forked from mattmakai/fullstackpython.com
-
Notifications
You must be signed in to change notification settings - Fork 0
/
Copy pathweb-servers.html
487 lines (480 loc) · 25.5 KB
/
web-servers.html
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<meta name="author" content="Matt Makai">
<meta name="description" content="Full Stack Python explains each layer of the web application stack, from the server up through the rendering in a user's browser.">
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="theme/img/fsp-fav.png">
<title>Web Servers - Full Stack Python</title>
<link href="theme/css/fsp.css" rel="stylesheet">
<!--[if lt IE 9]>
<script src="https://oss.maxcdn.com/libs/html5shiv/3.7.0/html5shiv.js"></script>
<script src="https://oss.maxcdn.com/libs/respond.js/1.3.0/respond.min.js"></script>
<![endif]-->
<link href="//netdna.bootstrapcdn.com/font-awesome/4.1.0/css/font-awesome.css" rel="stylesheet">
<script type="text/javascript">
var _gaq = _gaq || [];
_gaq.push(['_setAccount', 'UA-19910497-7']);
_gaq.push(['_trackPageview']);
(function() {
var ga = document.createElement('script'); ga.type = 'text/javascript'; ga.async = true;
ga.src = ('https:' == document.location.protocol ? 'https://ssl' : 'http://www') + '.google-analytics.com/ga.js';
var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(ga, s);
})();
</script> </head>
<body>
<a href="https://github.com/makaimc/fullstackpython.github.com" class="github">
<img style="position: absolute; top: 0; right: 0; border: 0;" src="http://s3.amazonaws.com/github/ribbons/forkme_right_darkblue_121621.png" alt="Fork me on GitHub" />
</a>
<div class="container">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-md-12">
<div class="logo-header-section">
<a href="/" style="text-decoration: none; border: none;"><img src="theme/img/fsp-logo.png" height="52" width="52" class="logo-image" style="padding-top: 1px;"/></a>
<span class="logo-title"><a href="/">Full Stack Python</a></span>
</div>
</div>
</div> <div class="row">
<div class="col-md-8">
<h1>Web servers</h1>
<p>Web servers respond to
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol">Hypertext Transfer Protocol</a> (HTTP)
requests from clients and send back a response containing a status code and
often content such as HTML, XML or JSON as well.</p>
<h2>Why are web servers necessary?</h2>
<p>Web servers are the ying to the web client's yang. The server and client speak
the standardized language of the World Wide Web. This standard language
is why an old Mozilla Netscape browser can still talk to a modern Apache or
Nginx web server, even if it cannot properly render the page design like a
modern web browser can. </p>
<p>The basic language of the Web with the request and response cycle from
client to server then server back to client remains the same as it was when
the Web was invented by
<a href="http://www.w3.org/People/Berners-Lee/">Tim Berners-Lee</a> at CERN in 1989.
Modern browsers and web servers have simply extended the language of the Web
to incorporate new standards.</p>
<h2>Client requests</h2>
<p>A client that sends a request to a web server is usually a browser such
as Internet Explorer, Firefox, or Chrome, but it can also be a</p>
<ul>
<li>headless browser, commonly use for testing, such as
<a href="http://phantomjs.org/">phantomjs</a></li>
<li>commandline utility, for example <a href="https://www.gnu.org/software/wget/">wget</a>
and <a href="http://curl.haxx.se/">curl</a></li>
<li>text-based web browser such as
<a href="http://lynx.browser.org/">Lynx</a></li>
<li>web crawler. </li>
</ul>
<p>Web server process requests from the above clients. The result of the web
server's processing is a
<a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/HTTP/Response_codes">response code</a>
and commonly a content response. Some status codes, such as 204 (No content)
and 403 (Forbidden), do not have content responses.</p>
<p>In a simple case, the client will request a static asset such as a picture
or JavaScript file. The file sits on the file system in a location the
web server is authorized to access and the web server sends the file
to the client with a 200 status code. If the client already requested the
file and the file has not changed, the web server will pass back a 304
"Not modified" response indicating the client already has the latest version
of that file.</p>
<p><img src="theme/img/web-browser-server-requests.png" width="100%" class="technical-diagram" alt="Web server and web browser request-response cycle" /></p>
<p>A web server sends files to a web browser based on the web browser's
request. In the first request, the browser accessed the
"www.fullstackpython.com"
address and the server responded with the index.html HTML-formatted file.
