diff --git a/crates/renderling-shader/src/convolution.rs b/crates/renderling-shader/src/convolution.rs
index 70161a6f..9f89cd93 100644
--- a/crates/renderling-shader/src/convolution.rs
+++ b/crates/renderling-shader/src/convolution.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ use spirv_std::{
 #[cfg(target_arch = "spirv")]
 use spirv_std::num_traits::Float;
 
-use crate::{pbr, IsVector};
+use crate::{pbr, stage::Camera, IsVector};
 
 fn radical_inverse_vdc(mut bits: u32) -> f32 {
     bits = (bits << 16u32) | (bits >> 16u32);
@@ -149,40 +149,46 @@ pub fn integrate_brdf_doesnt_work(mut n_dot_v: f32, roughness: f32) -> Vec2 {
     Vec2::new(a, b)
 }
 
-/// Expects a slab to contain a [`crate::stage::Camera`] followed by a `f32`
+/// Used by [`vertex_prefilter_environment_cubemap`] to read the camera and
+/// roughness values from the slab.
+#[derive(Default, SlabItem)]
+pub struct VertexPrefilterEnvironmentCubemapIds {
+    pub camera: Id<Camera>,
+    pub roughness: Id<f32>,
+}
+
+/// Uses the `instance_index` as the [`Id`] of a [`PrefilterEnvironmentIds`].
 /// roughness value.
-// TODO: merge this with the standard pass-thru cubemap vertex shader.
 #[spirv(vertex)]
 pub fn vertex_prefilter_environment_cubemap(
+    #[spirv(instance_index)] instance_index: u32,
     #[spirv(vertex_index)] vertex_id: u32,
     #[spirv(storage_buffer, descriptor_set = 0, binding = 0)] slab: &[u32],
     out_pos: &mut Vec3,
+    out_roughness: &mut f32,
     #[spirv(position)] gl_pos: &mut Vec4,
 ) {
     let in_pos = crate::math::CUBE[vertex_id as usize];
-    let camera = slab.read::<crate::stage::Camera>(0u32.into());
+    let VertexPrefilterEnvironmentCubemapIds { camera, roughness } =
+        slab.read(Id::new(instance_index));
+    let camera = slab.read(camera);
+    *out_roughness = slab.read(roughness);
     *out_pos = in_pos;
     *gl_pos = camera.projection * camera.view * in_pos.extend(1.0);
 }
 
 /// Lambertian prefilter.
-///
-/// Expects a slab to contain a [`crate::stage::Camera`] followed by a `f32`
-/// roughness value.
 #[spirv(fragment)]
 pub fn fragment_prefilter_environment_cubemap(
-    #[spirv(storage_buffer, descriptor_set = 0, binding = 0)] slab: &[u32],
     #[spirv(descriptor_set = 0, binding = 1)] environment_cubemap: &Cubemap,
     #[spirv(descriptor_set = 0, binding = 2)] sampler: &Sampler,
     in_pos: Vec3,
+    in_roughness: f32,
     frag_color: &mut Vec4,
 ) {
-    let roughness = slab.read(Id::<f32>::from(crate::stage::Camera::slab_size()));
     let mut n = in_pos.alt_norm_or_zero();
     // `wgpu` and vulkan's y coords are flipped from opengl
     n.y *= -1.0;
-    // These moves are redundant but the names have connections to the PBR
-    // equations.
     let r = n;
     let v = r;
 
@@ -191,12 +197,12 @@ pub fn fragment_prefilter_environment_cubemap(
 
     for i in 0..SAMPLE_COUNT {
         let xi = hammersley(i, SAMPLE_COUNT);
-        let h = importance_sample_ggx(xi, n, roughness);
+        let h = importance_sample_ggx(xi, n, in_roughness);
         let l = (2.0 * v.dot(h) * h - v).alt_norm_or_zero();
 
         let n_dot_l = n.dot(l).max(0.0);
         if n_dot_l > 0.0 {
-            let mip_level = if roughness == 0.0 {
+            let mip_level = if in_roughness == 0.0 {
                 0.0
             } else {
                 calc_lod(n_dot_l)
diff --git a/crates/renderling-shader/src/skybox.rs b/crates/renderling-shader/src/skybox.rs
index e75d9c4a..6adeda62 100644
--- a/crates/renderling-shader/src/skybox.rs
+++ b/crates/renderling-shader/src/skybox.rs
@@ -56,18 +56,19 @@ pub fn fragment_cubemap(
 
