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Milk-derived microRNAs (miRNAs) have attracted increasing attention due to their involvement in regulation of biological processes. However, the degree to which these molecules are conserved in infant formulas remains unclear. Herein, a high-throughput small RNA sequencing was performed to reveal the profile of miRNAs from camel milk, buffalo milk, and commercial infant formulas. Compared with raw milk, infant formulas exhibited significant reductions in miRNA diversity and abundance. Camel and buffalo milk were enriched in development- and immune-related miRNAs, comprising let-7, miR-2887, miR-2904, and miR-1246, whereas formulas reserved limited subsets at lower levels. Functional enrichment analysis indicated that raw milk–derived miRNAs were involved in immune-associated pathways, signifying conserved functions in immune regulation across species. Although both camel and buffalo milk display immunological significance through miRNA-facilitated gene regulation, camel milk miRNAs seem to target a broader spectrum of pathways, including those involved in cellular interactions and viral defense. Furthermore, protein–protein interaction analysis for the highly expressed miRNA targets identified central regulatory hubs such as HLA, LILRB1, LIN28B, and TUT4, involved in RNA processing, immunity, and stem cell maintenance. This study could offer a molecular foundation to support the expansion of next-generation infant formulas that more effectively retain functional RNA components of raw milk.
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<xocs:normalized-article-title>LOSSNUTRITIONALLYRELEVANTMICRORNASINCOWMILKBASEDINFANTFORMULASCOMPAREDRAWCAMELBUFFALOMILKREVEALSMOLECULARFUNCTIONALDISPARITIES</xocs:normalized-article-title>
<xocs:normalized-first-auth-surname>ALI</xocs:normalized-first-auth-surname>
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<xocs:item-toc-section-title>INTRODUCTION</xocs:item-toc-section-title>
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<xocs:item-toc-section-title>MATERIALS AND METHODS</xocs:item-toc-section-title>
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<xocs:item-toc-section-title>Collection of Milk Samples and Infant Formulas</xocs:item-toc-section-title>
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<xocs:item-toc-section-title>Extraction of RNA from Raw Milk and Infant Formulas</xocs:item-toc-section-title>
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<xocs:item-toc-section-title>Adapter Trimming</xocs:item-toc-section-title>
</xocs:item-toc-entry>
<xocs:item-toc-entry ref-elem="ce:sections">
<xocs:item-toc-section-title>Clustering and Ribosomal RNA Filtering</xocs:item-toc-section-title>
</xocs:item-toc-entry>
<xocs:item-toc-entry ref-elem="ce:sections">
<xocs:item-toc-section-title>Quantification of Mature miRNA Abundances</xocs:item-toc-section-title>
</xocs:item-toc-entry>
<xocs:item-toc-entry ref-elem="ce:sections">
<xocs:item-toc-section-title>Functional Enrichment Analysis</xocs:item-toc-section-title>
</xocs:item-toc-entry>
</xocs:item-toc-entry>
<xocs:item-toc-entry ref-elem="ce:sections">
<xocs:item-toc-section-title>RESULTS</xocs:item-toc-section-title>
<xocs:item-toc-entry ref-elem="ce:sections">
<xocs:item-toc-section-title>Extraction of RNA from Raw Milk and Infant Formulas</xocs:item-toc-section-title>
</xocs:item-toc-entry>
<xocs:item-toc-entry ref-elem="ce:sections">
<xocs:item-toc-section-title>Raw Data and Trimming Data Statistics</xocs:item-toc-section-title>
</xocs:item-toc-entry>
<xocs:item-toc-entry ref-elem="ce:sections">
<xocs:item-toc-section-title>Quantification of Mature MiRNA Abundance</xocs:item-toc-section-title>
</xocs:item-toc-entry>
<xocs:item-toc-entry ref-elem="ce:sections">
<xocs:item-toc-section-title>KEGG Pathway Enrichment Analysis</xocs:item-toc-section-title>
</xocs:item-toc-entry>
<xocs:item-toc-entry ref-elem="ce:sections">
<xocs:item-toc-section-title>GO Enrichment Analysis</xocs:item-toc-section-title>