That HTML file contained references to other files, such as style.css and
script.js that the browser then requested from the server.</p>
<p>Sending static assets (such as CSS and JavaScript files) can eat up a
large amount of bandwidth which is why using a Content Delivery Network
(CDN) is important when possible (see the content delivery network
section for a more detailed explanation).</p>
<h2>Web server resources</h2>
<ul>
<li>
<p><a href="http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616.html">HTTP/1.1 Specification</a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2012/11/how-to-set-up-a-safe-and-secure-web-server/">How to set up a safe and secure Web server</a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://library.linode.com/web-servers/apache/mod-wsgi/ubuntu-10.04-lucid">Apache and mod_wsgi on Ubuntu 10.04</a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://articles.slicehost.com/nginx">Nginx web server tutorials</a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://carrot.is/coding/nginx_introduction">Nginx for Developers: An Introduction</a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p>An example of an <a href="http://tautt.com/best-nginx-configuration-for-security/">Nginx security configuration</a>.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>A reference with the full list of
<a href="http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html">HTTP status codes</a>
is provided by W3C.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>An optimization guide for
"<a href="http://blog.zachorr.com/nginx-setup/">battle ready Nginx</a>."</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://arstechnica.com/business/2011/11/a-faster-web-server-ripping-out-apache-for-nginx/">A faster Web server: ripping out Apache for Nginx</a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://ibuildings.nl/blog/2013/03/4-http-security-headers-you-should-always-be-using">4 HTTP Security Headers You Should Always Be Using</a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://lincolnloop.com/blog/rate-limiting-nginx/">Rate Limiting with Nginx</a>
covers how to mitigate against brute force password guessing attempts using
Nginx rate limits.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h2>Web servers learning checklist</h2>
<p><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i>
Choose a web server. <a href="http://nginx.org/en/">Nginx</a> is recommended although
<a href="http://httpd.apache.org/">Apache</a> is also a great choice.</p>
<p><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i>
Create an SSL certificate. For testing use a self-signed certificate and for a
production app buy one from <a href="http://www.digicert.com/">Digicert</a>. Configure
the web server to serve traffic over SSL. You'll need SSL for serving only
HTTPS traffic and preventing security issues that occur with unencrypted user
input.</p>
<p><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i>
Configure the web server to serve up static files such as CSS, JavaScript
and images.</p>
<p><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i>
Once you set up the <a href="/wsgi-servers.html">WSGI server</a> you'll need to configure
the web server as a pass through for dynamic content.</p>
<h3>What do you want to learn after the web server is set up?</h3>
<div class="row">
<div class="col-md-3">
<div class="well select-next">
<a href="/wsgi-servers.html" class="btn btn-success btn-full"><i class="fa fa-play fa-inverse fa-2x"></i></a>
<p class="under-btn">
How do I execute Python since the web server doesn't do that?
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-md-3">
<div class="well select-next">
<a href="/application-dependencies.html" class="btn btn-success btn-full"><i class="fa fa-archive fa-inverse fa-2x"></i></a>
</a>
<p class="under-btn">
How should I install Python libraries on the server?
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-md-3">
<div class="well select-next">
<a href="/static-content.html" class="btn btn-success btn-full"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-2x"></i></a>
<p class="under-btn">
What other ways can be used to host static content?
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-md-3">
<div class="well select-next">
<a href="/platform-as-a-service.html" class="btn btn-success btn-full"><i class="fa fa-puzzle-piece fa-inverse fa-2x"></i></a>
<p class="under-btn">
Forget servers. Tell me about platforms-as-a-service.