 /// Draws a cubemap.
 ///
-/// Expects there to be a [`Camera`] in the slab at index 0.
+/// Uses the `instance_index` as the [`Id`] for a [`Camera`].
 ///
 /// Used to create a cubemap from an equirectangular image as well as cubemap
 /// convolutions.
 #[spirv(vertex)]
 pub fn vertex_cubemap(
+    #[spirv(instance_index)] camera_index: u32,
     #[spirv(vertex_index)] vertex_index: u32,
     #[spirv(storage_buffer, descriptor_set = 0, binding = 0)] slab: &[u32],
     local_pos: &mut Vec3,
     #[spirv(position)] gl_pos: &mut Vec4,
 ) {
-    let camera = slab.read(Id::<Camera>::new(0));
+    let camera = slab.read(Id::<Camera>::new(camera_index));
     let pos = crate::math::CUBE[vertex_index as usize];
     *local_pos = pos;
     *gl_pos = camera.projection * camera.view * pos.extend(1.0);
diff --git a/crates/renderling/src/linkage/convolution-fragment_bloom.spv b/crates/renderling/src/linkage/convolution-fragment_bloom.spv
index d38905e1..a9709123 100644
Binary files a/crates/renderling/src/linkage/convolution-fragment_bloom.spv and b/crates/renderling/src/linkage/convolution-fragment_bloom.spv differ
diff --git a/crates/renderling/src/linkage/convolution-fragment_brdf_lut_convolution.spv b/crates/renderling/src/linkage/convolution-fragment_brdf_lut_convolution.spv
index 3e02830b..a9c0d3ff 100644
Binary files a/crates/renderling/src/linkage/convolution-fragment_brdf_lut_convolution.spv and b/crates/renderling/src/linkage/convolution-fragment_brdf_lut_convolution.spv differ
diff --git a/crates/renderling/src/linkage/convolution-fragment_prefilter_environment_cubemap.spv b/crates/renderling/src/linkage/convolution-fragment_prefilter_environment_cubemap.spv
index 271f3206..16dadac5 100644
Binary files a/crates/renderling/src/linkage/convolution-fragment_prefilter_environment_cubemap.spv and b/crates/renderling/src/linkage/convolution-fragment_prefilter_environment_cubemap.spv differ
diff --git a/crates/renderling/src/linkage/convolution-vertex_brdf_lut_convolution.spv b/crates/renderling/src/linkage/convolution-vertex_brdf_lut_convolution.spv
index f93f0442..062f70b4 100644
Binary files a/crates/renderling/src/linkage/convolution-vertex_brdf_lut_convolution.spv and b/crates/renderling/src/linkage/convolution-vertex_brdf_lut_convolution.spv differ
diff --git a/crates/renderling/src/linkage/convolution-vertex_prefilter_environment_cubemap.spv b/crates/renderling/src/linkage/convolution-vertex_prefilter_environment_cubemap.spv
index e3ddb416..2c24629b 100644
Binary files a/crates/renderling/src/linkage/convolution-vertex_prefilter_environment_cubemap.spv and b/crates/renderling/src/linkage/convolution-vertex_prefilter_environment_cubemap.spv differ
diff --git a/crates/renderling/src/linkage/skybox-slabbed_vertex.spv b/crates/renderling/src/linkage/skybox-slabbed_vertex.spv
deleted file mode 100644
index 500025ce..00000000
Binary files a/crates/renderling/src/linkage/skybox-slabbed_vertex.spv and /dev/null differ
diff --git a/crates/renderling/src/linkage/skybox-stage_skybox_cubemap.spv b/crates/renderling/src/linkage/skybox-stage_skybox_cubemap.spv
deleted file mode 100644
index c025bede..00000000
Binary files a/crates/renderling/src/linkage/skybox-stage_skybox_cubemap.spv and /dev/null differ
diff --git a/crates/renderling/src/linkage/skybox-vertex.spv b/crates/renderling/src/linkage/skybox-vertex.spv
index 7415300b..1283523f 100644
Binary files a/crates/renderling/src/linkage/skybox-vertex.spv and b/crates/renderling/src/linkage/skybox-vertex.spv differ
diff --git a/crates/renderling/src/linkage/skybox-vertex_cubemap.spv b/crates/renderling/src/linkage/skybox-vertex_cubemap.spv
index 59f35a06..f7054025 100644
Binary files a/crates/renderling/src/linkage/skybox-vertex_cubemap.spv and b/crates/renderling/src/linkage/skybox-vertex_cubemap.spv differ
diff --git a/crates/renderling/src/linkage/skybox-vertex_position_passthru.spv b/crates/renderling/src/linkage/skybox-vertex_position_passthru.spv
deleted file mode 100644
index 1f63bae5..00000000
Binary files a/crates/renderling/src/linkage/skybox-vertex_position_passthru.spv and /dev/null differ
diff --git a/crates/renderling/src/linkage/stage-compute_cull_entities.spv b/crates/renderling/src/linkage/stage-compute_cull_entities.spv
index 8f6199b2..902bca54 100644
