christianity in the Middle
East today as the seat of a total of nine bishoprics (<abbr>Syr. Orth.</abbr>, Syr.
Catholic, <abbr>Chald.</abbr>, <abbr>Maron.</abbr>, <abbr>Melk.</abbr> Orth., <abbr>Melk.</abbr> Catholic, Armenian Orth.,
Armenian Catholic, Latin). Aleppo, nicknamed ‘Grey Aleppo’ (<span class="tei-hi"><i>Ḥalab al-šahbāʾ</i></span>) in Arabic, owes its military and
commercial importance to its imposing citadel and its favorable position on
the trade route linking the nearby Mediterranean coast with Mesopotamia and
areas beyond. Aleppo’s history goes back at least to the second millenium
BC. The earliest known names of Aleppo are cognates of the modern name
‘Ḥalab’, but Seleucus Nicator (d. 281 BC) who founded a Greek colony here
named it after ‘Beroea’ in Macedonia, and it is by that name that Aleppo is
normally known in older Syriac literature. Aleppo came under Roman rule in
64 BC. After the Arab conquest in 636, Aleppo first rose to prominence under
the Ḥamdānid Sayf al-Dawla (945–67). Aleppo later became the seat of lines
of Zangids (1129–83) and Ayyūbids (1183–1260). Aleppo was taken by the
Mongols in 1260 and a little later by the Mamlukes. Under the Ottomans
(1516–1918), Aleppo became the capital of a province covering much of
today’s northern Syria and a significant part of Turkey (including <a href="https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Antioch">
<span class="tei-placeName">Antioch</span>
</a>, Alexandretta/Iskenderun, and ʿAintab/Gaziantep). For much of
that period, it was the third largest city in the Ottoman Empire after
Istanbul and Cairo, and the Christians, including Syr. Christians, as well
as a larger number of Melkites and later an increasing number of Armenians,
then played an important role in the life of the city, one noteworthy member
of the Aleppine Syr. Catholic community from the period being the
world-famous chess player Philip Stamma (<abbr>ca.</abbr> 1705–55). Aleppo is today the
largest city in Syria with a population of <abbr>ca.</abbr> 1.7 million (2.85 million in
the larger conurbation, in 2008).
</p>
<p>The first known <abbr>bp.</abbr> of Aleppo is Eustathius, who became <abbr>
<span class="tei-corr">patr.</span>
</abbr> of Antioch and
attended the Council of Nicaea in that capacity. <abbr>Bp.</abbr> Peter of Aleppo was a
supporter of <a href="https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Philoxenos-of-Mabbug">
<span class="tei-persName">Philoxenos
of Mabbug</span>
</a> at the Synod of Sidon in 511, while <abbr>Bp.</abbr> Antoninus was
among the Miaphysite bishops exiled with <a href="https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Severus-of-Antioch">
<span class="tei-persName">Severus of
Antioch</span>
</a> under Emperor Justin.
</p>
<p>The first known <abbr>Syr. Orth.</abbr>
<abbr> bp.</abbr> after the reorganization of the church in the
mid-6th <abbr>cent.</abbr> is Matthew (644–669). Among his successors was <a href="https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Bar-Ebroyo-Grigorios">
<span class="tei-persName">Bar ʿEbroyo</span>
</a> (<abbr>ca.</abbr> 1253–64), who was the <abbr>bp.</abbr> there when
the city fell to the Mongols in 1260. Little is known about the <abbr>Syr. Orth.</abbr>
community in the subsequent period until the beginning of the 16th <abbr>cent.</abbr>,
when we first hear of a <abbr>Syr. Orth.</abbr> (later Syr. Catholic) church of the
Mother of God in the Christian quarter of Judayda (Jdeideh), and we find
Aleppo included, along with <a href="https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Damascus">
<span class="tei-placeName">Damascus</span>
</a> and Ḥama,
in the title of <abbr>Metr. </abbr>
<a href="https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Grigorios-Yawseph">
<span class="tei-persName">Grigorios
Yawseph the Iberian</span>
</a> of <a href="https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Jerusalem">
<span class="tei-placeName">Jerusalem</span>
</a> (<abbr>metr.</abbr>
1515–37). From the second half of the 16th <abbr>cent.</abbr> onwards, we frequently hear
of visits to Aleppo by <abbr>Syr. Orth.</abbr> patriarchs, including Ignatius Pilatus I
(<abbr>
<span class="tei-corr">patr.</span>
</abbr> 1591–97) who died and was buried in Aleppo. The <abbr>Syr. Orth.</abbr> community
in Aleppo, reduced to a small number through large-scale conversions to the
Syr. Catholic Church since the latter half of the 18th <abbr>cent.</abbr>, was reinforced
in the 20th <abbr>cent.</abbr> by refugees fleeing the atrocities in areas now in the
Republic of Turkey. These refugees included a group from <a href="https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Edessa">
<span class="tei-placeName">Edessa</span>
</a>, who migrated
to Aleppo en masse in 1924, as well as those from the area around <a href="https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Mardin">
<span class="tei-placeName">Mardin</span>
</a>.
</p>
<p>As a center of Latin missionary activity since the beginning of the Ottoman
era, with Capuchins, Jesuits and Carmelites present in the city by 1526,
Aleppo played an important role in the formation of the <a href="https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Syriac-Catholic-Church">Syriac
Catholic Church</a>. Andrew Akhījān (<abbr>
<span class="tei-corr">patr.</span>
</abbr> 1662–78) worked and was
elected <abbr>
<span class="tei-corr">patr.</span>
</abbr> in Aleppo, while Michael Jarweh (<abbr>
<span class="tei-corr">patr.</span>
</abbr> 1782–1800) was born in
Aleppo and was <abbr>Metr.</abbr> of Aleppo prior to his elevation to the patriarchate.
