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<!doctype html><html><head><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"/><title>CO₂ emissions dataset: Our sources and methods - Our World in Data</title><meta name="description" content="How do we construct our global data on CO₂ emissions?"/><link rel="canonical" href="https://ourworldindata.org/co2-dataset-sources"/><link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" href="/atom.xml"/><link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/apple-touch-icon.png"/><meta property="fb:app_id" content="1149943818390250"/><meta property="og:url" content="https://ourworldindata.org/co2-dataset-sources"/><meta property="og:title" content="CO₂ emissions dataset: Our sources and methods"/><meta property="og:description" content="How do we construct our global data on CO₂ emissions?"/><meta property="og:image" content="https://ourworldindata.org/app/uploads/2020/08/CO2-Landing-page-768x402.png"/><meta property="og:site_name" content="Our World in Data"/><meta 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viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M0 96C0 78.33 14.33 64 32 64H416C433.7 64 448 78.33 448 96C448 113.7 433.7 128 416 128H32C14.33 128 0 113.7 0 96zM0 256C0 238.3 14.33 224 32 224H416C433.7 224 448 238.3 448 256C448 273.7 433.7 288 416 288H32C14.33 288 0 273.7 0 256zM416 448H32C14.33 448 0 433.7 0 416C0 398.3 14.33 384 32 384H416C433.7 384 448 398.3 448 416C448 433.7 433.7 448 416 448z"></path></svg></button></div></div></header><div class="alert-banner"><div class="content"><div class="text"><strong>COVID-19 vaccinations, cases, excess mortality, and much more</strong></div><a href="/coronavirus#explore-the-global-situation" data-track-note="covid-banner-click">Explore our COVID-19 data</a></div></div><main><article class="page no-sidebar thin-banner"><div class="offset-header"><header class="article-header"><div class="article-titles"><h1 class="entry-title">CO₂ emissions dataset: Our sources and methods</h1></div></header></div><div class="content-wrapper"><div class="offset-content"><div class="content-and-footnotes"><div class="article-content"><section><div class="wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-right"><div class="wp-block-column"><div class="article-meta"><div class="excerpt">How do we construct our global data on CO₂ emissions?</div><div class="authors-byline"><a href="/team">by Hannah Ritchie</a></div><div class="published-updated"><time>February 09, 2022</time></div></div></div><div class="wp-block-column"></div></div><div class="wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-right">
<div class="wp-block-column">
<p>Our carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) emissions dataset is one of our most-used datasets on <em>Our World in Data</em>. It is the key metric we need to understand our progress on slowing global climate change.</p>
<p>Here we document the sources that we use to build this dataset; how we calculate additional derived metrics; and answer frequently asked questions that people have about this data.</p>
<p>You can find our Complete CO<sub>2</sub> and Greenhouse Gas Emissions dataset, including all of the raw data and the scripts we use to build it, in our <a href="https://github.com/owid/co2-data">GitHub repository</a>.</p>
<p>You can explore all of this data in our <a href="https://ourworldindata.org/explorers/co2">CO<sub>2</sub> Emissions Data Explorer</a>.</p>
</div>
<div class="wp-block-column">
<figure data-grapher-src="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/annual-co2-emissions-per-country?country=~OWID_WRL" class="grapherPreview">
<a href="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/annual-co2-emissions-per-country?country=~OWID_WRL" target="_blank">
<div><img src="https://ourworldindata.org/exports/annual-co2-emissions-per-country-ed9cc8bcc7e00c8a5b0c73d8f2310738_v38_850x600.svg" width="850" height="600" loading="lazy" data-no-lightbox="" alt="Annual co2 emissions per country ed9cc8bcc7e00c8a5b0c73d8f2310738 v38 850x600"></div>
<div class="interactionNotice">
<span class="icon"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="hand-pointer" class="svg-inline--fa fa-hand-pointer fa-w-14" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 617">
<path fill="currentColor" d="M448,344.59v96a40.36,40.36,0,0,1-1.06,9.16l-32,136A40,40,0,0,1,376,616.59H168a40,40,0,0,1-32.35-16.47l-128-176a40,40,0,0,1,64.7-47.06L104,420.58v-276a40,40,0,0,1,80,0v200h8v-40a40,40,0,1,1,80,0v40h8v-24a40,40,0,1,1,80,0v24h8a40,40,0,1,1,80,0Zm-256,80h-8v96h8Zm88,0h-8v96h8Zm88,0h-8v96h8Z" transform="translate(0 -0.41)"></path>