</xocs:item-toc-entry>
<xocs:item-toc-entry ref-elem="ce:sections">
<xocs:item-toc-section-title>Protein–Protein Interaction Network of Target Genes from Top MiRNAs</xocs:item-toc-section-title>
</xocs:item-toc-entry>
</xocs:item-toc-entry>
<xocs:item-toc-entry ref-elem="ce:sections">
<xocs:item-toc-section-title>DISCUSSION</xocs:item-toc-section-title>
</xocs:item-toc-entry>
<xocs:item-toc-entry ref-elem="ce:sections">
<xocs:item-toc-section-title>CONCLUSIONS</xocs:item-toc-section-title>
</xocs:item-toc-entry>
<xocs:item-toc-entry ref-elem="ce:acknowledgment">
<xocs:item-toc-section-title>NOTES</xocs:item-toc-section-title>
</xocs:item-toc-entry>
<xocs:item-toc-entry ref-elem="ce:bibliography">
<xocs:item-toc-section-title>REFERENCES</xocs:item-toc-section-title>
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<xocs:ref-first-fp>1</xocs:ref-first-fp>
<xocs:ref-normalized-initial>T</xocs:ref-normalized-initial>
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<xocs:ref-first-fp>997</xocs:ref-first-fp>
<xocs:ref-normalized-initial>S</xocs:ref-normalized-initial>
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<xocs:ref-normalized-surname>COLELLA</xocs:ref-normalized-surname>
<xocs:ref-pub-year>2021</xocs:ref-pub-year>
<xocs:ref-normalized-initial>A</xocs:ref-normalized-initial>
<xocs:ref-normalized-srctitle>IMPACTPROCESSINGCONTENTCOMPOSITIONBOVINEMILKEXTRACELLULARVESICLES</xocs:ref-normalized-srctitle>
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<xocs:ref-normalized-surname>DEVECI</xocs:ref-normalized-surname>
<xocs:ref-pub-year>2023</xocs:ref-pub-year>
<xocs:ref-first-fp>1</xocs:ref-first-fp>
<xocs:ref-last-lp>10</xocs:ref-last-lp>
<xocs:ref-normalized-initial>G</xocs:ref-normalized-initial>
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<xocs:ref-pub-year>2022</xocs:ref-pub-year>
<xocs:ref-first-fp>946</xocs:ref-first-fp>
<xocs:ref-last-lp>960</xocs:ref-last-lp>
<xocs:ref-normalized-initial>K</xocs:ref-normalized-initial>
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<xocs:ref-normalized-surname>FREIRIAMARTINEZ</xocs:ref-normalized-surname>
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<xocs:ref-article-number>3284</xocs:ref-article-number>
<xocs:ref-normalized-initial>L</xocs:ref-normalized-initial>
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<xocs:ref-pub-year>2012</xocs:ref-pub-year>
<xocs:ref-first-fp>37</xocs:ref-first-fp>
<xocs:ref-last-lp>52</xocs:ref-last-lp>
<xocs:ref-normalized-initial>M</xocs:ref-normalized-initial>
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<xocs:ref-normalized-surname>GREGG</xocs:ref-normalized-surname>
<xocs:ref-pub-year>2022</xocs:ref-pub-year>
<xocs:ref-article-number>e12892</xocs:ref-article-number>
<xocs:ref-normalized-initial>B</xocs:ref-normalized-initial>
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<xocs:ref-pub-year>2018</xocs:ref-pub-year>
<xocs:ref-first-fp>126</xocs:ref-first-fp>
<xocs:ref-last-lp>132</xocs:ref-last-lp>
<xocs:ref-normalized-initial>A</xocs:ref-normalized-initial>
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<xocs:ref-normalized-surname>HATMAL</xocs:ref-normalized-surname>
<xocs:ref-pub-year>2022</xocs:ref-pub-year>
<xocs:ref-article-number>1219</xocs:ref-article-number>
<xocs:ref-normalized-initial>M</xocs:ref-normalized-initial>
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<xocs:ref-normalized-surname>HEO</xocs:ref-normalized-surname>
<xocs:ref-pub-year>2009</xocs:ref-pub-year>
<xocs:ref-first-fp>696</xocs:ref-first-fp>
<xocs:ref-last-lp>708</xocs:ref-last-lp>
<xocs:ref-normalized-initial>I</xocs:ref-normalized-initial>
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<xocs:ref-normalized-surname>JAYAMANNAMOHOTTIGE</xocs:ref-normalized-surname>
<xocs:ref-pub-year>2025</xocs:ref-pub-year>
<xocs:ref-article-number>142471</xocs:ref-article-number>
<xocs:ref-normalized-initial>M</xocs:ref-normalized-initial>