The central role Aleppo continued to play in the life of the <abbr>Syr. Cath.</abbr>
Church is reflected in the fact that five out of the thirteen successors of
Michael Jarweh have been natives of Aleppo (Michael Ḍāhir, Peter Jarweh,
George Chelhot, Antony Ḥayek, Peter ʿAbd al-Aḥad), while two others were
<abbr>Metr.</abbr> of Aleppo before ascending to the patriarchate (<a href="https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Rahmani-Ignatius-Ephrem-II">
<span class="tei-persName">Ignatius Ephrem Raḥmani</span>
</a>, <a href="https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Tappuni-Gabriel">
<span class="tei-persName">Gabriel
Tappuni</span>
</a>).
</p>
<p>The E.-Syr. see of Aleppo is attested in the 11th <abbr>cent.</abbr> and is also mentioned
as a suffragan of Damascus in a list of bishoprics appended, in a 13th-cent.
<abbr>ms.</abbr>, to the canonical works of Elias of Damascus (<abbr>ca.</abbr> 900), but it was
probably extinct by the 13th <abbr>cent.</abbr> Nothing is then heard of the E.-Syr.
presence in Aleppo until the 17th <abbr>cent.</abbr> The <abbr>Chald.</abbr> diocese of Aleppo,
founded as a patriarchal vicariate in 1901 and raised to the status of an
eparchy in 1957, today covers the whole of Syria.
</p>
<p>The presence of an early Maronite community in Aleppo in 727 is recorded in
the Chronicle of <a href="https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Michael-I-Rabo">
<span class="tei-persName">Michael Rabo</span>
</a>. Significant presence
of Maronites in the modern period dates from the 17th <abbr>cent.</abbr>, with Maronite
bishops regularly resident in the city since 1686. Aleppo played an
important role in the life of the Maronite Church as one of her few urban
centers, and the Maronite school there produced such men as the three
founders of the Maronite Aleppine Order (later Mariamites) and the
scholar-bishop Germanus Farḥāt (<abbr>bp.</abbr> of Aleppo 1725–32). The Maronite woman
mystic Hindiyya al-ʿUjaymī was born in Aleppo in 1720.
</p>
<p>In the first decade of the 20th <abbr>cent.</abbr>, there were reported to be
approximately 35,000–40,000 Christians in the city, making up about one
third of the total population and including: 3,500 Syr. Catholics (4,000 in
the diocese), 50 <abbr>Syr. Orth.</abbr> (500 in the diocese), 250 <abbr>Chald.</abbr> and 3,600
<abbr>Maron.</abbr> (Karalevsky); as well as 1,200 <abbr>Melk.</abbr> Orth., 10,000 <abbr>Melk.</abbr> Catholics,
15,000 Armenian Orth., 5,500–7,000 Armenian Catholics, 1,100 Latins and
1,500 Protestants (Tournebize). The numbers reported today for the Syriac
dioceses of Aleppo are: <abbr>Syr. Orth.</abbr> 15,000 (in 2003, Zinda Magazine); Syr.
Catholic 8,000 (in 2006, <span class="tei-hi"><i>Annuario pontificio</i></span>); <abbr>Chald.</abbr>
15,000 (in 2006, <span class="tei-hi"><i>Annuario pontificio</i></span>, for whole of
Syria); <abbr>Maron.</abbr> 4,000 (in 2006, <span class="tei-hi"><i>Annuario pontificio</i></span>).
The actual numbers (esp. for the Chaldeans) will have been increased
significantly by those fleeing insecurity in Iraq since 2003.
</p>
<p>Little is known about the sites of the medieval Syriac churches in Aleppo.
The churches dating from the Ottoman period are found in the traditional
Christian quarter in Judayda just north of the medieval city. These include
the Melkite and Armenian churches concentrated in the Ṣalībat al-Judayda
Quarter, as well as the Syr. Catholic Church of Mār Āsyā al-Ḥakīm (formerly
Mother of God) a little to the east, and the Maronite Cathedral of Mar Eliya
to the north. A number of newer churches, including the Syr. Catholic
Cathedral (Umm al-Intiqāl/Assumption, 1970), are found in the ʿAzīziyya
District to the north of Judayda. The Chaldean Cathedral and the <abbr>Syr. Orth.</abbr>
Cathedral of Mar Ephrem lie further north in Sulaymāniyya. Further churches
belonging to the Syriac communities are found in the ‘Old Syriac Quarter’
(Ḥayy al-Suryān al-Qadīm) just behind the railway station to the northwest
of the city center, a quarter established by migrants from Edessa (Mār
Jirjis, <abbr>Syr. Orth.</abbr>; Mār Afrām, Syr. Catholic), and in the ‘New Syriac
Quarter’ (Ḥayy al-Suryān al-Jadīd) further northwest (Sayyidat al-Suryān
‘Our Lady of the Syriacs’, <abbr>Syr. Orth.</abbr>).