<path fill="currentColor" opacity="0.6" d="M239.76,234.78A27.5,27.5,0,0,1,217,192a87.76,87.76,0,1,0-145.9,0A27.5,27.5,0,1,1,25.37,222.6,142.17,142.17,0,0,1,1.24,143.17C1.24,64.45,65.28.41,144,.41s142.76,64,142.76,142.76a142.17,142.17,0,0,1-24.13,79.43A27.47,27.47,0,0,1,239.76,234.78Z" transform="translate(0 -0.41)"></path>
</svg></span>
<span class="label">Click to open interactive version</span>
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</div><h3 id="co2-emissions-our-data-sources">CO<sub>2</sub> emissions: our data sources<a class="deep-link" href="#co2-emissions-our-data-sources"></a></h3><div class="wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-right"><div class="wp-block-column"><p>Below we provide details of the underlying data sources used to build this dataset. When citing this work, please also cite the original sources.</p></div><div class="wp-block-column"></div></div><div class="wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-right"><div class="wp-block-column"><h4 id="our-data-source-production-based-annual-co2-emissions">Our data source: Production-based annual CO<sub>2</sub> emissions<a class="deep-link" href="#our-data-source-production-based-annual-co2-emissions"></a></h4></div><div class="wp-block-column"></div></div><div class="wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-right"><div class="wp-block-column"><p>Our main metric – annual CO<sub>2</sub> emissions – is sourced from the <a href="https://www.globalcarbonproject.org/carbonbudget/21/data.htm">Global Carbon Project</a>. This is the primary raw metric that we rely on to calculate the range of derived metrics presented below.</p><p>The Global Carbon Project updates its dataset annually with data on global and national CO<sub>2</sub> emissions, extending back to the year 1750. </p><p>This data is described as ‘fossil CO<sub>2</sub> emissions’, which means that it includes all emissions from energy production (from coal, oil, gas and flaring) plus direct industrial emissions from cement and steel production. It <em>does not</em> include emissions from land use change <em>(see our FAQ below)</em>.</p><p>The main Global Carbon Project dataset (available <a href="https://www.icos-cp.eu/science-and-impact/global-carbon-budget">here</a>) provides annual emissions from 1959 onwards. However, a long-term dataset from 1750 onwards is also supplied by Robbie Andrews and Glen Peters <a href="https://zenodo.org/record/5569235#.YgP1F_XP2dZ">here</a>. It is this long-term dataset that we rely on.</p><p>This dataset provides annual fossil CO<sub>2</sub> emissions for all countries since 1750, broken down by fuel or process: coal, oil, gas, flaring, cement and other industry. </p><p>It also provides per capita estimates – we do not take these values, and instead calculate our own, as detailed in the next section. Any differences between our per capita emissions and those of the Global Carbon Project will result from differences in the population denominator that is applied.</p><p>Andrews and Peters provide a <a href="https://zenodo.org/record/5569235/files/GCP%20fossilCO2%202021v34.pdf?download=1">clear and detailed methodology</a> on how this long-term data is constructed. </p><p>Their primary underlying source is <a href="https://energy.appstate.edu/research/work-areas/cdiac-appstate">the dataset</a> constructed by Gregg Marland and Dennis Gilfillan, from the Carbon Dioxide Information and Analysis Center (referred to as CDIAC-FF). However, this dataset typically has 2 to 3 years of lag; the Global Carbon Project therefore supplements this with their own calculations from recent energy data from the <a href="https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy.html">BP Statistical Review of World Energy</a>, and other detailed energy data where it is available (for example, from the International Energy Agency).</p><p><strong>Full citation: </strong>Friedlingstein Pierre, Michael O’Sullivan, Matthew W. Jones, Robbie M. Andrew, Judith Hauck, Are Olsen, Glen P. Peters, Wouter Peters, Julia Pongratz, Stephen Sitch, Corinne Le Quéré, Josep G. Canadell, Philippe Ciais, Rob Jackson,Simone Alin, Luiz E.O.C. Aragão, Almut Arneth, Vivek Arora, Nicholas R. Bates, Meike Becker, Alice Benoit-Cattin, Henry C. Bittig, Laurent Bopp, Selma Bultan, Naveen Chandra, Frédéric Chevallier, Louise P. Chini, Wiley Evans, Liesbeth Florentie, Piers M Forster, Thomas Gasser, Marion Gehlen, Dennis Gilfillan, Thanos Gkritzalis, Luke Gregor, Nicolas Gruber, Ian Harris, Kerstin Hartung, Vanessa Haverd, Richard A. Houghton, Tatiana Ilyina, Atul Jain, Emilie Joetzjer, Koji Kadono, Etsushi Kato, Vassilis Kitidis, Jan Ivar Korsbakken, Peter Landschützer, Nathalie Lefèvre, Andrew Lenton, Sebastian Lienert, Zhu Liu, Danica Lombardozzi, Gregg Marland, Nicolas Metzl, David R. Munro, Julia E.M.S Nabel, Shin-Ichiro Nakaoka, Yosuke Niwa, Kevin O´Brien, Tsuneo Ono, Paul I. Palmer, Denis Pierrot, Benjamin Poulter, Laure Resplandy, Eddy Robertson, Christian Rödenbeck, Jörg Schwinger, Roland Séférian, Ingunn Skjelvan, Adam JP Smith, Adrienne J. Sutton, Toste Tanhua, Pieter P. Tans, Hanqin Tian, Bronte Tilbrook, Guido van der Werf, Nicolas Vuichard, Anthony P. Walker, Rik Wanninkhof,Andrew J. Watson, David Willis, Andrew J. Wiltshire, Wenping Yuan, Xu Yue, Sönke Zaehle. Global Carbon Budget 2020, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 2020. