diff --git a/changelog/new_deprecated_http_status_names_cop.md b/changelog/new_deprecated_http_status_names_cop.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0a26188c4b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog/new_deprecated_http_status_names_cop.md
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+* [#1520](https://github.com/rubocop/rubocop-rails/pull/1520): New `Rails/HttpStatusNameConsistency` cop. ([@tuxagon][])
diff --git a/config/default.yml b/config/default.yml
index 74bebd3142..efbd977606 100644
--- a/config/default.yml
+++ b/config/default.yml
@@ -609,6 +609,14 @@ Rails/HttpStatus:
     - numeric
     - symbolic
 
+Rails/HttpStatusNameConsistency:
+  Description: 'Enforces consistency by using the current HTTP status names.'
+  Enabled: pending
+  Severity: warning
+  VersionAdded: '<<next>>'
+  Include:
+    - '**/app/controllers/**/*.rb'
+
 Rails/I18nLazyLookup:
   Description: 'Checks for places where I18n "lazy" lookup can be used.'
   StyleGuide: 'https://rails.rubystyle.guide/#lazy-lookup'
diff --git a/lib/rubocop/cop/rails/http_status_name_consistency.rb b/lib/rubocop/cop/rails/http_status_name_consistency.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..89ac0bb3bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/rubocop/cop/rails/http_status_name_consistency.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module RuboCop
+  module Cop
+    module Rails
+      # Enforces consistency by using the current HTTP status names.
+      #
+      # @example
+      #   # bad
+      #   render json: { error: "Invalid data" }, status: :unprocessable_entity
+      #   head :payload_too_large
+      #
+      #   # good
+      #   render json: { error: "Invalid data" }, status: :unprocessable_content
+      #   head :content_too_large
+      #
+      class HttpStatusNameConsistency < Base
+        extend AutoCorrector
+
+        requires_gem 'rack', '>= 3.1.0'
+
+        RESTRICT_ON_SEND = %i[render redirect_to head assert_response assert_redirected_to].freeze
+
+        PREFERRED_STATUSES = {
+          unprocessable_entity: :unprocessable_content,
+          payload_too_large: :content_too_large
+        }.freeze
+
+        MSG = 'Prefer `:%<preferred>s` over `:%<deprecated>s`.'
+
+        def_node_matcher :status_method_call, <<~PATTERN
+          {
+            (send nil? {:render :redirect_to} _ $hash)
+            (send nil? {:render :redirect_to} $hash)
+            (send nil? {:head :assert_response} $_ ...)
+            (send nil? :assert_redirected_to _ $hash ...)
+            (send nil? :assert_redirected_to $hash ...)
+          }
+        PATTERN
+
+        def_node_matcher :status_hash_value, <<~PATTERN
+          (hash <(pair (sym :status) $_) ...>)
+        PATTERN
+
+        def on_send(node)
+          status_method_call(node) do |status_node|
+            if status_node.hash_type?
+              # Handle hash arguments like { status: :unprocessable_entity }
+              status_hash_value(status_node) do |status_value|
+                find_deprecated_status_names(status_value)
+              end
+            else
+              # Handle positional arguments like head :unprocessable_entity
+              find_deprecated_status_names(status_node)
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        private
+
+        def find_deprecated_status_names(node)
+          if node.sym_type? && PREFERRED_STATUSES.key?(node.value)
+            deprecated_status = node.value
+            preferred_status = PREFERRED_STATUSES[deprecated_status]
+
+            message = format(MSG, deprecated: deprecated_status, preferred: preferred_status)
+
+            add_offense(node, message: message) do |corrector|
+              corrector.replace(node, ":#{preferred_status}")
+            end
+          elsif node.respond_to?(:children)
+            # Recursively search child nodes (handles ternary expressions, etc.)