</p>
<p>Important collections of Christian Arabic and Syriac <abbr>mss.</abbr> are found in Aleppo
at the <abbr>Maron.</abbr> Archiepiscopal Residence (over 1640 <abbr>mss.</abbr>), Fondation Georges
et Mathilde Salem (most of Sbath Collection, no. 777–1321, and some
additional <abbr>mss.</abbr>), Syr. Catholic Archiepiscopal Residence (<abbr>ca.</abbr> 500 <abbr>mss.</abbr>) and
<abbr>Syr. Orth.</abbr> Archiepiscopal Residence and Church of Mar Jirjis (including the
collection transferred from Edessa, <abbr>ca.</abbr> 225 <abbr>mss.</abbr>), as well as at the <abbr>Melk.</abbr>
Catholic Archiepiscopal Residence (<abbr>ca.</abbr> 1,100 <abbr>mss.</abbr>).
</p>
<p>A large number of ruined Byzantine churches are found in the so-called ‘Dead
Cities’ in the hills to the west of Aleppo, including the ruins of the huge
basilica built around <a href="https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Shemun-the-Stylite">
<span class="tei-persName">Shemʿun the
Stylite</span>
</a>’s pillar at Qalʿāt Simʿān (approx. 30 km. west-northwest
of Aleppo).
</p>
</div>
<div class="bibl">
<h3 class="head div">Sources</h3>
<ul class="listBibl list-unstyled">
<li>Fiey, <i>Pour un Oriens christianus
novus</i>, 48, 159–61.
</li>
<li>A. Hadjar (tr. P. J. Amash), <i>The Church of St.
Simeon the Stylite and other archaeological sites in the mountains
of Simeon and Halaqa</i> (Damascus, sine anno [1990s]).
</li>
<li>B. Heyberger, ‘Alep, capitale chrétienne (XVIIe–XIXe siècle)’, in <i>Chrétiens du monde arabe</i>, ed. B. Heyberger
(2003), 49–67.
</li>Hill Museum and Monastic Library, ‘Ongoing Preservation Work’,
www.hmml.org/preservation/projects.htm
<li>C. Karalevsky and Fr. Tournebize, in <i>
<abbr>DHGE</abbr>
</i>, vol. 1, 101–28.
</li>
<li>H. Kaufhold, ‘Aleppo’, in <i>
<abbr>KLCO</abbr>
</i>,
10–11.
</li>
<li>T. Noujaim, in <i>Encyclopédie Maronite</i>,
vol. 1, 307–9.
</li>
<li>A. Palmer, ‘The Mardin Orthodox Press, Aleppo: a review’, <i>
<abbr>Hugoye</abbr>
</i> 1.1 (Jan. 1998).
</li>
<li>F. del Río Sánchez, <i>Catalogue des manuscrits
de la Fondation Georges et Mathilde Salem (Alep, Syrie)</i>
(2008).
</li>
<li>
<span class="tei-reg">F. del Río Sánchez</span>, <i>Manuscrits syriaques conservés dans la
bibliothèque des Maronites d’Alep (Syrie)</i> (2008).
</li>
<li>J. Sauvaget, in <i>EI</i>
2, vol. 3, 85–90. (s.v. ‘Ḥalab’)
</li>
</ul>
</div><span class="tei-byline">
<span class="tei-persName">
<span class="tei-forename">Hidemi</span>
<span class="tei-surname">Takahashi</span>
</span>
</span></div>
<div class="col-md-3 col-md-pull-6 toc noprint">
<div>
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<a href="/Daniel-bar-Tubanitha.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Daniel bar Ṭubanitha</a>
<a href="/Daniel-of-Mardin.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Daniel of Mardin</a>
<a href="/Daniel-of-Salah.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Daniel of Ṣalaḥ</a>
<a href="/Daoud-Francis.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Daoud, Francis</a>
<a href="/Darmo-Toma.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Darmo, Toma</a>
<a href="/David-Clemens-Joseph.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">David, Clemens Joseph</a>
<a href="/Dawid-Puniqoyo.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Dawid Puniqoyo</a>
<a href="/Dawid-bar-Pawlos.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Dawid bar Pawlos</a>
<a href="/Denha.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Denḥa</a>
<a href="/De-Rossi-Azariah-Buonaiuto.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">De’ Rossi, Azariah (Buonaiuto)</a>
<a href="/Diamper-Synod-of.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Diamper, Synod of</a>
<a href="/Diaspora.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Diaspora</a>
<a href="/Diatessaron.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Diatessaron</a>
<a href="/Didascalia-Apostolorum.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Didascalia Apostolorum</a>
<a href="/Dinno-Nimatullah.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Dinno, Niʿmatullāh</a>
<a href="/Diodore-of-Tarsus.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Diodore of Tarsus</a>
<a href="/Dionysios-bar-Salibi.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Dionysios bar Ṣalibi</a>
<a href="/Dionysios-of-Tel-Mahre.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Dionysios of Tel Maḥre</a>
<a href="/Dionysius-Thrax.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Dionysius Thrax</a>
<a href="/Dionysius-the-Areopagite-Pseudo.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Dionysius the Areopagite, Pseudo-</a>
<a href="/Diosqoros-of-Gozarto.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Diosqoros of Gozarto</a>
<a href="/Dolabani-Philoxenos-Yuhanon.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Dolabani, Philoxenos Yuḥanon</a>
<a href="/Draguet-Rene.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Draguet, René</a>
<a href="/Drijvers-Hendrik-Han-Jan-Willem.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Drijvers, Hendrik (Han) Jan
Willem</a>
<a href="/Dura-Europos.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Dura-Europos</a>
<a href="/Duval-Paul-Rubens.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Duval, Paul-Rubens</a>
<a href="/de-Halleux-Andre.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">de Halleux, André</a>
<a href="/de-Lagarde-Paul-Anton.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">de Lagarde, Paul Anton</a>
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<a href="#" class="facet-label btn btn-default" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#E">E (27)</a>
<div id="E" class="collapse">
<a href="/Editors-Preface-print.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu"> Editors’ Preface </a>
<a href="/Ecumenical-dialogue.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Ecumenical dialogue</a>
<a href="/Edde.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Eddé</a>
<a href="/Edessa.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Edessa</a>
<a href="/Edessa-School-of.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Edessa, School of</a>
<a href="/Eli-of-Qartmin.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Eli of Qarṭmin</a>
<a href="/Elias-Ghattas-Danho-Maqdisi.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Elias, Ghaṭṭās (Danḥo) Maqdisī</a>
<a href="/Elisha-bar-Quzbaye.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Elishaʿ bar Quzbaye</a>
<a href="/Eliya-late-8th-early-9th-cent.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Eliya (late 8th/early 9th cent.)</a>
<a href="/Eliya-mid-6th-cent.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Eliya (mid-6th cent.)</a>
<a href="/Eliya-I-of-Tirhan.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Eliya I of Ṭirhan</a>