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3269-2020</p></div><div class="wp-block-column"></div></div><div class="wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-right"><div class="wp-block-column"><h4 id="our-data-source-consumption-based-annual-co2-emissions">Our data source: Consumption-based annual CO<sub>2</sub> emissions<a class="deep-link" href="#our-data-source-consumption-based-annual-co2-emissions"></a></h4></div><div class="wp-block-column"></div></div><div class="wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-right"><div class="wp-block-column"><p>Our data on annual consumption-based CO<sub>2 </sub>emissions is also sourced from the <a href="https://www.globalcarbonproject.org/carbonbudget/21/data.htm">Global Carbon Project</a>. The data is available <a href="https://www.icos-cp.eu/science-and-impact/global-carbon-budget">here</a>.</p><p>It provides estimates for some – but not all – countries from 1990 onwards <em>(see our FAQ on this below)</em>. This is based on the methodology laid out by <a href="https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-3247-2012">Peters et al. (2012)</a>.</p><p>The original data is presented in tonnes of carbon. To convert to tonnes of CO<sub>2</sub>, we have multiplied these values by 3.664. This is the conversion factor recommended by the Global Carbon Project. It comes from the fact that one CO<sub>2</sub> molecule has a mass 3.664 times that of a carbon atom.</p></div><div class="wp-block-column"></div></div><div class="wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-right"><div class="wp-block-column"><h4 id="our-data-source-total-greenhouse-gas-methane-and-nitrous-oxide-emissions">Our data source: Total greenhouse gas, methane and nitrous oxide emissions<a class="deep-link" href="#our-data-source-total-greenhouse-gas-methane-and-nitrous-oxide-emissions"></a></h4></div><div class="wp-block-column"></div></div><div class="wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-right"><div class="wp-block-column"><p>Our data on annual emissions of total greenhouse gas emissions, methane emissions and nitrous oxide emissions is sourced from the CAIT Climate Data Explorer, and downloaded from the <a href="https://www.climatewatchdata.org/data-explorer/historical-emissions">Climate Watch Portal</a>.</p><p>It provides estimates on total greenhouse gas emissions (including, and excluding land use change as separate metrics); methane emissions; and nitrous oxide emissions. These are measured in carbon dioxide equivalents (CO<sub>2</sub>e) based on 100-year global warming potential factors for non-CO₂ gases. </p><p>Note that these figures come with higher uncertainty than data on CO<sub>2</sub> emissions from fossil fuels. Total greenhouse gas emissions can also appear to be lower than CO<sub>2</sub> emissions from fossil fuels if a country has large <em>negative</em> emissions from land use change <em>(see our FAQ on this below)</em>.</p></div><div class="wp-block-column"></div></div><h3 id="derived-metrics-from-this-dataset">Derived metrics from this dataset<a class="deep-link" href="#derived-metrics-from-this-dataset"></a></h3><div class="wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-right"><div class="wp-block-column"><p>At Our World in Data we use this long-term data on annual CO<sub>2</sub> emissions to calculate several additional metrics. All of these metrics are presented in our <a href="https://ourworldindata.org/explorers/co2">CO<sub>2</sub> Emissions Data Explorer</a>.</p><p>Below we explain how these metrics are calculated, and any additional sources used.</p></div><div class="wp-block-column"></div></div><div class="wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-right"><div class="wp-block-column"><h4 id="co2-emissions-per-capita">CO<sub>2</sub> emissions per capita<a class="deep-link" href="#co2-emissions-per-capita"></a></h4></div><div class="wp-block-column"></div></div><div class="wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-right"><div class="wp-block-column"><p>CO<sub>2</sub> emissions per capita measure the average annual emissions per person for a country or region.</p><p>It is calculated by dividing the total annual emissions of the country or region by its total population.