+            node.children.each do |child|
+              find_deprecated_status_names(child) if child.is_a?(Parser::AST::Node)
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/rubocop/cop/rails_cops.rb b/lib/rubocop/cop/rails_cops.rb
index a8c7202dac..8132d3f1db 100644
--- a/lib/rubocop/cop/rails_cops.rb
+++ b/lib/rubocop/cop/rails_cops.rb
@@ -66,6 +66,7 @@
 require_relative 'rails/helper_instance_variable'
 require_relative 'rails/http_positional_arguments'
 require_relative 'rails/http_status'
+require_relative 'rails/http_status_name_consistency'
 require_relative 'rails/i18n_lazy_lookup'
 require_relative 'rails/i18n_locale_assignment'
 require_relative 'rails/i18n_locale_texts'
diff --git a/spec/rubocop/cop/rails/http_status_name_consistency_spec.rb b/spec/rubocop/cop/rails/http_status_name_consistency_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ae720a1d24
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/rubocop/cop/rails/http_status_name_consistency_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,194 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe RuboCop::Cop::Rails::HttpStatusNameConsistency, :config do
+  context 'when Rack is older than 3.1' do
+    let(:gem_versions) { { 'rack' => '3.0.0' } }
+
+    it 'does nothing' do
+      expect_no_offenses(<<~RUBY)
+        render json: { error: 'Invalid data' }, status: :unprocessable_entity
+        head :payload_too_large
+      RUBY
+    end
+  end
+
+  context 'when Rack is 3.1 or later' do
+    let(:gem_versions) { { 'rack' => '3.1.0' } }
+
+    context 'with :unprocessable_entity' do
+      it 'registers an offense when using :unprocessable_entity in render' do
+        expect_offense(<<~RUBY)
+          render json: { error: 'Invalid data' }, status: :unprocessable_entity
+                                                          ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Prefer `:unprocessable_content` over `:unprocessable_entity`.
+        RUBY
+
+        expect_correction(<<~RUBY)
+          render json: { error: 'Invalid data' }, status: :unprocessable_content
+        RUBY
+      end
+
+      it 'registers an offense when using :unprocessable_entity in head' do
+        expect_offense(<<~RUBY)
+          head :unprocessable_entity
+               ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Prefer `:unprocessable_content` over `:unprocessable_entity`.
+        RUBY
+
+        expect_correction(<<~RUBY)
+          head :unprocessable_content
+        RUBY
+      end
+
+      it 'registers an offense when using :unprocessable_entity in redirect_to' do
+        expect_offense(<<~RUBY)
+          redirect_to some_path, status: :unprocessable_entity
+                                         ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Prefer `:unprocessable_content` over `:unprocessable_entity`.
+        RUBY
+
+        expect_correction(<<~RUBY)
+          redirect_to some_path, status: :unprocessable_content
+        RUBY
+      end
+
+      it 'registers an offense when using :unprocessable_entity in assert_response' do
+        expect_offense(<<~RUBY)
+          assert_response :unprocessable_entity
+                          ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Prefer `:unprocessable_content` over `:unprocessable_entity`.
+        RUBY
+
+        expect_correction(<<~RUBY)
+          assert_response :unprocessable_content
+        RUBY
+      end
+
+      it 'registers an offense when using :unprocessable_entity in assert_redirected_to' do
+        expect_offense(<<~RUBY)
+          assert_redirected_to some_path, status: :unprocessable_entity
+                                                  ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Prefer `:unprocessable_content` over `:unprocessable_entity`.
+        RUBY
+
+        expect_correction(<<~RUBY)
+          assert_redirected_to some_path, status: :unprocessable_content
+        RUBY
+      end
+
+      it 'registers an offense when using :unprocessable_entity in ternary expression' do
+        expect_offense(<<~RUBY)
+          render json: { error: 'Invalid data' }, status: some_condition ? :unprocessable_entity : :ok
+                                                                           ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Prefer `:unprocessable_content` over `:unprocessable_entity`.