<a href="/Eliya-III-Shakir.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Eliya III Shakir</a>
<a href="/Eliya-of-Nisibis.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Eliya of Nisibis</a>
<a href="/Eliya-of-al-Anbar.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Eliya of al-Anbār</a>
<a href="/Emmanuel-bar-Shahhare.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Emmanuel bar Shahhare</a>
<a href="/Ephrem.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Ephrem</a>
<a href="/Ephrem-Life-of.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Ephrem, Life of</a>
<a href="/Epiphanius-of-Salamis.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Epiphanius of Salamis</a>
<a href="/Ethiopic-Christianity-Syriac-contacts-with.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Ethiopic Christianity, Syriac
contacts with</a>
<a href="/Euphemia-and-the-Goth.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Euphemia and the Goth</a>
<a href="/Eusebius-of-Caesarea.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Eusebius of Caesarea</a>
<a href="/Eusebius-of-Emesa.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Eusebius of Emesa</a>
<a href="/Eutyches.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Eutyches</a>
<a href="/Evagrius-of-Pontus.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Evagrius</a>
<a href="/Exegesis-New-Testament.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Exegesis, New Testament</a>
<a href="/Exegesis-Old-Testament.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Exegesis, Old Testament</a>
<a href="/Enanisho.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">ʿEnanishoʿ</a>
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<a href="#" class="facet-label btn btn-default" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#F">F (5)</a>
<div id="F" class="collapse">
<a href="/Fars.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Fars</a>
<a href="/Fathallah-Elias.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Fatḥallāh, Elias</a>
<a href="/Fiey-Jean-Maurice.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Fiey, Jean-Maurice</a>
<a href="/Furlani-Giuseppe.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Furlani, Giuseppe</a>
<a href="/Faiq-Naum.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Fāʾiq, Naʿʿūm</a>
</div>
<a href="#" class="facet-label btn btn-default" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#G">G (30)</a>
<div id="G" class="collapse">
<a href="/Gannat-Bussame.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu"> Gannat Bussāme </a>
<a href="/Gabriel-Qamsa.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Gabriel Qamṣa</a>
<a href="/Gabriel-Qatraya.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Gabriel Qaṭraya</a>
<a href="/Gabriel-bar-Bokhtisho.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Gabriel bar Bokhtishoʿ</a>
<a href="/Gabriel-of-Basra.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Gabriel of Baṣra</a>
<a href="/Gabriel-Fawlos.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Gabriel, Fawlos</a>
<a href="/Gabriel-Monastery-of-Mor.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Gabriel, Monastery of Mor</a>
<a href="/Galen.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Galen</a>
<a href="/Garshuni.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Garshuni</a>
<a href="/Geoponika.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Geoponika</a>
<a href="/Georgian-Christianity-Syriac-contacts-with.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Georgian Christianity, Syriac
contacts with</a>
<a href="/Gewargis-I.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Gewargis I</a>
<a href="/Gewargis-Warda.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Gewargis Warda</a>
<a href="/Gewargis-of-Arbela.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Gewargis of Arbela</a>
<a href="/Gewargis-of-Arbela-Pseudo.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Gewargis of Arbela, Pseudo-</a>
<a href="/Giwargi-bp-of-the-Arab-tribes.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Giwargi, bp. of the Arab tribes</a>
<a href="/Giwargis-II-Ignatius.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Giwargis II, Ignatius</a>
<a href="/Giwargis-of-Beltan.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Giwargis of Bʿeltan</a>
<a href="/Gospel-of-the-Twelve-Apostles.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Gospel of the Twelve Apostles</a>
<a href="/Graffin-Francois.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Graffin, François</a>
<a href="/Graffin-Rene.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Graffin, René</a>
<a href="/Greek-Syriac-translations-from.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Greek, Syriac translations from</a>
<a href="/Gregory-Thaumaturgus.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Gregory Thaumaturgus</a>
<a href="/Gregory-of-Nazianzus.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Gregory of Nazianzus</a>
<a href="/Gregory-of-Nyssa.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Gregory of Nyssa</a>
<a href="/Grigor-I.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Grigor I</a>
<a href="/Grigorios-Yawseph.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Grigorios Yawseph</a>
<a href="/Grigorios-of-Cyprus.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Grigorios of Cyprus</a>
<a href="/Guidi-Ignazio.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Guidi, Ignazio</a>
<a href="/Guillaumont-Antoine.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Guillaumont, Antoine</a>
</div>
<a href="#" class="facet-label btn btn-default" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#H">H (22)</a>
<div id="H" class="collapse">
<a href="/Habbi-Yusuf.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Habbi, Yusuf</a>
<a href="/Hagiography.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Hagiography</a>
<a href="/Hakkari.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Hakkari</a>
<a href="/Harris-James-Rendel.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Harris, James Rendel</a>
<a href="/Hatch-William-Henry-Paine.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Hatch, William Henry Paine</a>
<a href="/Hiba.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Hiba</a>
<a href="/Hippolytus-of-Rome.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Hippolytus of Rome</a>
<a href="/Historiography-Syriac.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Historiography, Syriac</a>
<a href="/Hormizd-Monastery-of-Rabban.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Hormizd, Monastery of Rabban</a>
<a href="/Hanno-Sulayman.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Ḥanno, Sulayman</a>
<a href="/Harqlean-Version.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Ḥarqlean Version</a>