</p><p>The source for the annual CO<sub>2</sub> emissions data is the Global Carbon Project, as described above. </p><p>The population data used in this calculation is our long-run population series which combines three underlying data sources: the HYDE database (History database of the Global Environment); Gapminder; and the UN World Population Prospects. We describe how this population dataset is constructed <a href="https://ourworldindata.org/population-sources">here</a>.</p></div><div class="wp-block-column"></div></div><div class="wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-right"><div class="wp-block-column"><h4 id="greenhouse-gas-emissions-methane-emissions-and-nitrous-oxide-emissions-per-capita">Greenhouse gas emissions; methane emissions; and nitrous oxide emissions per capita<a class="deep-link" href="#greenhouse-gas-emissions-methane-emissions-and-nitrous-oxide-emissions-per-capita"></a></h4></div><div class="wp-block-column"></div></div><div class="wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-right"><div class="wp-block-column"><p>Emissions per capita measure the average annual emissions per person for a country or region.</p><p>It is calculated by dividing the total annual emissions of the country or region by its total population.</p><p>The source for the annual greenhouse gas, methane and nitrous oxide emissions data is the CAIT Climate Data Explorer, as described above. </p><p>The population data used in this calculation is our long-run population series which combines three underlying data sources: the HYDE database (History database of the Global Environment); Gapminder; and the UN World Population Prospects. We describe how this population dataset is constructed <a href="https://ourworldindata.org/population-sources">here</a>.</p></div><div class="wp-block-column"></div></div><div class="wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-right"><div class="wp-block-column"><h4 id="cumulative-co2-emissions">Cumulative CO<sub>2</sub> emissions<a class="deep-link" href="#cumulative-co2-emissions"></a></h4></div><div class="wp-block-column"></div></div><div class="wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-right"><div class="wp-block-column"><p>We calculate cumulative CO<sub>2</sub> emissions as the sum of annual emissions from 1750 onwards.</p><p>For example, cumulative emissions in 1755 are the sum of emissions from 1750, 1751, 1752, 1753, 1754, and 1755.</p><p>We calculate this globally and for every country.</p></div><div class="wp-block-column"></div></div><div class="wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-right"><div class="wp-block-column"><h4 id="share-of-global-co2-emissions">Share of global CO<sub>2</sub> emissions<a class="deep-link" href="#share-of-global-co2-emissions"></a></h4></div><div class="wp-block-column"></div></div><div class="wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-right"><div class="wp-block-column"><p>We calculate this metric by dividing a country or region’s emissions by the global emissions in any given year.</p><p>For example, if Country A emitted 1 billion tonnes of CO<sub>2</sub> in 2019, and global emissions in 2019 were 36 billion tonnes, country A was responsible for:</p><p>[1 / 36] * 100 = 2.8% of global emissions.</p></div><div class="wp-block-column"></div></div><div class="wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-right"><div class="wp-block-column"><h4 id="co2-emissions-per-unit-of-primary-energy">CO<sub>2</sub> emissions per unit of primary energy<a class="deep-link" href="#co2-emissions-per-unit-of-primary-energy"></a></h4></div><div class="wp-block-column"></div></div><div class="wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-right"><div class="wp-block-column"><p>CO<sub>2</sub><strong> </strong>emissions per unit of primary energy are used to measure how carbon-intensive a country’s energy mix is. A country that relies heavily on coal, for example, will emit large amounts of CO2 emissions per unit of energy. A country that has lots of nuclear and renewables will emit much less.</p><p>We calculate this metric by dividing the total annual emissions of a country or region by its primary energy consumption.</p><p>The source for the annual CO<sub>2</sub> emissions data is the Global Carbon Project, as described above.</p><p>For annual energy consumption, we combined two sources. Our primary data source is the <a href="https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy.html">BP Statistical Review of World Energy</a>. However, it does not provide data on primary energy consumption for all countries. For countries absent from this dataset, we calculate primary energy by multiplying the <a href="https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators">World Bank’s World Development Indicators</a> metric <em>Energy use per capita</em> by total population figures (from <a href="https://ourworldindata.org/population-sources">our long-run dataset</a>).