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<xocs:ref-normalized-surname>JOHANSSON</xocs:ref-normalized-surname>
<xocs:ref-pub-year>2021</xocs:ref-pub-year>
<xocs:ref-first-fp>141</xocs:ref-first-fp>
<xocs:ref-last-lp>153</xocs:ref-last-lp>
<xocs:ref-normalized-initial>K</xocs:ref-normalized-initial>
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<xocs:ref-info refid="sbref230">
<xocs:ref-normalized-surname>KHAN</xocs:ref-normalized-surname>
<xocs:ref-pub-year>2021</xocs:ref-pub-year>
<xocs:ref-first-fp>788</xocs:ref-first-fp>
<xocs:ref-normalized-initial>M</xocs:ref-normalized-initial>
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<xocs:ref-info refid="sbref240">
<xocs:ref-normalized-surname>KIM</xocs:ref-normalized-surname>
<xocs:ref-pub-year>2020</xocs:ref-pub-year>
<xocs:ref-first-fp>301</xocs:ref-first-fp>
<xocs:ref-last-lp>309</xocs:ref-last-lp>
<xocs:ref-normalized-initial>S</xocs:ref-normalized-initial>
</xocs:ref-info>
<xocs:ref-info refid="sbref250">
<xocs:ref-normalized-surname>KITTUR</xocs:ref-normalized-surname>
<xocs:ref-pub-year>2025</xocs:ref-pub-year>
<xocs:ref-article-number>22704</xocs:ref-article-number>
<xocs:ref-normalized-initial>P</xocs:ref-normalized-initial>
</xocs:ref-info>
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<xocs:ref-normalized-surname>KOZOMARA</xocs:ref-normalized-surname>
<xocs:ref-pub-year>2014</xocs:ref-pub-year>
<xocs:ref-first-fp>D68</xocs:ref-first-fp>
<xocs:ref-last-lp>D73</xocs:ref-last-lp>
<xocs:ref-normalized-initial>A</xocs:ref-normalized-initial>
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<xocs:ref-normalized-surname>LANGMEAD</xocs:ref-normalized-surname>
<xocs:ref-pub-year>2009</xocs:ref-pub-year>
<xocs:ref-first-fp>R5</xocs:ref-first-fp>
<xocs:ref-normalized-initial>B</xocs:ref-normalized-initial>
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<xocs:ref-normalized-surname>LEIFERMAN</xocs:ref-normalized-surname>
<xocs:ref-pub-year>2019</xocs:ref-pub-year>
<xocs:ref-first-fp>235</xocs:ref-first-fp>
<xocs:ref-last-lp>238</xocs:ref-last-lp>
<xocs:ref-normalized-initial>A</xocs:ref-normalized-initial>
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<xocs:ref-normalized-surname>LEROUX</xocs:ref-normalized-surname>
<xocs:ref-pub-year>2021</xocs:ref-pub-year>
<xocs:ref-first-fp>1625</xocs:ref-first-fp>
<xocs:ref-last-lp>1635</xocs:ref-last-lp>
<xocs:ref-normalized-initial>C</xocs:ref-normalized-initial>
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<xocs:ref-pub-year>2022</xocs:ref-pub-year>
<xocs:ref-first-fp>14</xocs:ref-first-fp>
<xocs:ref-normalized-initial>A</xocs:ref-normalized-initial>
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<xocs:ref-pub-year>2017</xocs:ref-pub-year>
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<xocs:ref-normalized-initial>Y</xocs:ref-normalized-initial>
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<xocs:ref-normalized-surname>LOGESHWARAN</xocs:ref-normalized-surname>
<xocs:ref-pub-year>2020</xocs:ref-pub-year>
<xocs:ref-first-fp>3</xocs:ref-first-fp>
<xocs:ref-last-lp>34</xocs:ref-last-lp>
<xocs:ref-normalized-initial>A</xocs:ref-normalized-initial>
<xocs:ref-normalized-srctitle>FOODSCIENCETECHNOLOGYNUTRITIONFORBABIESCHILDREN</xocs:ref-normalized-srctitle>
<xocs:ref-normalized-article-title>INFANTMILKFORMULAS</xocs:ref-normalized-article-title>
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<xocs:ref-pub-year>2011</xocs:ref-pub-year>
<xocs:ref-first-fp>10</xocs:ref-first-fp>
<xocs:ref-last-lp>12</xocs:ref-last-lp>
<xocs:ref-normalized-initial>M</xocs:ref-normalized-initial>
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<xocs:ref-pub-year>2014</xocs:ref-pub-year>
<xocs:ref-first-fp>43</xocs:ref-first-fp>
<xocs:ref-normalized-initial>B</xocs:ref-normalized-initial>
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<xocs:ref-normalized-surname>MELNIK</xocs:ref-normalized-surname>
<xocs:ref-pub-year>2021</xocs:ref-pub-year>
<xocs:ref-first-fp>851</xocs:ref-first-fp>
<xocs:ref-normalized-initial>B</xocs:ref-normalized-initial>