<a href="/Harran.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Ḥarran</a>
<a href="/Hazqiel-I.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Ḥazqiel I</a>
<a href="/Henana.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Ḥenana</a>
<a href="/Henanisho-I.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Ḥenanishoʿ I</a>
<a href="/Henanisho-II.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Ḥenanishoʿ II</a>
<a href="/Henanisho-bar-Seroshway.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Ḥenanishoʿ bar Seroshway</a>
<a href="/Himyar.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Ḥimyar</a>
<a href="/Hims.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Ḥimṣ</a>
<a href="/Hirta.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Ḥirta</a>
<a href="/Hubeika-Joseph.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Ḥubeika, Joseph</a>
<a href="/Hunayn-b-Ishaq.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Ḥunayn b. Isḥāq</a>
</div>
<a href="#" class="facet-label btn btn-default" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#I">I (31)</a>
<div id="I" class="collapse">
<a href="/Ihidaya.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu"> Iḥidāyā </a>
<a href="/Ibn-al-Tayyib.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Ibn al-Ṭayyib</a>
<a href="/Ignatius-Yaqub-III.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Ignatius Yaʿqub III</a>
<a href="/Ignatius-of-Antioch.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Ignatius of Antioch</a>
<a href="/Inscriptions.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Inscriptions</a>
<a href="/Isaiah-of-Scetis.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Isaiah of Scetis</a>
<a href="/Ishaya-of-Beth-Sbirina.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Ishaʿya of Beth Sbirina</a>
<a href="/Isho-bar-Nun.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Ishoʿ bar Nun</a>
<a href="/Isho-of-Merv.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Ishoʿ of Merv</a>
<a href="/Ishobokht-of-Rev-Ardashir.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Ishoʿbokht of Rev Ardashir</a>
<a href="/Ishodad-of-Merv.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Ishoʿdad of Merv</a>
<a href="/Ishodnah.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Ishoʿdnaḥ</a>
<a href="/Ishoyahb-I.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Ishoʿyahb I</a>
<a href="/Ishoyahb-II-of-Gdala.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Ishoʿyahb II of Gdala</a>
<a href="/Ishoyahb-III-of-Adiabene.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Ishoʿyahb III of Adiabene</a>
<a href="/Ishoyahb-IV.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Ishoʿyahb IV</a>
<a href="/Ishoyahb-bar-Malkon.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Ishoʿyahb bar Malkon</a>
<a href="/Isidore-of-Pelusium.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Isidore of Pelusium</a>
<a href="/Islam-Syriac-contacts-with.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Islam, Syriac interactions with</a>
<a href="/Israel-of-Alqosh.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Israel of Alqosh</a>
<a href="/Ishaq.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Isḥaq</a>
<a href="/Ishaq-Shbadnaya.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Isḥaq Shbadnaya</a>
<a href="/Ishaq-of-Amid.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Isḥaq of Amid</a>
<a href="/Ishaq-of-Antioch.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Isḥaq of Antioch</a>
<a href="/Ishaq-of-Edessa.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Isḥaq of Edessa</a>
<a href="/Ishaq-of-Nineveh.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Isḥaq of Nineveh</a>
<a href="/Ishoq-Azar.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Isḥoq ʿAzar</a>
<a href="/Ishoq-Saliba.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Isḥoq Ṣaliba</a>
<a href="/Iwannis-Yuhanon.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Iwannis Yuḥanon</a>
<a href="/Iwannis-of-Dara.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Iwannis of Dara</a>
<a href="/Iyob-of-Edessa.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Iyob of Edessa</a>
</div>
<a href="#" class="facet-label btn btn-default" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#J">J (15)</a>
<div id="J" class="collapse">
<a href="/Jacob-Cyril.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Jacob, Cyril</a>
<a href="/Jamil-Shmuel.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Jamīl, Shmuʾel</a>
<a href="/Jansma-Taeke.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Jansma, Taeke</a>
<a href="/Jerusalem.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Jerusalem</a>
<a href="/John-Chrysostom.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">John Chrysostom</a>
<a href="/John-Climacus.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">John Climacus</a>
<a href="/John-Philoponos.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">John Philoponos</a>
<a href="/John-Rufus.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">John Rufus</a>
<a href="/John-bar-Aphtonia.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">John bar Aphtonia</a>
<a href="/John-of-Damascus.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">John of Damascus</a>
<a href="/Josephus.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Josephus</a>
<a href="/Judaism-Syriac-contacts-with.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Judaism, Syriac contacts with</a>
<a href="/Julian-Romance.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Julian Romance</a>
<a href="/Julian-of-Halicarnassus.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Julian of Halicarnassus</a>
<a href="/Juridical-literature.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Juridical literature</a>
</div>
<a href="#" class="facet-label btn btn-default" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#K">K (11)</a>
<div id="K" class="collapse">
<a href="/Kaftun-Dayr.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Kaftun, Dayr</a>
<a href="/Kalila-and-Dimna.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Kalila and Dimna</a>
<a href="/Karamlish.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Karamlish</a>
<a href="/Karka-d-Beth-Slokh.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Karka d-Beth Slokh</a>
<a href="/Kfar-Helda.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Kfar Helda</a>
<a href="/Khamis-bar-Qardahe.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Khamis bar Qardaḥe</a>
<a href="/Khouri-Sarkis-Gabriel.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Khouri-Sarkis, Gabriel</a>
<a href="/Khoury-Asmar.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Khoury, Asmar</a>
<a href="/Kokhe.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Kokhe</a>