</p></div><div class="wp-block-column"></div></div><div class="wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-right"><div class="wp-block-column"><h4 id="co2-emissions-per-dollar-of-gdp-carbon-intensity-of-economies">CO<sub>2</sub> emissions per dollar of GDP (carbon intensity of economies)<a class="deep-link" href="#co2-emissions-per-dollar-of-gdp-carbon-intensity-of-economies"></a></h4></div><div class="wp-block-column"></div></div><div class="wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-right"><div class="wp-block-column"><p>CO<sub>2</sub><strong> </strong>emissions per dollar are used to measure how carbon-intensive a country’s economy is (hence why it is often called the ‘carbon intensity of economies’).</p><p>We calculate this by dividing a country or region’s annual CO<sub>2</sub> emissions by its total annual gross domestic product (GDP).</p><p>The source for the annual CO<sub>2</sub> emissions data is the Global Carbon Project, as described above.</p><p>The source for GDP data is the <a href="https://www.rug.nl/ggdc/historicaldevelopment/maddison/releases/maddison-project-database-2020">Maddison Project database</a>. We calculate total GDP by multiplying the Maddison metric of GDP per capita, by total population. You can find our chart with this data <a href="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/maddison-data-gdp-per-capita-in-2011us">here</a>. GDP is measured in constant 2011 international-dollars. This means that it adjusts for price changes over time (inflation) and price differences between countries.</p><p><strong>Full citation: </strong>Maddison Project Database, version 2020. Bolt, Jutta and Jan Luiten van Zanden (2020), “Maddison style estimates of the evolution of the world economy. A new 2020 update”.</p></div><div class="wp-block-column"></div></div><div class="wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-right"><div class="wp-block-column"><h4 id="emissions-embedded-in-trade">Emissions embedded in trade<a class="deep-link" href="#emissions-embedded-in-trade"></a></h4></div><div class="wp-block-column"></div></div><div class="wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-right"><div class="wp-block-column"><p>We calculate this as the difference between a country’s consumption-based emissions and production-based emissions. This means it is the <em>net</em> trade of emissions.</p><p>It is equal to consumption-based emissions minus production-based emissions in any given year. This means net <em>importers</em> of emissions have positive values. Net <em>exporters</em> have negative values.</p><p>This metric is shown <a href="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/co-emissions-embedded-in-global-trade">here</a>.</p></div><div class="wp-block-column"></div></div><div class="wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-right"><div class="wp-block-column"><h4 id="emissions-embedded-in-trade-as-a-share-of-domestic-emissions">Emissions embedded in trade as a share of domestic emissions<a class="deep-link" href="#emissions-embedded-in-trade-as-a-share-of-domestic-emissions"></a></h4></div><div class="wp-block-column"></div></div><div class="wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-right"><div class="wp-block-column"><p>We calculate this by taking the metric described above – net emissions embedded in trade – and dividing it by a country’s production-based (domestic) emissions.</p><p>Again, positive values mean a country is a net importer of emissions. Negative values mean a country is a net exporter.</p><p>This metric is shown <a href="https://ourworldindata.org/explorers/co2?facet=none&country=CHN~USA~IND~GBR&Gas=CO%E2%82%82&Accounting=Consumption-based&Fuel=Total&Count=Share+of+emissions+embedded+in+trade">here</a>.</p></div><div class="wp-block-column"></div></div><h3 id="common-fa-qs-about-this-emissions-data">Common FAQs about this emissions data<a class="deep-link" href="#common-fa-qs-about-this-emissions-data"></a></h3><div class="wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-right"><div class="wp-block-column"><h4 id="how-often-is-this-data-updated">How often is this data updated?<a class="deep-link" href="#how-often-is-this-data-updated"></a></h4></div><div class="wp-block-column"></div></div><div class="wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-right"><div class="wp-block-column"><p>The Global Carbon Project (GCP) updates its data annually – typically in November or December each year. We aim to update very soon after each new release.