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<xocs:ref-normalized-surname>PARISI</xocs:ref-normalized-surname>
<xocs:ref-pub-year>2020</xocs:ref-pub-year>
<xocs:ref-first-fp>362</xocs:ref-first-fp>
<xocs:ref-normalized-initial>S</xocs:ref-normalized-initial>
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<xocs:ref-first-fp>D128</xocs:ref-first-fp>
<xocs:ref-last-lp>D134</xocs:ref-last-lp>
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<xocs:ref-normalized-surname>ROBINSON</xocs:ref-normalized-surname>
<xocs:ref-pub-year>2010</xocs:ref-pub-year>
<xocs:ref-first-fp>139</xocs:ref-first-fp>
<xocs:ref-last-lp>140</xocs:ref-last-lp>
<xocs:ref-normalized-initial>M</xocs:ref-normalized-initial>
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<xocs:ref-normalized-surname>SAHA</xocs:ref-normalized-surname>
<xocs:ref-pub-year>2024</xocs:ref-pub-year>
<xocs:ref-first-fp>269</xocs:ref-first-fp>
<xocs:ref-last-lp>281</xocs:ref-last-lp>
<xocs:ref-normalized-initial>S</xocs:ref-normalized-initial>
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<xocs:ref-normalized-surname>SHARMA</xocs:ref-normalized-surname>
<xocs:ref-pub-year>2025</xocs:ref-pub-year>
<xocs:ref-first-fp>824</xocs:ref-first-fp>
<xocs:ref-last-lp>840</xocs:ref-last-lp>
<xocs:ref-normalized-initial>B</xocs:ref-normalized-initial>
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<xocs:ref-normalized-surname>SHENOY</xocs:ref-normalized-surname>
<xocs:ref-pub-year>2014</xocs:ref-pub-year>
<xocs:ref-first-fp>565</xocs:ref-first-fp>
<xocs:ref-last-lp>576</xocs:ref-last-lp>
<xocs:ref-normalized-initial>A</xocs:ref-normalized-initial>
</xocs:ref-info>
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<xocs:ref-normalized-surname>SLATER</xocs:ref-normalized-surname>
<xocs:ref-pub-year>2024</xocs:ref-pub-year>
<xocs:ref-first-fp>235</xocs:ref-first-fp>
<xocs:ref-last-lp>247</xocs:ref-last-lp>
<xocs:ref-normalized-initial>C</xocs:ref-normalized-initial>
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<xocs:ref-normalized-surname>SLYKGULEWSKA</xocs:ref-normalized-surname>
<xocs:ref-pub-year>2023</xocs:ref-pub-year>
<xocs:ref-first-fp>520</xocs:ref-first-fp>
<xocs:ref-last-lp>526</xocs:ref-last-lp>
<xocs:ref-normalized-initial>P</xocs:ref-normalized-initial>
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<xocs:ref-pub-year>2024</xocs:ref-pub-year>
<xocs:ref-article-number>1487</xocs:ref-article-number>
<xocs:ref-normalized-initial>H</xocs:ref-normalized-initial>
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<xocs:ref-pub-year>2019</xocs:ref-pub-year>
<xocs:ref-first-fp>5</xocs:ref-first-fp>
<xocs:ref-last-lp>20</xocs:ref-last-lp>
<xocs:ref-normalized-initial>T</xocs:ref-normalized-initial>
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<xocs:ref-pub-year>2014</xocs:ref-pub-year>
<xocs:ref-first-fp>15</xocs:ref-first-fp>
<xocs:ref-last-lp>31</xocs:ref-last-lp>
<xocs:ref-normalized-initial>K</xocs:ref-normalized-initial>
<xocs:ref-normalized-srctitle>MIRNOMICSMICRORNABIOLOGYCOMPUTATIONALANALYSIS</xocs:ref-normalized-srctitle>
<xocs:ref-normalized-article-title>ROLEMICRORNASINBIOLOGICALPROCESSES</xocs:ref-normalized-article-title>
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<xocs:ref-pub-year>2022</xocs:ref-pub-year>
<xocs:ref-first-fp>11</xocs:ref-first-fp>
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<xocs:ref-pub-year>2022</xocs:ref-pub-year>
<xocs:ref-first-fp>216</xocs:ref-first-fp>
<xocs:ref-last-lp>226</xocs:ref-last-lp>
<xocs:ref-normalized-initial>P</xocs:ref-normalized-initial>
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<xocs:ref-pub-year>2016</xocs:ref-pub-year>
<xocs:ref-first-fp>2841</xocs:ref-first-fp>
<xocs:ref-last-lp>2848</xocs:ref-last-lp>
<xocs:ref-normalized-initial>H</xocs:ref-normalized-initial>
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<xocs:ref-pub-year>2025</xocs:ref-pub-year>
<xocs:ref-first-fp>2388</xocs:ref-first-fp>
<xocs:ref-last-lp>2403</xocs:ref-last-lp>