Binary files a/crates/renderling/src/linkage/stage-compute_cull_entities.spv and b/crates/renderling/src/linkage/stage-compute_cull_entities.spv differ
diff --git a/crates/renderling/src/linkage/stage-gltf_fragment.spv b/crates/renderling/src/linkage/stage-gltf_fragment.spv
index 7c00fe26..84ab130f 100644
Binary files a/crates/renderling/src/linkage/stage-gltf_fragment.spv and b/crates/renderling/src/linkage/stage-gltf_fragment.spv differ
diff --git a/crates/renderling/src/linkage/stage-gltf_vertex.spv b/crates/renderling/src/linkage/stage-gltf_vertex.spv
index 2d13d2b9..3ddefd49 100644
Binary files a/crates/renderling/src/linkage/stage-gltf_vertex.spv and b/crates/renderling/src/linkage/stage-gltf_vertex.spv differ
diff --git a/crates/renderling/src/linkage/stage-main_fragment_scene.spv b/crates/renderling/src/linkage/stage-main_fragment_scene.spv
index ce093851..0a63c106 100644
Binary files a/crates/renderling/src/linkage/stage-main_fragment_scene.spv and b/crates/renderling/src/linkage/stage-main_fragment_scene.spv differ
diff --git a/crates/renderling/src/linkage/stage-main_vertex_scene.spv b/crates/renderling/src/linkage/stage-main_vertex_scene.spv
index ee38b8ff..df2b7b0b 100644
Binary files a/crates/renderling/src/linkage/stage-main_vertex_scene.spv and b/crates/renderling/src/linkage/stage-main_vertex_scene.spv differ
diff --git a/crates/renderling/src/linkage/stage-test_i8_i16_extraction.spv b/crates/renderling/src/linkage/stage-test_i8_i16_extraction.spv
index a81e163e..1fad7572 100644
Binary files a/crates/renderling/src/linkage/stage-test_i8_i16_extraction.spv and b/crates/renderling/src/linkage/stage-test_i8_i16_extraction.spv differ
diff --git a/crates/renderling/src/linkage/tonemapping-fragment.spv b/crates/renderling/src/linkage/tonemapping-fragment.spv
index 3881f7e5..4a8c61aa 100644
Binary files a/crates/renderling/src/linkage/tonemapping-fragment.spv and b/crates/renderling/src/linkage/tonemapping-fragment.spv differ
diff --git a/crates/renderling/src/linkage/tonemapping-vertex.spv b/crates/renderling/src/linkage/tonemapping-vertex.spv
index e312c4df..35d63094 100644
Binary files a/crates/renderling/src/linkage/tonemapping-vertex.spv and b/crates/renderling/src/linkage/tonemapping-vertex.spv differ
diff --git a/crates/renderling/src/linkage/tutorial-implicit_isosceles_vertex.spv b/crates/renderling/src/linkage/tutorial-implicit_isosceles_vertex.spv
index 78e2fa49..1b706e6c 100644
Binary files a/crates/renderling/src/linkage/tutorial-implicit_isosceles_vertex.spv and b/crates/renderling/src/linkage/tutorial-implicit_isosceles_vertex.spv differ
diff --git a/crates/renderling/src/linkage/tutorial-slabbed_render_unit.spv b/crates/renderling/src/linkage/tutorial-slabbed_render_unit.spv
index 84a57594..8ce4c700 100644
Binary files a/crates/renderling/src/linkage/tutorial-slabbed_render_unit.spv and b/crates/renderling/src/linkage/tutorial-slabbed_render_unit.spv differ
diff --git a/crates/renderling/src/linkage/tutorial-slabbed_vertices.spv b/crates/renderling/src/linkage/tutorial-slabbed_vertices.spv
index c3ca3bd5..9001018d 100644
Binary files a/crates/renderling/src/linkage/tutorial-slabbed_vertices.spv and b/crates/renderling/src/linkage/tutorial-slabbed_vertices.spv differ
diff --git a/crates/renderling/src/linkage/tutorial-slabbed_vertices_no_instance.spv b/crates/renderling/src/linkage/tutorial-slabbed_vertices_no_instance.spv
index cd9b6ef4..f6ab41b9 100644
Binary files a/crates/renderling/src/linkage/tutorial-slabbed_vertices_no_instance.spv and b/crates/renderling/src/linkage/tutorial-slabbed_vertices_no_instance.spv differ
diff --git a/crates/renderling/src/linkage/ui-vertex.spv b/crates/renderling/src/linkage/ui-vertex.spv
index 61f7ecf6..e6374f92 100644
Binary files a/crates/renderling/src/linkage/ui-vertex.spv and b/crates/renderling/src/linkage/ui-vertex.spv differ
diff --git a/crates/renderling/src/skybox.rs b/crates/renderling/src/skybox.rs
index 99976cee..d4822998 100644
--- a/crates/renderling/src/skybox.rs
+++ b/crates/renderling/src/skybox.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,13 @@
 //! An HDR skybox.
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
-use crabslab::{CpuSlab, Slab, SlabItem, WgpuBuffer};
+use crabslab::{CpuSlab, GrowableSlab, Slab, SlabItem, WgpuBuffer};
 use glam::{Mat4, Vec3};
 