</p></div><div class="wp-block-column"></div></div><div class="wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-right"><div class="wp-block-column"><h4 id="how-do-researchers-estimate-and-construct-long-term-co2-emissions">How do researchers estimate and construct long-term CO<sub>2</sub> emissions?<a class="deep-link" href="#how-do-researchers-estimate-and-construct-long-term-co2-emissions"></a></h4></div><div class="wp-block-column"></div></div><div class="wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-right"><div class="wp-block-column"><p>Unlike atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> <em>concentrations</em> which we can monitor directly in the modern day, our <em>emissions</em> of CO<sub>2</sub> from energy production and industry are not measured directly.</p><p>Instead, researchers estimate them indirectly based on the amount of fuel that we burn, and the amount of industrial products we produce.</p><p>Calculating the amount of CO<sub>2</sub> emitted from energy production is relatively simple. We need to know three things:</p><ol><li>How much of a given fuel (e.g. coal) is burned</li><li>The carbon content of this fuel</li><li>How much of this carbon is oxidised in the combustion process</li></ol><p>By multiplying these figures together we can estimate the CO<sub>2</sub> produced from a given fuel:</p><blockquote class="wp-block-quote"><p><em>CO<sub>2</sub> (in terms of carbon) = Quantity of fuel burned * Carbon content of this fuel * Fraction of this carbon that is oxidised</em></p></blockquote><p>Points (2) and (3) are now well-established for the range of fuels that we use for energy – coal, oil, and gas (as well as the variation within these fuels – for example, lignite is a form of coal that has a low carbon content <a href="https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/coal/">compared to</a> bituminous coal).</p><p>For factor (1) researchers use detailed accounts of fossil fuel extraction, production, and trade to estimate how much of a given fuel is burned in each country. For a country, this would be calculated as:</p><blockquote class="wp-block-quote"><p><em>Consumption = Production – Exports + Imports + Change in stocks</em></p></blockquote><p>For modern data this is much more straightforward: most countries and industries have and need detailed accounts of energy supply and demand (<em>see our </em><a href="https://ourworldindata.org/explorers/energy"><em>Energy Data Explorer</em></a><em>, for example</em>).</p><p>Researchers have invested large efforts into reconstructions of historical energy statistics, dating back to 1750 (see, for example, Andres et al. (1999); Etemad et al. (1998)). The further back in time we go, the less detailed our records are; and for some countries, these figures have greater uncertainty. Nonetheless, they provide solid estimates of long-term trends in energy consumption – and derived CO<sub>2</sub> emissions.</p></div><div class="wp-block-column"></div></div><div class="wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-right"><div class="wp-block-column"><h4 id="are-emissions-from-land-use-change-included">Are emissions from land use change included?<a class="deep-link" href="#are-emissions-from-land-use-change-included"></a></h4></div><div class="wp-block-column"></div></div><div class="wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-right"><div class="wp-block-column"><p>The majority of the data we present CO<sub>2</sub> – specifically all of the data we show for CO<sub>2 </sub>in our data explorer – does not include emissions from land-use change. It only includes fossil emissions from energy production (the burning of coal, oil, gas, and flaring), and more industrial processes with direct emissions, which include cement and steel manufacturing.</p><p>In our chart <a href="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/global-co2-fossil-plus-land-use?country=~OWID_WRL">here</a> we show global emissions from land-use change as a separate time series.</p><p>The reason that land-use change is not included in national emissions estimates is because of the large uncertainties in this data, and difficulties in monitoring it at the resolution necessary to provide annual updates.</p></div><div class="wp-block-column"></div></div><div class="wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-right"><div class="wp-block-column"><h4 id="are-emissions-from-aviation-and-shipping-included">Are emissions from aviation and shipping included?