<xocs:ref-normalized-initial>K</xocs:ref-normalized-initial>
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<ce:figure id="fig3">
<ce:label>Figure 3</ce:label>
<ce:caption id="cecap30">
<ce:simple-para id="spara30" view="all">Biological process (Gene Ontology, GO) enrichment analysis of miRNA target genes with false discovery rate (FDR) <0.05 in camel milk (A), buffalo milk (B), and 4 commercial infant formulas (C–F).</ce:simple-para>
</ce:caption>
<ce:link locator="gr3" xlink:type="simple" xlink:role="http://data.elsevier.com/vocabulary/ElsevierContentTypes/23.4" xlink:href="pii:S0022030225008987/gr3"/>
</ce:figure>
<ce:figure id="fig4">
<ce:label>Figure 4</ce:label>
<ce:caption id="cecap40">
<ce:simple-para id="spara40" view="all">Molecular function (Gene Ontology, GO) enrichment analysis of miRNA target genes with false discovery rate (FDR) <0.05 in camel milk (A), buffalo milk (B), and 4 commercial infant formulas (C–F).</ce:simple-para>
</ce:caption>
<ce:link locator="gr4" xlink:type="simple" xlink:role="http://data.elsevier.com/vocabulary/ElsevierContentTypes/23.4" xlink:href="pii:S0022030225008987/gr4"/>
</ce:figure>
<ce:figure id="fig5">
<ce:label>Figure 5</ce:label>
<ce:caption id="cecap50">
<ce:simple-para id="spara50" view="all">Cellular component (Gene Ontology, GO) enrichment analysis of miRNA target genes with false discovery rate (FDR) <0.05 in camel milk (A), buffalo milk (B), and 4 commercial infant formulas (C–F).</ce:simple-para>
</ce:caption>
<ce:link locator="gr5" xlink:type="simple" xlink:role="http://data.elsevier.com/vocabulary/ElsevierContentTypes/23.4" xlink:href="pii:S0022030225008987/gr5"/>
</ce:figure>
<ce:figure id="fig6">
<ce:label>Figure 6</ce:label>
<ce:caption id="cecap60">
<ce:simple-para id="spara60" view="all">Network analysis of the target genes of the highly expressed miRNAs in camel milk, buffalo milk, and infant formulas, showing complex protein–protein interaction networks.</ce:simple-para>
</ce:caption>
<ce:link locator="gr6" xlink:type="simple" xlink:role="http://data.elsevier.com/vocabulary/ElsevierContentTypes/23.4" xlink:href="pii:S0022030225008987/gr6"/>
</ce:figure>
<ce:table xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/cals/dtd" id="tbl1" frame="topbot" rowsep="0" colsep="0">
<ce:label>Table 1</ce:label>
<ce:caption id="cecap70">
<ce:simple-para id="spara70" view="all">Summary of read preprocessing</ce:simple-para>
</ce:caption>
<tgroup cols="6">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3"/>
<colspec colnum="4" colname="col4"/>
<colspec colnum="5" colname="col5"/>
<colspec colnum="6" colname="col6"/>
<thead>
<row valign="top" rowsep="1">
<entry xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" align="left">Sample</entry>
<entry xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" align="center">Total read counts</entry>
<entry xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" align="center">Trimmed read counts (%)</entry>
<entry xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" align="center">Non-adapter read counts (%)</entry>
<entry xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" align="center">Short read counts (%)</entry>
<entry xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" align="center">Low-quality read counts (%)</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row valign="top">
<entry xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" morerows="1" align="left">Camel milk</entry>
<entry xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" morerows="1" align="char" char=".">69,775,367</entry>
<entry xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" align="char" char=".">45,540,509</entry>
<entry xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" align="char" char=".">1,202,187</entry>
<entry xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" align="char" char=".">22,945,181</entry>
<entry xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" align="char" char=".">87,490</entry>
</row>
<row valign="top">
