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<h1 id="模块"><a href="#模块" class="headerlink" title="模块"></a>模块</h1><p>在python中,一个py文件就是一个模块.而为了避免模块名称冲突,Python又引入了按目录来组织模块的方法,成为Package.引入了包后,对应的模块名前面就添加了包名.类似于Java中的Package.</p>
<p>__init__.py:在包目录下,必须有__init__.py这个文件,如果没有这个文件,那么python会将此文件作为一个普通目录,而不在是一个package.__init__.py可以为空,也可以有代码(一般都是一些import语句).__init__.py本身是一个模块,其模块名为对应的package名称.</p>
<h1 id="Python示例程序"><a href="#Python示例程序" class="headerlink" title="Python示例程序"></a>Python示例程序</h1><figure class="highlight python"><figcaption><span>hello.py</span></figcaption><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">#!/usr/bin/env python3</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># -*- coding: utf-8 -*-</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">' a test module '</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">__author__ = <span class="string">'Michael Liao'</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> sys</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title function_">test</span>():</span><br><span class="line"> args = sys.argv</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="built_in">len</span>(args)==<span class="number">1</span>:</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="built_in">print</span>(<span class="string">'Hello, world!'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">elif</span> <span class="built_in">len</span>(args)==<span class="number">2</span>:</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="built_in">print</span>(<span class="string">'Hello, %s!'</span> % args[<span class="number">1</span>])</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">else</span>:</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="built_in">print</span>(<span class="string">'Too many arguments!'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">if</span> __name__==<span class="string">'__main__'</span>:</span><br><span class="line"> test()</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>程序说明:程序开始的一,二行是标准注释.第一行注释说明这个文件可以直接在Unix/Linux/Max上运行.第二行表示文件本身使用utf-8编码.第四行是模块的文档注释,第六行是作者信息.<br><code>if __name__ == '__main__':</code>:当我们在命令行运行模块时,python解释器会将一个特殊的变量<code>__name__</code>设置为<code>__main__</code>.但是如果在其他模块中导入此模块,python解释器并不是设置<code>__name__</code>变量.</p>
<h1 id="python中的作用域"><a href="#python中的作用域" class="headerlink" title="python中的作用域"></a>python中的作用域</h1><p>正常的变量或函数是公开的,可以直接引用如<code>abc</code>,<code>xyz</code>等.<br>类似<code>__xxx__</code>的变量时特殊变量,也可以直接引用,但是有特殊用途.如<code>__author__</code>,<code>__name__</code>.而模块的文档注释可以用<code>__doc__</code>来访问<br>类似于<code>_x</code>,<code>__x</code>这样定义的变量或函数是非公开的,类似Java的private.</p>
<h1 id="python模块搜索路径"><a href="#python模块搜索路径" class="headerlink" title="python模块搜索路径"></a>python模块搜索路径</h1><p>当我们引入模块时,即使用import导入模块时,python解释器从搜索路径中查找对应的模块.如果找不到,则会报错.<br>默认情况下,Python解释器会搜索当前目录、所有已安装的内置模块和第三方模块，搜索路径存放在sys模块的path变量中.下面代码可以查看搜索路径内容</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">>>> import sys</span><br><span class="line">>>> sys.path</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h2 id="修改搜索路径"><a href="#修改搜索路径" class="headerlink" title="修改搜索路径"></a>修改搜索路径</h2><p>可以使用两种方式修改搜索路径</p>
<ol>
<li>直接修改<code>sys.path</code> <figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">>>> import sys</span><br><span class="line">>>> sys.path.append(<span class="string">'待添加路径'</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
但是这种方式只在程序运行时有效,程序运行结束后失效</li>
<li>设置<code>PATHONPATH</code><br> 直接将待添加的路径加入<code>PATHONPATH</code>环境变量中即可</li>
</ol>
<h1 id="类与对象"><a href="#类与对象" class="headerlink" title="类与对象"></a>类与对象</h1><p>在python类中,<code>__init__</code>方法就相当于Java中类的构造函数,<strong>self</strong>表示实例自身.<br>如果类中的变量定义前加了两个下划线,那么此变量就成为一个私有变量</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title class_">Student</span>(<span class="title class_ inherited__">object</span>):</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title function_">__init__</span>(<span class="params">self, name, score</span>):</span><br><span class="line"> self.__name = name</span><br><span class="line"> self.score = score</span><br><span class="line">a = Student(<span class="string">'1'</span>, <span class="number">2</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">print</span>(a.__name)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">print</span>(a.score)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>打印<code>__name</code>时,将会报错,而可以打印score的内容.</p>
<h2 id="鸭子类型"><a href="#鸭子类型" class="headerlink" title="鸭子类型"></a>鸭子类型</h2><blockquote>
<p>注明:个人解决因为无法限制方法入参的类型,那么传递进去什么都可以</p>
</blockquote>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title class_">Animal</span>(<span class="title class_ inherited__">object</span>):</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title function_">run</span>(<span class="params">self</span>):</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="built_in">print</span>(<span class="string">'Animal is running...'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title function_">run_twice</span>(<span class="params">animal</span>):</span><br><span class="line"> animal.run()</span><br><span class="line"> animal.run()</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title class_">Timer</span>(<span class="title class_ inherited__">object</span>):</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title function_">run</span>(<span class="params">self</span>):</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="built_in">print</span>(<span class="string">'Start...'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">run_twice(Timer())</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>在Java中,如果定义<code>run_twice</code>方法,必须定义函数的形参类型,如果指定了只能接受Animal类型,则只能传递Animal类型或其子类.但是在python不是这样,只要传递进的类型中存在<code>run</code>方法即可.不过python中不存在限制入参是什么类型.</p>
<blockquote>
<p>这就是动态语言的“鸭子类型”，它并不要求严格的继承体系，一个对象只要“看起来像鸭子，走起路来像鸭子”，那它就可以被看做是鸭子。</p>
</blockquote>
<h2 id="slots"><a href="#slots" class="headerlink" title="__slots__"></a><code>__slots__</code></h2><p>python是动态语言，可以在运行过程中给类实例以及类本身添加属性和方法。如果想要限制动态添加的属性，则可以在类中定义<code>__slots__</code>,如下代码</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title class_">Student</span>(<span class="title class_ inherited__">object</span>):</span><br><span class="line"> __slots__ = (<span class="string">'name'</span>, <span class="string">'age'</span>) <span class="comment"># 运行绑定的属性限制为name和age</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h2 id="property"><a href="#property" class="headerlink" title="@property"></a><code>@property</code></h2><p><code>@property</code>是python内置装饰器,可以在给属性添加getter以及setter方法，从而简化代码。如下使用</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title class_">Student</span>(<span class="title class_ inherited__">object</span>):</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta"> @property</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title function_">score</span>(<span class="params">self</span>):</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">return</span> self._score</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta"> @score.setter</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title function_">score</span>(<span class="params">self, value</span>):</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="keyword">not</span> <span class="built_in">isinstance</span>(value, <span class="built_in">int</span>):</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">raise</span> ValueError(<span class="string">'score must be an integer!'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">if</span> value < <span class="number">0</span> <span class="keyword">or</span> value > <span class="number">100</span>:</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">raise</span> ValueError(<span class="string">'score must between 0 ~ 100!'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"> self._score = value</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>第一个score方法被<code>@property</code>修改,从而为score属性添加了getter方法,第二个score方法被<code>@score.setter</code>修饰,添加了setter方法.如果去掉第二个score,则score属性将没有setter方法.</p>
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