<a href="/Konat-Matta.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Konat, Matta</a>
<a href="/Kthobonoyo-Syriac.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Kthobonoyo Syriac</a>
</div>
<a href="#" class="facet-label btn btn-default" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#L">L (12)</a>
<div id="L" class="collapse">
<a href="/List-Contributors.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu"> List of Contributors [2011] </a>
<a href="/List-of-Figures.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu"> List of Figures and Color Plates </a>
<a href="/List-of-Patriarchs-Churches-Middle-East.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu"> List of Patriarchs of the Main
Syriac Churches in the Middle East </a>
<a href="/Lamsa-George.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Lamsa, George</a>
<a href="/Land-Jan-Pieter-Nicolaas.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Land, Jan Pieter Nicolaas</a>
<a href="/Leloir-Louis.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Leloir, Louis</a>
<a href="/Leon-of-Harran.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Leon of Ḥarran</a>
<a href="/Leroy-Jules.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Leroy, Jules</a>
<a href="/Levi-Della-Vida-Giorgio.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Levi Della Vida, Giorgio</a>
<a href="/Liturgy.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Liturgy</a>
<a href="/Loozar-bar-Sobtho.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Loʿozar bar Sobtho</a>
<a href="/Loozar-of-Beth-Qandasa.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Loʿozar of Beth Qandasa</a>
</div>
<a href="#" class="facet-label btn btn-default" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#M">M (56)</a>
<div id="M" class="collapse">
<a href="/Manuscript-Index.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu"> Manuscript Index </a>
<a href="/Maps.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu"> Maps </a>
<a href="/Macarian-Homilies.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Macarian Homilies</a>
<a href="/Malabar-Catholic-Church.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Malabar Catholic Church</a>
<a href="/Malabar-Independent-Syrian-Church.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Malabar Independent Syrian Church</a>
<a href="/Malankara-Catholic-Church.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Malankara Catholic Church</a>
<a href="/Malankara-Orthodox-Syrian-Church.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church</a>
<a href="/Malankara-Syriac-Orthodox-Church.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Malankara Syriac Orthodox Church</a>
<a href="/Man-of-God-of-Edessa.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Man of God of Edessa</a>
<a href="/Mani" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Mani</a>
<a href="/Manna-Yaqob-Awgen.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Manna, Yaʿqob Awgen</a>
<a href="/Manuscripts.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Manuscripts</a>
<a href="/Maphrian.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Maphrian</a>
<a href="/Maqdisi-Jeremiah.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Maqdisī, Jeremiah</a>
<a href="/Mar-Thoma-Syrian-Church-Malankara.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Mar Thoma Syrian Church
(Malankara)</a>
<a href="/Mara-bar-Serapion-Letter-of.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Mara bar Serapion, Letter of</a>
<a href="/Marcian-the-Monk.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Marcian</a>
<a href="/Marcion.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Marcion</a>
<a href="/Mardin.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Mardin</a>
<a href="/Mari-Acts-of.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Mari, Acts of</a>
<a href="/Mark-the-Monk.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Mark the Monk</a>
<a href="/Mark-Monastery-of-St.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Mark, Monastery of St.</a>
<a href="/Maron.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Maron</a>
<a href="/Maronite-Church.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Maronite Church</a>
<a href="/Martyrs-and-persecutions.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Martyrs and persecutions</a>
<a href="/Marutha-of-Maypherqat.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Marutha of Maypherqaṭ</a>
<a href="/Marutha-of-Tagrit.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Marutha of Tagrit</a>
<a href="/Mary.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Mary</a>
<a href="/Masius-Andreas.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Masius, Andreas</a>
<a href="/Masora.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Masora</a>
<a href="/Masud-of-Tur-Abdin.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Masʿūd of Ṭur ʿAbdin</a>
<a href="/Matay-Dayro-d-Mor.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Matay, Dayro d-Mor</a>
<a href="/Maximus.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Maximus</a>
<a href="/Maad.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Maʿad</a>
<a href="/Medicine.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Medicine</a>
<a href="/Melitene.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Melitene</a>
<a href="/Meliton-the-Philosopher.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Meliton the Philosopher</a>
<a href="/Melkite.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Melkite</a>
<a href="/Melkite-literature-in-Syriac.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Melkite literature in Syriac</a>
<a href="/Menander-Syriac-sentences-of.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Menander, Syriac sentences of</a>
<a href="/Methodius-Apocalypse-of-Pseudo.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Methodius, Apocalypse of Pseudo-</a>
<a href="/Michael-Badoqa.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Michael Badoqa</a>
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<a href="/Midyat.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Midyat</a>
<a href="/Mingana-Alphonse.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Mingana, Alphonse</a>
<a href="/Moberg-Axel.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Moberg, Axel</a>
<a href="/Monasticism.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Monasticism</a>
<a href="/Mosul.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Mosul</a>
<a href="/Mubarak-Butros.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Mubārak, Buṭros</a>
<a href="/Murad-Michael.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Murad, Michael</a>
<a href="/Mushe-bar-Kipho.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Mushe bar Kipho</a>
<a href="/Mushe-of-Aggel.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Mushe of Aggel</a>