<entry xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" align="char" char=".">(65.27%)</entry>
<entry xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" align="char" char=".">(1.72%)</entry>
<entry xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" align="char" char=".">(32.88%)</entry>
<entry xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" align="char" char=".">(0.13%)</entry>
</row>
<row valign="top">
<entry xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" morerows="1" align="left">Buffalo milk</entry>
<entry xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" morerows="1" align="char" char=".">69,976,211</entry>
<entry xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" align="char" char=".">57,066,630</entry>
<entry xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" align="char" char=".">408,348</entry>
<entry xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" align="char" char=".">12,450,274</entry>
<entry xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" align="char" char=".">50,959</entry>
</row>
<row valign="top">
<entry xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" align="char" char=".">(81.55%)</entry>
<entry xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" align="char" char=".">(0.58%)</entry>
<entry xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" align="char" char=".">(17.79%)</entry>
<entry xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" align="char" char=".">(0.07%)</entry>
</row>
<row valign="top">
<entry xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" morerows="1" align="left">Formula 1</entry>
<entry xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" morerows="1" align="char" char=".">45,085,805</entry>
<entry xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" align="char" char=".">25,974,363</entry>
<entry xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" align="char" char=".">295,552</entry>
<entry xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" align="char" char=".">18,774,060</entry>
<entry xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" align="char" char=".">41,830</entry>
</row>
<row valign="top">
<entry xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" align="char" char=".">(57.61%)</entry>
<entry xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" align="char" char=".">(0.66%)</entry>
<entry xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" align="char" char=".">(41.64%)</entry>
<entry xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" align="char" char=".">(0.09%)</entry>
</row>
<row valign="top">
<entry xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" morerows="1" align="left">Formula 2</entry>
<entry xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" morerows="1" align="char" char=".">49,254,659</entry>
<entry xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" align="char" char=".">33,962,360</entry>
<entry xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" align="char" char=".">154,226</entry>
<entry xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" align="char" char=".">15,093,206</entry>
<entry xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" align="char" char=".">44,867</entry>
</row>
<row valign="top">
<entry xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" align="char" char=".">(68.95%)</entry>
<entry xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" align="char" char=".">(0.31%)</entry>
<entry xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" align="char" char=".">(30.64%)</entry>
<entry xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" align="char" char=".">(0.09%)</entry>
</row>
<row valign="top">
<entry xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" morerows="1" align="left">Formula 3</entry>
<entry xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" morerows="1" align="char" char=".">46,002,571</entry>
<entry xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" align="char" char=".">29,834,531</entry>