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div> <style type="text/css">
#mc_embed_signup{background:#fff; clear:left; font:12px "Helvetica Neue",Arial,sans-serif; }
/* Add your own MailChimp form style overrides in your site stylesheet or in this style block.
We recommend moving this block and the preceding CSS link to the HEAD of your HTML file. */
</style>
<hr/>
<div id="mc_embed_signup">
<form action="http://mattmakai.us2.list-manage.com/subscribe/post?u=b7e774f0c4f05dcebbfee183d&id=b22335388d" method="post" id="mc-embedded-subscribe-form" name="mc-embedded-subscribe-form" class="validate" target="_blank" novalidate>
<h4>Interested in a complete Full Stack Python book with detailed tutorials and example code? Sign up here and you'll get an alert email if a book is created. No other emails will be sent other than sign up confirmation.</h4>
<div class="row">
<div class="col-md-9">
<label for="mce-EMAIL">Email Address</label>
<input type="email" value="" name="EMAIL" class="required email form-control" id="mce-EMAIL">
</div>
<div class="col-md-3">
<input type="submit" value="Subscribe" name="subscribe" id="mc-embedded-subscribe" class="btn btn-success" style="margin-top: 20px;">
</div>
<div id="mce-responses" class="clear">
<div class="response" id="mce-error-response" style="display:none"></div>
<div class="response" id="mce-success-response" style="display:none"></div>
</div> <!-- real people should not fill this in and expect good things - do not remove this or risk form bot signups-->
<div style="position: absolute; left: -5000px;"><input type="text" name="b_b7e774f0c4f05dcebbfee183d_b22335388d" value=""></div>
</div>
</form>
</div>
<script type="text/javascript">
var fnames = new Array();var ftypes = new Array();fnames[0]='EMAIL';ftypes[0]='email';fnames[1]='FNAME';ftypes[1]='text';fnames[2]='LNAME';ftypes[2]='text';
try {
var jqueryLoaded=jQuery;
jqueryLoaded=true;
} catch(err) {
var jqueryLoaded=false;
}
var head= document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0];
if (!jqueryLoaded) {
var script = document.createElement('script');
script.type = 'text/javascript';
script.src = '//ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.4.4/jquery.min.js';
head.appendChild(script);
if (script.readyState && script.onload!==null){
script.onreadystatechange= function () {
if (this.readyState == 'complete') mce_preload_check();
}
}
}
var err_style = '';
try{
err_style = mc_custom_error_style;
} catch(e){
err_style = '#mc_embed_signup input.mce_inline_error{border-color:#6B0505;} #mc_embed_signup div.mce_inline_error{margin: 0 0 1em 0; padding: 5px 10px; background-color:#6B0505; font-weight: bold; z-index: 1; color:#fff;}';
}
var head= document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0];
var style= document.createElement('style');
style.type= 'text/css';
if (style.styleSheet) {
style.styleSheet.cssText = err_style;
} else {
style.appendChild(document.createTextNode(err_style));
}
head.appendChild(style);
setTimeout('mce_preload_check();', 250);
var mce_preload_checks = 0;
function mce_preload_check(){
if (mce_preload_checks>40) return;
mce_preload_checks++;
try {
var jqueryLoaded=jQuery;
} catch(err) {
setTimeout('mce_preload_check();', 250);
return;
}
var script = document.createElement('script');
script.type = 'text/javascript';
script.src = 'http://downloads.mailchimp.com/js/jquery.form-n-validate.js';
head.appendChild(script);
try {
var validatorLoaded=jQuery("#fake-form").validate({});
} catch(err) {
setTimeout('mce_preload_check();', 250);
return;
}
mce_init_form();
}
function mce_init_form(){
jQuery(document).ready( function($) {