<a class="deep-link" href="#are-emissions-from-aviation-and-shipping-included"></a></h4></div><div class="wp-block-column"></div></div><div class="wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-right"><div class="wp-block-column"><p>Emissions from domestic aviation and shipping <em>are</em> included in each country’s total. Emissions from international aviation and shipping <em>are not</em> included in any country or region’s total. This is because there is no international agreement on how these emissions should be allocated: should they, for example, be allocated to the country of origin or destination? In our <a href="https://ourworldindata.org/carbon-footprint-flying">related article</a><strong> </strong>we look at a separate dataset on emissions from aviation.</p><p>They are, however, included in the global total. You also <a href="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/annual-co-emissions-by-region">find it here</a> as a separate category.</p></div><div class="wp-block-column"></div></div><div class="wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-right"><div class="wp-block-column"><h4 id="does-this-data-account-for-emissions-embedded-in-traded-goods">Does this data account for emissions embedded in traded goods?<a class="deep-link" href="#does-this-data-account-for-emissions-embedded-in-traded-goods"></a></h4></div><div class="wp-block-column"></div></div><div class="wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-right"><div class="wp-block-column"><p>We report CO<sub>2</sub> emissions in two ways:</p><ul><li>The standard reported metric is <a href="https://ourworldindata.org/explorers/co2?facet=none&country=CHN~USA~IND~GBR~OWID_WRL&Gas=CO%E2%82%82&Accounting=Production-based&Fuel=Total&Count=Per+capita">production-based CO<sub>2</sub> emissions</a>. This is the metric typically reported by countries, and the method used to set targets and monitor progress towards them. It <em>does not</em> adjust for emissions embedded in traded goods. It allocates emissions to each country on the basis of <em>where the CO<sub>2</sub> was emitted</em>. For example, If China burns coal to produce goods that are then sold and shipped to the UK, these emissions are allocated to China.</li></ul><ul><li>We also provide <a href="https://ourworldindata.org/explorers/co2?facet=none&country=CHN~USA~IND~GBR~OWID_WRL&Gas=CO%E2%82%82&Accounting=Consumption-based&Fuel=Total&Count=Per+capita">consumption-based CO<sub>2</sub> emissions</a> as a second metric. This <em>does</em> adjust for emissions embedded in traded goods and services. Emissions are allocated to the country where the final goods are used. In the example above, the emissions would instead be allocated to the UK.</li></ul><p><strong>Unless specified as consumption-based emissions in our charts or data, it is production-based CO</strong><strong><sub>2</sub></strong><strong> emissions that are being used.</strong></p></div><div class="wp-block-column"></div></div><div class="wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-right"><div class="wp-block-column"><h4 id="why-are-consumption-based-emissions-only-available-from-1990-why-are-they-not-available-for-all-countries">Why are consumption-based emissions only available from 1990? Why are they not available for all countries?<a class="deep-link" href="#why-are-consumption-based-emissions-only-available-from-1990-why-are-they-not-available-for-all-countries"></a></h4></div><div class="wp-block-column"></div></div><div class="wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-right"><div class="wp-block-column"><p>To calculate consumption-based emissions we need detailed trade data between countries and the emissions intensity (the amount of CO<sub>2</sub> emitted per dollar spent) across many industries and sectors in each country. Prior to 1990, there is insufficient high-quality, high-resolution data to produce these calculations.</p><p>For this same reason – insufficient high-resolution trade data – it is not currently possible to calculate consumption-based emissions for all countries. It is mostly high-income and major economies that are included.</p><p>Consumption-based emissions also always lag production-based emissions by one year. For example, when production-based emissions for 2020 were released, the latest year for consumption-based emissions was 2019. This is because the required resolution of trade data was not yet available for 2020.</p></div><div class="wp-block-column"></div></div><div class="wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-right"><div class="wp-block-column"><h4 id="why-are-emissions-from-cement-reported-as-an-individual-category">Why are emissions from cement reported as an individual category?<a class="deep-link" href="#why-are-emissions-from-cement-reported-as-an-individual-category"></a></h4></div><div class="wp-block-column"></div></div><div class="wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-right"><div class="wp-block-column"><p>You will notice in our charts which show the <a href="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/CO2-by-source">breakdown of emissions by fuel type</a> (coal, oil, gas) that cement is also included as an individual category.