<entry xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" align="char" char=".">867,358</entry>
<entry xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" align="char" char=".">15,258,295</entry>
<entry xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" align="char" char=".">42,387</entry>
</row>
<row valign="top">
<entry xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" align="char" char=".">(64.85%)</entry>
<entry xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" align="char" char=".">(1.89%)</entry>
<entry xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" align="char" char=".">(33.17%)</entry>
<entry xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" align="char" char=".">(0.09%)</entry>
</row>
<row valign="top">
<entry xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" morerows="1" align="left">Formula 4</entry>
<entry xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" morerows="1" align="char" char=".">46,795,775</entry>
<entry xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" align="char" char=".">10,604,644</entry>
<entry xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" align="char" char=".">171,157</entry>
<entry xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" align="char" char=".">36,011,575</entry>
<entry xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" align="char" char=".">8,399</entry>
</row>
<row valign="top">
<entry xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" align="char" char=".">(22.66%)</entry>
<entry xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" align="char" char=".">(0.37%)</entry>
<entry xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" align="char" char=".">(76.95%)</entry>
<entry xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" align="char" char=".">(0.02%)</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</ce:table>
<ce:table xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/cals/dtd" id="tbl2" frame="topbot" rowsep="0" colsep="0">
<ce:label>Table 2</ce:label>
<ce:caption id="cecap80">
<ce:simple-para id="spara80" view="all">Reads mapped to miRBase mature miRNAs</ce:simple-para>
</ce:caption>
<tgroup cols="6">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3"/>
<colspec colnum="4" colname="col4"/>
<colspec colnum="5" colname="col5"/>
<colspec colnum="6" colname="col6"/>
<thead>
<row valign="top" rowsep="1">
<entry xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" align="left">Sample</entry>
<entry xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" align="center">Processed reads</entry>
<entry xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" align="center">Mapped reads</entry>
<entry xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" align="center">Up 1 detected known mature miRNAs</entry>
<entry xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" align="center">Up 5 detected known mature miRNAs</entry>
<entry xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" align="center">Up 10 detected known mature miRNAs</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row valign="top">
<entry xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" align="left">Camel milk</entry>
<entry xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" align="char" char=".">46,742,696</entry>
<entry xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" align="char" char=".">172,205</entry>
<entry xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" align="char" char="/">163/1,030</entry>
<entry xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" align="char" char="/">149/1,030</entry>
<entry xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" align="char" char="/">130/1,030</entry>
</row>
<row valign="top">
<entry xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" align="left">Buffalo milk</entry>
<entry xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" align="char" char=".">57,474,978</entry>