-use crate::{atlas::AtlasImage, shader::stage::Camera};
+use crate::{
+    atlas::AtlasImage,
+    shader::{convolution::VertexPrefilterEnvironmentCubemapIds, stage::Camera},
+};
 
 /// Render pipeline used to draw a skybox.
 pub struct SkyboxRenderPipeline(pub wgpu::RenderPipeline);
@@ -17,7 +20,7 @@ pub fn skybox_bindgroup_layout(device: &wgpu::Device) -> wgpu::BindGroupLayout {
                 binding: 0,
                 visibility: wgpu::ShaderStages::VERTEX,
                 ty: wgpu::BindingType::Buffer {
-                    ty: wgpu::BufferBindingType::Uniform,
+                    ty: wgpu::BufferBindingType::Storage { read_only: true },
                     has_dynamic_offset: false,
                     min_binding_size: None,
                 },
@@ -86,7 +89,7 @@ pub fn create_skybox_render_pipeline(
     });
     SkyboxRenderPipeline(
         device.create_render_pipeline(&wgpu::RenderPipelineDescriptor {
-            label: Some("skybox pipeline"),
+            label: Some("skybox render pipeline"),
             layout: Some(&pp_layout),
             vertex: wgpu::VertexState {
                 module: &vertex_shader,
@@ -468,8 +471,9 @@ impl Skybox {
         );
         let mut slab = CpuSlab::new(buffer);
         // Write the camera at 0 and then the roughness
-        slab.write(0u32.into(), &Camera::default().with_projection(proj));
-        slab.write(Camera::slab_size().into(), &0.0f32);
+        let camera = slab.append(&Camera::default().with_projection(proj));
+        let roughness = slab.append(&0.0f32);
+        let id = slab.append(&VertexPrefilterEnvironmentCubemapIds { camera, roughness });
         let (pipeline, bindgroup) =
             crate::ibl::prefiltered_environment::create_pipeline_and_bindgroup(
                 &device,
@@ -485,8 +489,7 @@ impl Skybox {
                 let mip_height: u32 = 128 >> mip_level;
 