</p><p>This category captures the <em>direct</em> CO<sub>2</sub> emissions from the industrial process used in cement production. </p><p>Cement has a binding agent called ‘clinker’. To produce this clinker, limestone (calcium carbonate: CaCO<sub>3</sub>) is heated to very high temperatures in a low-oxygen environment. This produces lime (CaO). But it also produces CO<sub>2 </sub>as a by-product. So, we get:</p><blockquote class="wp-block-quote"><p>CaCO<sub>3</sub> + heat —> CaO + CO<sub>2</sub></p></blockquote><p>These are direct emissions from the cement production process. They account for around half of cement’s <em>total</em> emissions (the direct emissions from this process, plus indirect emissions from energy use). Only the direct emissions for cement are allocated to this category in this dataset.</p><p>The <em>indirect</em> emissions from producing energy to power this process are not included in the ‘cement’ category: they are allocated, instead, to the relevant fuels (coal, oil, gas) used in the energy process.</p></div><div class="wp-block-column"></div></div><div class="wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-right"><div class="wp-block-column"><h4 id="why-are-total-greenhouse-gas-emissions-lower-than-co2-emissions-from-fossil-fuels-for-some-countries">Why are total greenhouse gas emissions <em>lower</em> than CO<sub>2</sub> emissions from fossil fuels for some countries?<a class="deep-link" href="#why-are-total-greenhouse-gas-emissions-lower-than-co2-emissions-from-fossil-fuels-for-some-countries"></a></h4></div><div class="wp-block-column"></div></div><div class="wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-right"><div class="wp-block-column"><p>For some countries, <a href="https://ourworldindata.org/explorers/co2?tab=map&facet=none&country=CHN~USA~IND~GBR~OWID_WRL&Gas=All+GHGs+%28CO%E2%82%82eq%29&Accounting=Production-based&Fuel=Total&Count=Per+capita">total greenhouse gas emissions</a> can be <em>lower</em> than emissions from fossil fuels, or in some cases they can even be negative. </p><p>This is because the metric of total greenhouse gas emissions includes emissions from land use change. In some years, land use emissions can be ‘negative’, if a country sequesters a lot of CO<sub>2</sub> through reforestation or carbon sequestration. If land use change emissions are negative, total greenhouse gas emissions can appear to be lower than CO<sub>2</sub> emissions from fossil fuels. If a country has very large negative emissions, total greenhouse gas emissions can also be negative.</p><p>Note that there is significant uncertainty in land use change emissions – significantly more than emissions from fossil fuels.</p></div><div class="wp-block-column"></div></div><h3 id="explore-this-data-in-our-data-explorer">Explore this data in our Data Explorer<a class="deep-link" href="#explore-this-data-in-our-data-explorer"></a></h3><div class="wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-right"><div class="wp-block-column"><div class="block-wrapper"><div class="wp-block-owid-prominent-link with-image" data-no-lightbox="true" data-style="is-style-thin" data-title="CO₂ Emissions Data Explorer"><a href="https://ourworldindata.org/explorers/co2"><figure><img width="768" height="402" src="https://ourworldindata.org/uploads/2020/08/CO2-Landing-page-768x402.png" class="attachment-medium_large size-medium_large" alt="Co2 landing page" loading="lazy" srcset="https://ourworldindata.org/uploads/2020/08/CO2-Landing-page-768x402.png 768w, https://ourworldindata.org/uploads/2020/08/CO2-Landing-page-400x209.png 400w, https://ourworldindata.org/uploads/2020/08/CO2-Landing-page-800x419.png 800w, https://ourworldindata.org/uploads/2020/08/CO2-Landing-page-150x79.png 150w, https://ourworldindata.org/uploads/2020/08/CO2-Landing-page.png 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px" data-high-res-src="https://ourworldindata.org/uploads/2020/08/CO2-Landing-page.png"></figure><div class="content-wrapper"><div class="title"><span>CO₂ Emissions Data Explorer</span><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="arrow-right" class="svg-inline--fa fa-arrow-right " role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M438.6 278.6l-160 160C272.4 444.9 264.2 448 256 448s-16.38-3.125-22.62-9.375c-12.5-12.5-12.5-32.75 0-45.25L338.8 288H32C14.33 288 .0016 273.7 .0016 256S14.33 224 32 224h306.8l-105.4-105.4c-12.5-12.5-12.5-32.75 0-45.25s32.75-12.5 45.25 0l160 160C451.1 245.9 451.1 266.1 438.6 278.6z"></path></svg></div></div></a></div></div></div><div class="wp-block-column"></div></div></section>
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