<entry xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" align="char" char=".">152,884</entry>
<entry xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" align="char" char="/">273/1,030</entry>
<entry xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" align="char" char="/">161/1,030</entry>
<entry xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" align="char" char="/">130/1,030</entry>
</row>
<row valign="top">
<entry xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" align="left">Formula 1</entry>
<entry xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" align="char" char=".">26,269,915</entry>
<entry xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" align="char" char=".">1,302</entry>
<entry xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" align="char" char="/">93/1,030</entry>
<entry xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" align="char" char="/">33/1,030</entry>
<entry xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" align="char" char="/">17/1,030</entry>
</row>
<row valign="top">
<entry xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" align="left">Formula 2</entry>
<entry xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" align="char" char=".">34,116,586</entry>
<entry xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" align="char" char=".">1,425</entry>
<entry xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" align="char" char="/">90/1,030</entry>
<entry xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" align="char" char="/">35/1,030</entry>
<entry xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" align="char" char="/">23/1,030</entry>
</row>
<row valign="top">
<entry xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" align="left">Formula 3</entry>
<entry xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" align="char" char=".">30,701,889</entry>
<entry xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" align="char" char=".">139</entry>
<entry xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" align="char" char="/">30/1,030</entry>
<entry xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" align="char" char="/">4/1,030</entry>
<entry xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" align="char" char="/">3/1,030</entry>
</row>
<row valign="top">
<entry xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" align="left">Formula 4</entry>
<entry xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" align="char" char=".">24,286,262</entry>
<entry xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" align="char" char=".">726</entry>
<entry xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" align="char" char="/">12/1,030</entry>
<entry xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" align="char" char="/">8/1,030</entry>
<entry xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" align="char" char="/">4/1,030</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</ce:table>
</ce:floats>
<head>
<ce:title id="cetitle10">Loss of nutritionally relevant microRNAs in cow milk–based infant formulas compared with raw camel and buffalo milk reveals molecular and functional disparities</ce:title>
<ce:author-group id="aug10">
<ce:author id="au10a55" orcid="0000-0002-0929-2850" author-id="S0022030225008987-88feef3eb219ef0cd863d25d0b9c1535">
<ce:given-name>Abdelmoneim H.</ce:given-name>
<ce:surname>Ali</ce:surname>
<ce:cross-ref id="cecref10" refid="aff1">
<ce:sup loc="post">1</ce:sup>
</ce:cross-ref>
<ce:cross-ref id="cecref20" refid="cor1">*</ce:cross-ref>
</ce:author>
<ce:author id="au10a56" orcid="0000-0003-1986-8304" author-id="S0022030225008987-631b7c7c155095817bdb0f22d967e2dc">
<ce:given-name>Mayssa</ce:given-name>
<ce:surname>Hachem</ce:surname>
<ce:cross-ref id="cecref30" refid="aff2">
<ce:sup loc="post">2</ce:sup>
</ce:cross-ref>
</ce:author>
<ce:author id="au10" author-id="S0022030225008987-4aec502387efe7423de3f7f733d0a1bb">
<ce:given-name>Zain</ce:given-name>
<ce:surname>Najjar</ce:surname>
<ce:cross-ref id="cecref40" refid="aff1">