                 // update the roughness for these mips
-                let roughness = mip_level as f32 / 4.0;
-                slab.write(Camera::slab_size().into(), &roughness);
+                slab.write(roughness, &(mip_level as f32 / 4.0));
 
                 let mut encoder = device.create_command_encoder(&wgpu::CommandEncoderDescriptor {
                     label: Some("specular convolution"),
@@ -508,7 +511,7 @@ impl Skybox {
                 );
 
                 // update the view to point at one of the cube faces
-                slab.write(0u32.into(), &Camera::new(proj, views[i]));
+                slab.write(camera, &Camera::new(proj, views[i]));
 
                 {
                     let mut render_pass = encoder.begin_render_pass(&wgpu::RenderPassDescriptor {
@@ -526,7 +529,7 @@ impl Skybox {
 
                     render_pass.set_pipeline(&pipeline);
                     render_pass.set_bind_group(0, &bindgroup, &[]);
-                    render_pass.draw(0..36, 0..1);
+                    render_pass.draw(0..36, id.inner()..id.inner() + 1);
                 }
 
                 queue.submit([encoder.finish()]);
@@ -639,7 +642,6 @@ impl Skybox {
 mod test {
     use crabslab::GrowableSlab;
     use glam::Vec3;
-    use img_diff::DiffCfg;
 
     use super::*;
     use crate::Renderling;
diff --git a/crates/renderling/src/stage.rs b/crates/renderling/src/stage.rs
index 87a6b325..faea6e4b 100644
--- a/crates/renderling/src/stage.rs
+++ b/crates/renderling/src/stage.rs
@@ -56,6 +56,7 @@ pub struct Stage {
     pub(crate) slab: Arc<RwLock<CpuSlab<WgpuBuffer>>>,
     pub(crate) atlas: Arc<RwLock<Atlas>>,
     pub(crate) skybox: Arc<RwLock<Skybox>>,
+    pub(crate) skybox_bindgroup: Arc<Mutex<Option<Arc<wgpu::BindGroup>>>>,
     pub(crate) pipeline: Arc<Mutex<Option<Arc<wgpu::RenderPipeline>>>>,
     pub(crate) skybox_pipeline: Arc<RwLock<Option<Arc<wgpu::RenderPipeline>>>>,
     pub(crate) has_skybox: Arc<AtomicBool>,
@@ -123,6 +124,7 @@ impl Stage {
             pipeline: Default::default(),
             atlas: Arc::new(RwLock::new(atlas)),
             skybox: Arc::new(RwLock::new(Skybox::empty(device.clone(), queue.clone()))),
+            skybox_bindgroup: Default::default(),
             skybox_pipeline: Default::default(),
             has_skybox: Arc::new(AtomicBool::new(false)),
             has_bloom: Arc::new(AtomicBool::new(false)),
@@ -305,76 +307,39 @@ impl Stage {
     }
 