var options = { errorClass: 'mce_inline_error', errorElement: 'div', onkeyup: function(){}, onfocusout:function(){}, onblur:function(){} };
var mce_validator = $("#mc-embedded-subscribe-form").validate(options);
$("#mc-embedded-subscribe-form").unbind('submit');//remove the validator so we can get into beforeSubmit on the ajaxform, which then calls the validator
options = { url: 'http://mattmakai.us2.list-manage.com/subscribe/post-json?u=b7e774f0c4f05dcebbfee183d&id=b22335388d&c=?', type: 'GET', dataType: 'json', contentType: "application/json; charset=utf-8",
beforeSubmit: function(){
$('#mce_tmp_error_msg').remove();
$('.datefield','#mc_embed_signup').each(
function(){
var txt = 'filled';
var fields = new Array();
var i = 0;
$(':text', this).each(
function(){
fields[i] = this;
i++;
});
$(':hidden', this).each(
function(){
var bday = false;
if (fields.length == 2){
bday = true;
fields[2] = {'value':1970};//trick birthdays into having years
}
if ( fields[0].value=='MM' && fields[1].value=='DD' && (fields[2].value=='YYYY' || (bday && fields[2].value==1970) ) ){
this.value = '';
} else if ( fields[0].value=='' && fields[1].value=='' && (fields[2].value=='' || (bday && fields[2].value==1970) ) ){
this.value = '';
} else {
if (/\[day\]/.test(fields[0].name)){
this.value = fields[1].value+'/'+fields[0].value+'/'+fields[2].value;
} else {
this.value = fields[0].value+'/'+fields[1].value+'/'+fields[2].value;
}
}
});
});
$('.phonefield-us','#mc_embed_signup').each(
function(){
var fields = new Array();
var i = 0;
$(':text', this).each(
function(){
fields[i] = this;
i++;
});
$(':hidden', this).each(
function(){
if ( fields[0].value.length != 3 || fields[1].value.length!=3 || fields[2].value.length!=4 ){
this.value = '';
} else {
this.value = 'filled';
}
});
});
return mce_validator.form();
},
success: mce_success_cb
};
$('#mc-embedded-subscribe-form').ajaxForm(options);
});
}
function mce_success_cb(resp){
$('#mce-success-response').hide();
$('#mce-error-response').hide();
if (resp.result=="success"){
$('#mce-'+resp.result+'-response').show();
$('#mce-'+resp.result+'-response').html(resp.msg);
$('#mc-embedded-subscribe-form').each(function(){
this.reset();
});
} else {
var index = -1;
var msg;
try {
var parts = resp.msg.split(' - ',2);
if (parts[1]==undefined){
msg = resp.msg;
} else {
i = parseInt(parts[0]);
if (i.toString() == parts[0]){
index = parts[0];
msg = parts[1];
} else {
index = -1;
msg = resp.msg;
}
}
} catch(e){
index = -1;
msg = resp.msg;
}
try{
if (index== -1){
$('#mce-'+resp.result+'-response').show();
$('#mce-'+resp.result+'-response').html(msg);
} else {
err_id = 'mce_tmp_error_msg';
html = '<div id="'+err_id+'" style="'+err_style+'"> '+msg+'</div>';
var input_id = '#mc_embed_signup';
var f = $(input_id);
if (ftypes[index]=='address'){
input_id = '#mce-'+fnames[index]+'-addr1';
f = $(input_id).parent().parent().get(0);
} else if (ftypes[index]=='date'){
input_id = '#mce-'+fnames[index]+'-month';
f = $(input_id).parent().parent().get(0);
} else {
input_id = '#mce-'+fnames[index];
f = $().parent(input_id).get(0);
}
if (f){
$(f).append(html);
$(input_id).focus();
} else {
$('#mce-'+resp.result+'-response').show();
$('#mce-'+resp.result+'-response').html(msg);
}
}
} catch(e){
$('#mce-'+resp.result+'-response').show();
$('#mce-'+resp.result+'-response').html(msg);
}
}
}
</script>
<!--End mc_embed_signup--> </div>
<div class="col-md-offset-1 col-md-3" id="sidebar">
<div class="panel panel-success">
<div class="panel-heading"><h3 class="panel-head">Web Servers</h3></div>
<div class="panel-body">
<a href="/">Full Stack Python</a> is an open book that explains
each Python web application stack layer and provides the
best web resources for those topics.