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<a href="/Mushe-of-Nisibis.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Mushe of Nisibis</a>
<a href="/Musa-al-Habashi-Dayr-Mar.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Mūsā al-Ḥabashī, Dayr Mār</a>
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<a href="#" class="facet-label btn btn-default" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#N">N (19)</a>
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<a href="/Nagran.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Nagran</a>
<a href="/Naqqasheh-Afram.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Naqqāsheh, Afram</a>
<a href="/Narsai.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Narsai</a>
<a href="/Nathniel-of-Sirzor.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Nathniel of Sirzor</a>
<a href="/Nau-Francois.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Nau, François</a>
<a href="/Nestorianism.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Nestorianism</a>
<a href="/Nestorios-of-Beth-Nuhadra.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Nestorios of Beth Nuhadra</a>
<a href="/Nestorius.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Nestorius</a>
<a href="/Nicolaus-of-Damascus.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Nicolaus of Damascus</a>
<a href="/Nilus-the-Solitary.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Nilus the Solitary</a>
<a href="/Nineveh.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Nineveh</a>
<a href="/Nisibis.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Nisibis</a>
<a href="/Nisibis-School-of.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Nisibis, School of</a>
<a href="/Nimatullah-Ignatius.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Niʿmatullāh, Ignatius</a>
<a href="/Nonos-of-Nisibis.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Nonos of Nisibis</a>
<a href="/Nuro-Abrohom.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Nuro, Abrohom</a>
<a href="/Nuh-the-Lebanese.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Nuḥ the Lebanese</a>
<a href="/Noldeke-Theodor.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Nöldeke, Theodor</a>
<a href="/Nuri-Athanasios-Ignatios.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Nūrī, Athanasios Ignatios</a>
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<a href="#" class="facet-label btn btn-default" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#O">O (3)</a>
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<a href="/Onitha.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu"> ʿOnithā </a>
<a href="/Old-Syriac-Version.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Old Syriac Version</a>
<a href="/Old-Syriac-documents.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Old Syriac documents</a>
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<a href="#" class="facet-label btn btn-default" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#P">P (28)</a>
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<a href="/Palimpsests.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Palimpsests</a>
<a href="/Palladius.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Palladius</a>
<a href="/Papa-bar-Aggai.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Papa bar ʿAggai</a>
<a href="/Papyri-Syriac.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Papyri, Syriac</a>
<a href="/Paradise-of-the-Fathers-Book-of.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Paradise of the Fathers, Book of</a>
<a href="/Pawla-of-Edessa.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Pawla of Edessa</a>
<a href="/Pawlos-of-Beth-Ukome.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Pawlos of Beth Ukome</a>
<a href="/Pawlos-of-Kallinikos.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Pawlos of Kallinikos</a>
<a href="/Pawlos-of-Nisibis.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Pawlos of Nisibis</a>
<a href="/Pawlos-of-Tella.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Pawlos of Tella</a>
<a href="/Pawlos-the-Persian.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Pawlos the Persian</a>
<a href="/Pawlos-the-Philosopher.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Pawlos the Philosopher</a>
<a href="/Payne-Smith-Mrs-Margoliouth-Jessie.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Payne Smith (Mrs. Margoliouth),
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<a href="/Payne-Smith-Robert.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Payne Smith, Robert</a>
<a href="/Perley-David-Barsum.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Perley, David Barsum</a>
<a href="/Peshitta.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Peshitta</a>
<a href="/Peter-of-Kallinikos.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Peter of Kallinikos</a>
<a href="/Peter-the-Iberian.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Peter the Iberian</a>
<a href="/Philoxenos-of-Mabbug.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Philoxenos of Mabbug</a>
<a href="/Physiologus.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Physiologus</a>
<a href="/Poetry.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Poetry</a>
<a href="/Polykarpos.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Polykarpos</a>
<a href="/Porphyry.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Porphyry</a>
<a href="/Printing.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Printing</a>
<a href="/Proba.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Proba</a>
<a href="/Proba-metr-of-Chalcedon.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Proba</a>
<a href="/Proclus-of-Constantinople.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Proclus of Constantinople</a>
<a href="/Psalms-Syriac-Apocryphal.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Psalms, Syriac Apocryphal</a>
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<a href="#" class="facet-label btn btn-default" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#Q">Q (11)</a>
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<a href="/Qdam-w-Bathar.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu"> Qdām w-Bāthar </a>
<a href="/Qara.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Qara</a>
<a href="/Qarabashi-Abd-al-Masih-Numan.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Qarabashī, ʿAbd al-Masīḥ Nuʿmān</a>
<a href="/Qaraqosh.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Qaraqosh</a>
<a href="/Qarqaphto-Monastery-of.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Qarqaphto, Monastery of</a>
<a href="/Qenneshre-Monastery-of.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Qenneshre, Monastery of</a>
<a href="/Qiryo-Yuhanna.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Qiryo, Yuḥanna</a>