+        RUBY
+
+        expect_correction(<<~RUBY)
+          render json: { error: 'Invalid data' }, status: some_condition ? :unprocessable_content : :ok
+        RUBY
+      end
+
+      it 'does not register an offense when using :unprocessable_content' do
+        expect_no_offenses(<<~RUBY)
+          render json: { error: 'Invalid data' }, status: :unprocessable_content
+        RUBY
+      end
+
+      it 'does not register an offense when using :unprocessable_entity in hash key' do
+        expect_no_offenses(<<~RUBY)
+          { unprocessable_entity: 'Invalid data' }
+        RUBY
+      end
+    end
+
+    context 'with :payload_too_large' do
+      it 'registers an offense when using :payload_too_large in render' do
+        expect_offense(<<~RUBY)
+          render json: { error: 'File too big' }, status: :payload_too_large
+                                                          ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Prefer `:content_too_large` over `:payload_too_large`.
+        RUBY
+
+        expect_correction(<<~RUBY)
+          render json: { error: 'File too big' }, status: :content_too_large
+        RUBY
+      end
+
+      it 'registers an offense when using :payload_too_large in head' do
+        expect_offense(<<~RUBY)
+          head :payload_too_large
+               ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Prefer `:content_too_large` over `:payload_too_large`.
+        RUBY
+
+        expect_correction(<<~RUBY)
+          head :content_too_large
+        RUBY
+      end
+
+      it 'registers an offense when using :payload_too_large in redirect_to' do
+        expect_offense(<<~RUBY)
+          redirect_to some_path, status: :payload_too_large
+                                         ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Prefer `:content_too_large` over `:payload_too_large`.
+        RUBY
+
+        expect_correction(<<~RUBY)
+          redirect_to some_path, status: :content_too_large
+        RUBY
+      end
+
+      it 'registers an offense when using :payload_too_large in assert_response' do
+        expect_offense(<<~RUBY)
+          assert_response :payload_too_large
+                          ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Prefer `:content_too_large` over `:payload_too_large`.
+        RUBY
+
+        expect_correction(<<~RUBY)
+          assert_response :content_too_large
+        RUBY
+      end
+
+      it 'registers an offense when using :payload_too_large in assert_redirected_to' do
+        expect_offense(<<~RUBY)
+          assert_redirected_to some_path, status: :payload_too_large
+                                                  ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Prefer `:content_too_large` over `:payload_too_large`.
+        RUBY
+
+        expect_correction(<<~RUBY)
+          assert_redirected_to some_path, status: :content_too_large
+        RUBY
+      end
+
+      it 'registers an offense when using :payload_too_large in ternary expression' do
+        expect_offense(<<~RUBY)
+          render json: { error: 'File too big' }, status: some_condition ? :payload_too_large : :ok
+                                                                           ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Prefer `:content_too_large` over `:payload_too_large`.
+        RUBY
+
+        expect_correction(<<~RUBY)
+          render json: { error: 'File too big' }, status: some_condition ? :content_too_large : :ok
+        RUBY
+      end
+
+      it 'does not register an offense when using :content_too_large' do
+        expect_no_offenses(<<~RUBY)
+          render json: { error: 'File too big' }, status: :content_too_large
+        RUBY
+      end
+
+      it 'does not register an offense when using :payload_too_large in hash key' do
+        expect_no_offenses(<<~RUBY)
+          { payload_too_large: 'File too big' }
+        RUBY
+      end
+    end
+
+    context 'with mixed deprecated statuses' do
+      it 'handles multiple deprecated statuses in the same code' do
+        expect_offense(<<~RUBY)
+          head :unprocessable_entity
+               ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Prefer `:unprocessable_content` over `:unprocessable_entity`.
+          head :payload_too_large
+               ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Prefer `:content_too_large` over `:payload_too_large`.
+        RUBY
+
+        expect_correction(<<~RUBY)
+          head :unprocessable_content
+          head :content_too_large
+        RUBY
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end