     /// Return the skybox render pipeline, creating it if necessary.
-    pub fn get_skybox_pipeline(&self) -> Arc<wgpu::RenderPipeline> {
-        fn create_skybox_render_pipeline(device: &wgpu::Device) -> wgpu::RenderPipeline {
-            log::trace!("creating stage's skybox render pipeline");
-            let vertex_shader = device
-                .create_shader_module(wgpu::include_spirv!("linkage/skybox-slabbed_vertex.spv"));
-            let fragment_shader = device.create_shader_module(wgpu::include_spirv!(
-                "linkage/skybox-stage_skybox_cubemap.spv"
-            ));
-            let stage_slab_buffers_layout = Stage::buffers_bindgroup_layout(&device);
-            let textures_layout = Stage::textures_bindgroup_layout(&device);
-            let label = Some("stage skybox");
-            let layout = device.create_pipeline_layout(&wgpu::PipelineLayoutDescriptor {
-                label,
-                bind_group_layouts: &[&stage_slab_buffers_layout, &textures_layout],
-                push_constant_ranges: &[],
-            });
-
-            device.create_render_pipeline(&wgpu::RenderPipelineDescriptor {
-                label: Some("skybox pipeline"),
-                layout: Some(&layout),
-                vertex: wgpu::VertexState {
-                    module: &vertex_shader,
-                    entry_point: "skybox::slabbed_vertex",
-                    buffers: &[],
-                },
-                primitive: wgpu::PrimitiveState {
-                    topology: wgpu::PrimitiveTopology::TriangleList,
-                    strip_index_format: None,
-                    front_face: wgpu::FrontFace::Ccw,
-                    cull_mode: None,
-                    unclipped_depth: false,
-                    polygon_mode: wgpu::PolygonMode::Fill,
-                    conservative: false,
-                },
-                depth_stencil: Some(wgpu::DepthStencilState {
-                    format: wgpu::TextureFormat::Depth32Float,
-                    depth_write_enabled: true,
-                    depth_compare: wgpu::CompareFunction::LessEqual,
-                    stencil: wgpu::StencilState::default(),
-                    bias: wgpu::DepthBiasState::default(),
-                }),
-                multisample: wgpu::MultisampleState {
-                    mask: !0,
-                    alpha_to_coverage_enabled: false,
-                    count: 1,
-                },
-                fragment: Some(wgpu::FragmentState {
-                    module: &fragment_shader,
-                    // TODO: remove renderling_shader::skybox::fragment_cubemap after porting
-                    // to GLTF
-                    entry_point: "skybox::stage_skybox_cubemap",
-                    targets: &[Some(wgpu::ColorTargetState {
-                        format: crate::hdr::HdrSurface::TEXTURE_FORMAT,
-                        blend: Some(wgpu::BlendState::ALPHA_BLENDING),
-                        write_mask: wgpu::ColorWrites::ALL,
-                    })],
-                }),
-                multiview: None,
-            })
-        }
-
+    pub fn get_skybox_pipeline_and_bindgroup(
+        &self,
+    ) -> (Arc<wgpu::RenderPipeline>, Arc<wgpu::BindGroup>) {
         // UNWRAP: safe because we're only ever called from the render thread.
         let mut pipeline = self.skybox_pipeline.write().unwrap();
-        if let Some(pipeline) = pipeline.as_ref() {
+        let pipeline = if let Some(pipeline) = pipeline.as_ref() {
             pipeline.clone()
         } else {
-            let p = Arc::new(create_skybox_render_pipeline(&self.device));
+            let p = Arc::new(
+                crate::skybox::create_skybox_render_pipeline(
+                    &self.device,
+                    crate::hdr::HdrSurface::TEXTURE_FORMAT,
+                )
+                .0,
+            );
             *pipeline = Some(p.clone());
             p
-        }
+        };
+        // UNWRAP: safe because we're only ever called from the render thread.
+        let mut bindgroup = self.skybox_bindgroup.lock().unwrap();
+        let bindgroup = if let Some(bindgroup) = bindgroup.as_ref() {
+            bindgroup.clone()
+        } else {
+            let slab = self.slab.read().unwrap();
+            let bg = Arc::new(crate::skybox::create_skybox_bindgroup(
+                &self.device,
+                slab.as_ref().get_buffer(),
+                &self.skybox.read().unwrap().environment_cubemap,
+            ));
+            *bindgroup = Some(bg.clone());
+            bg
+        };
+        (pipeline, bindgroup)
     }
 
     /// Return the main render pipeline, creating it if necessary.
@@ -734,8 +699,9 @@ pub fn stage_render(
     let pipeline = stage.get_pipeline();
     let slab_buffers_bindgroup = stage.get_slab_buffers_bindgroup();
     let textures_bindgroup = stage.get_textures_bindgroup();
-    let may_skybox_pipeline = if stage.has_skybox.load(std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed) {
-        Some(stage.get_skybox_pipeline())
+    let has_skybox = stage.has_skybox.load(std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed);
+    let may_skybox_pipeline_and_bindgroup = if has_skybox {
+        Some(stage.get_skybox_pipeline_and_bindgroup())
     } else {
         None
     };
@@ -780,11 +746,12 @@ pub fn stage_render(
                * stage.number_of_indirect_draws()); */
         }
 
-        if let Some(pipeline) = may_skybox_pipeline.as_ref() {
+        if let Some((pipeline, bindgroup)) = may_skybox_pipeline_and_bindgroup.as_ref() {
             log::trace!("rendering skybox");
             // UNWRAP: if we can't acquire the lock we want to panic.
             let skybox = stage.skybox.read().unwrap();
             render_pass.set_pipeline(pipeline);
+            render_pass.set_bind_group(0, bindgroup, &[]);
             render_pass.draw(0..36, skybox.camera.inner()..skybox.camera.inner() + 1);
         }
     }