<a href="/Qiyore-of-Edessa.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Qiyore of Edessa</a>
<a href="/Qoro-Elias-Malke.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Qoro, Elias Malke</a>
<a href="/Qurillona.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Qurillona</a>
<a href="/Quryaqos.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Quryaqos</a>
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<a href="#" class="facet-label btn btn-default" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#R">R (8)</a>
<div id="R" class="collapse">
<a href="/Rabbula-Gospels.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Rabbula Gospels</a>
<a href="/Rabbula-of-Edessa.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Rabbula of Edessa</a>
<a href="/Rahmani-Ignatius-Ephrem-II.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Raḥmani, Ignatius Ephrem II</a>
<a href="/Renaissance-Syriac.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Renaissance, Syriac</a>
<a href="/Reshayna.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Reshʿayna</a>
<a href="/Rhetoric.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Rhetoric</a>
<a href="/Rhetore-Jacques.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Rhétoré, Jacques</a>
<a href="/Romanos-the-Melodist.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Romanos the Melodist</a>
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<a href="#" class="facet-label btn btn-default" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#S">S (71)</a>
<div id="S" class="collapse">
<a href="/Sigila-Abbreviations.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu"> Sigla and Abbreviations </a>
<a href="/Saba-Boutros.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Saba, Boutros</a>
<a href="/Sabrisho-I.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Sabrishoʿ I</a>
<a href="/Sabrisho-bar-Pawlos.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Sabrishoʿ bar Pawlos</a>
<a href="/Sachau-Eduard.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Sachau, Eduard</a>
<a href="/Sahdona-Martyrius.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Sahdona (Martyrius)</a>
<a href="/Saka-Yaqub.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Saka, Yaʿqub</a>
<a href="/Salman-Hanna.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Salmān, Ḥanna</a>
<a href="/Salomon-Desire.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Salomon, Désiré</a>
<a href="/Samuel-Athanasios-Yeshu.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Samuel, Athanasios Yeshuʿ</a>
<a href="/Sargis-Bhira.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Sargis Bḥira</a>
<a href="/Sargis-bar-Wahle.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Sargis bar Waḥle</a>
<a href="/Sargis-the-Stylite.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Sargis the Stylite</a>
<a href="/Sauget-Joseph-Marie.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Sauget, Joseph-Marie</a>
<a href="/Sawma-Abrohom.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Sawma, Abrohom</a>
<a href="/Sayfo.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Sayfo</a>
<a href="/Scher-Addai.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Scher, Addai</a>
<a href="/Schulthess-Friedrich.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Schulthess, Friedrich</a>
<a href="/Scribes.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Scribes</a>
<a href="/Script-Syriac.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Script, Syriac</a>
<a href="/Secundus.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Secundus</a>
<a href="/Selb-Walter.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Selb, Walter</a>
<a href="/Seleucia-Ctesiphon.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Seleucia-Ctesiphon</a>
<a href="/Seminary-of-St-John.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Seminary of St. John</a>
<a href="/Sergios-of-Reshayna.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Sergios of Reshʿayna</a>
<a href="/Severos-Sebokht.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Severos Sebokht</a>
<a href="/Severos-bar-Mashqo.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Severos bar Mashqo</a>
<a href="/Severos-Commentary-of-the-monk.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Severos, Commentary of the monk</a>
<a href="/Severus-of-Antioch.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Severus of Antioch</a>
<a href="/Sextus-Sentences-of.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Sextus, Sentences of</a>
<a href="/Shahdost.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Shahdost</a>
<a href="/Shalita-Mar.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Shaliṭa, Mar</a>
<a href="/Shallita-of-Reshayna.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Shalliṭa of Reshʿayna</a>
<a href="/Shamsi-Clan.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Shamsi Clan</a>
<a href="/Sharfeh.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Sharfeh</a>
<a href="/Shaya-Elias.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Shaʿya, Elias</a>
<a href="/Shemon-Shanqlawi.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Shemʿon Shanqlawi</a>
<a href="/Shemon-bar-Sabbae.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Shemʿon bar Ṣabbaʿe</a>
<a href="/Shemon-d-Taybutheh.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Shemʿon d-Ṭaybutheh</a>
<a href="/Shemon-of-Rev-Ardashir.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Shemʿon of Rev Ardashir</a>
<a href="/Shemon-Eshai.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Shemʿon, Eshai</a>
<a href="/Shemun-II-Basileios.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Shemʿun II, Basileios</a>
<a href="/Shemun-Quqoyo.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Shemʿun Quqoyo</a>
<a href="/Shemun-of-Beth-Arsham.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Shemʿun of Beth Arsham</a>
<a href="/Shemun-of-Edessa.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Shemʿun of Edessa</a>
<a href="/Shemun-the-Stylite.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Shemʿun the Stylite</a>
<a href="/Shlemon-of-Basra.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Shlemon of Baṣra</a>
<a href="/Shubhalmaran.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Shubḥalmaran</a>
<a href="/Siirt.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Siirt</a>
<a href="/Silwanos-of-Qardu.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Silwanos of Qardu</a>
<a href="/Sindbad.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Sindbad</a>
<a href="/Sleepers-of-Ephesus-Legend-of-the.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Sleepers of Ephesus, Legend of
the</a>
<a href="/Smith-Agnes-and-Margaret.html" class="facet-label btn btn-default sub-menu">Smith, Agnes and Margaret</a>