<hr/>
There's a work-in-progress
<a href="/full-stack-python-map.pdf">subjects map (.pdf)</a>
that visually lays out each chapter in addition to the table of
contents found below.
<hr/>
Need more detailed tutorials and walkthroughs than what is
presented here?
<a href="/email.html">Sign up for an email alert when that content is created.</a>
<hr/>
<a href="http://twitter.com/mattmakai">Matt Makai</a> built
this site with assistance from community pull requests. On GitHub
you can <a href="https://github.com/makaimc">follow Matt</a>
to see the daily changes.
</div>
</div>
<div class="panel panel-success">
<div class="panel-heading">
<h3 class="panel-head">Table of Contents</h3>
</div>
<div class="list-group">
<a href="/introduction.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">Introduction</a>
<a href="/web-frameworks.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">Web Frameworks</a>
<a href="/django.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">Django</a>
<a href="/flask.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">Flask</a>
<a href="/bottle.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">Bottle</a>
<a href="/morepath.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">Morepath</a>
<a href="/other-web-frameworks.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">Other Web Frameworks</a>
<a href="/deployment.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">Deployment</a>
<a href="/servers.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">Servers</a>
<a href="/platform-as-a-service.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">Platform-as-a-service</a>
<a href="/operating-systems.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">Operating Systems</a>
<a href="/web-servers.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item active">Web Servers</a>
<a href="/wsgi-servers.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">WSGI Servers</a>
<a href="/source-control.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">Source Control</a>
<a href="/application-dependencies.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">Application Dependencies</a>
<a href="/databases.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">Databases</a>
<a href="/no-sql-datastore.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">NoSQL Data Stores</a>
<a href="/web-design.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">Web Design</a>
<a href="/cascading-style-sheets.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">Cascading Style Sheets</a>
<a href="/javascript.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">JavaScript</a>
<a href="/continuous-integration.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">Continuous Integration</a>
<a href="/code-metrics.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">Code Metrics</a>
<a href="/configuration-management.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">Configuration Management</a>
<a href="/static-content.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">Static Content</a>
<a href="/caching.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">Caching</a>
<a href="/task-queues.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">Task Queues</a>
<a href="/application-programming-interfaces.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">Application Programming Interfaces</a>
<a href="/api-integration.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">API Integration</a>
<a href="/api-creation.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">API Creation</a>
<a href="/logging.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">Logging</a>
<a href="/monitoring.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">Monitoring</a>
<a href="/web-analytics.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">Web Analytics</a>
<a href="/web-application-security.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">Web Application Security</a>
<a href="/best-python-resources.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">Best Python Resources</a>
<a href="/development-environments.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">Development Environments</a>
<a href="/about-author.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">About the Author</a>
<a href="/change-log.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">Change Log</a>
<a href="/future-directions.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">Future Directions</a>
<a href="/what-full-stack-means.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">What "Full Stack" Means</a>
<a href="/why-use-python.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">Why Use Python?</a>
<a href="/websockets.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">WebSockets</a>
<a href="/docker.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">Docker</a>
</div>
</div>
</div></div>
<hr/>
<div class="footer pull-right">
<a href="http://www.mattmakai.com/" class="underline">Matt Makai</a>
2014
</div>
</div>
<script type="text/javascript">
setTimeout(function(){var a=document.createElement("script");
var b=document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];
a.src=document.location.protocol+"//dnn506yrbagrg.cloudfront.net/pages/scripts/0016/5846.js?"+Math.floor(new Date().getTime()/3600000);
a.async=true;a.type="text/javascript";b.parentNode.insertBefore(a,b)}, 1);
</script></body>
</html>