diff --git a/requirements.txt b/requirements.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..55b033e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/requirements.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+pytest
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/array_flatten.py b/src/array_flatten.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..14aa21e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/array_flatten.py
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+from typing import List, Union
+
+def flatten_array(nested_array: List[Union[int, List]]) -> List[int]:
+    """
+    Flatten a nested array of integers into a single-level array.
+    
+    Args:
+        nested_array (List[Union[int, List]]): An array that may contain 
+                                               integers or nested lists of integers.
+    
+    Returns:
+        List[int]: A flattened list containing all integers from the input.
+    
+    Raises:
+        TypeError: If the input contains non-integer and non-list elements.
+    
+    Examples:
+        >>> flatten_array([1, [2, 3], 4])
+        [1, 2, 3, 4]
+        >>> flatten_array([1, [2, [3, 4]], 5])
+        [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+    """
+    # Validate input type
+    if not isinstance(nested_array, list):
+        raise TypeError("Input must be a list")
+    
+    # Recursive flattening function
+    def _flatten(item):
+        # If item is an integer, return it as a single-element list
+        if isinstance(item, int):
+            return [item]
+        
+        # If item is a list, recursively flatten it
+        if isinstance(item, list):
+            flattened = []
+            for sub_item in item:
+                flattened.extend(_flatten(sub_item))
+            return flattened
+        
+        # Raise error for unsupported types
+        raise TypeError(f"Unsupported type in array: {type(item)}")
+    
+    # Flatten the entire input array
+    return _flatten(nested_array)
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/binary_search.py b/src/binary_search.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..526f48b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/binary_search.py
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+def binary_search(arr, target):
+    """
+    Perform binary search on a sorted array to find the target element.
+    
+    Args:
+        arr (list): A sorted list of comparable elements
+        target: The element to search for
+    
+    Returns:
+        int: Index of the target element if found, otherwise -1
+    
+    Raises:
+        TypeError: If input is not a list or target is not comparable
+        ValueError: If the input list is not sorted
+    """
+    # Validate input
+    if not isinstance(arr, list):
+        raise TypeError("Input must be a list")
+    
+    # Check if list is sorted
+    if any(arr[i] > arr[i+1] for i in range(len(arr)-1)):
+        raise ValueError("Input list must be sorted in ascending order")
+    
+    # Handle empty list
+    if not arr:
+        return -1
+    
+    # Perform binary search
+    left, right = 0, len(arr) - 1
+    
+    while left <= right:
+        # Calculate mid point to avoid potential integer overflow
+        mid = left + (right - left) // 2
+        
+        # Check if target is found
+        if arr[mid] == target:
+            return mid
+        
+        # Adjust search boundaries
+        if arr[mid] < target:
+            left = mid + 1
+        else:
+            right = mid - 1
+    
+    # Target not found
+    return -1
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/rgb_to_hex.py b/src/rgb_to_hex.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6ad88d97
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/rgb_to_hex.py
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+def rgb_to_hex(r: int, g: int, b: int) -> str:
+    """
+    Convert RGB color values to a hexadecimal color string.
+    
+    Args:
+        r (int): Red color value (0-255)
+        g (int): Green color value (0-255)
+        b (int): Blue color value (0-255)
+    
+    Returns:
+        str: Hexadecimal color representation
+    
+    Raises:
+        ValueError: If any color value is outside the valid range of 0-255
+    """
+    # Validate input values
+    for color, name in [(r, 'Red'), (g, 'Green'), (b, 'Blue')]:
+        if not isinstance(color, int):
+            raise TypeError(f"{name} value must be an integer")
+        if color < 0 or color > 255:
+            raise ValueError(f"{name} value must be between 0 and 255")
+    
+    # Convert each color value to a two-digit hex representation
+    hex_color = '#{:02X}{:02X}{:02X}'.format(r, g, b)
+    
+    return hex_color
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/string_reversal.py b/src/string_reversal.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fbbf0fa8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/string_reversal.py
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+def reverse_string(s: str) -> str:
+    """
+    Reverse the given string manually.
+
+    Args:
+        s (str): The input string to be reversed.
+
+    Returns:
+        str: The reversed string.
+
+    Raises:
+        TypeError: If the input is not a string.
+    """
+    # Check if input is a string
+    if not isinstance(s, str):
+        raise TypeError("Input must be a string")
+    
+    # Manual string reversal using a list-based approach
+    # Convert string to list of characters
+    chars = list(s)
+    
+    # Swap characters from start to end
+    left, right = 0, len(chars) - 1
+    while left < right:
+        chars[left], chars[right] = chars[right], chars[left]
+        left += 1
+        right -= 1
+    
+    # Convert back to string and return
+    return ''.join(chars)
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/url_parser.py b/src/url_parser.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a263be02
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/url_parser.py
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+from urllib.parse import urlparse, parse_qs
+from typing import Dict, Any, Optional
+
+def parse_url(url: str) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+    """
+    Parse a given URL into its component parts.
+    
+    Args:
+        url (str): The URL to parse
+    
+    Returns:
+        Dict[str, Any]: A dictionary containing parsed URL components
+    
+    Raises:
+        ValueError: If the URL is invalid or empty
+    """
+    # Check for empty or None input
+    if not url or not isinstance(url, str):
+        raise ValueError("URL must be a non-empty string")
+    
+    # Basic validation to check for truly invalid URLs
+    if not any(char in url for char in ['/', '.']):
+        raise ValueError("Invalid URL")
+    
+    try:
+        # Use urlparse to break down the URL
+        parsed = urlparse(url)
+        
+        # Extract query parameters
+        query_params = parse_qs(parsed.query)
+        
+        # Convert query parameters from lists to single values if possible
+        cleaned_params = {}
+        for key, value in query_params.items():
+            cleaned_params[key] = value[0] if len(value) == 1 else value
+        
+        # Normalize empty strings and None values
+        scheme = parsed.scheme or ""
+        netloc = parsed.netloc or ""
+        path = parsed.path or ""
+        fragment = parsed.fragment or ""
+        
+        # Construct and return the parsed URL dictionary
+        return {
+            "scheme": scheme,
+            "netloc": netloc,
+            "path": path,
+            "params": parsed.params or None,
+            "query": cleaned_params,
+            "fragment": fragment,
+            "username": parsed.username,
+            "password": parsed.password,
+            "hostname": parsed.hostname,
+            "port": parsed.port
+        }
+    except Exception as e:
+        # For other unexpected errors
+        raise ValueError(f"Invalid URL: {str(e)}")
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/test_array_flatten.py b/tests/test_array_flatten.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..69d0ef1b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_array_flatten.py
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+import pytest
+from src.array_flatten import flatten_array
+
+def test_flatten_simple_list():
+    """Test flattening a simple list with no nesting."""
+    assert flatten_array([1, 2, 3]) == [1, 2, 3]
+
+def test_flatten_single_level_nested():
+    """Test flattening a list with single-level nesting."""
+    assert flatten_array([1, [2, 3], 4]) == [1, 2, 3, 4]
+
+def test_flatten_multi_level_nested():
+    """Test flattening a list with multiple levels of nesting."""
+    assert flatten_array([1, [2, [3, 4]], 5]) == [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+
+def test_flatten_empty_list():
+    """Test flattening an empty list."""
+    assert flatten_array([]) == []
+
+def test_flatten_deeply_nested_list():
+    """Test flattening a deeply nested list."""
+    assert flatten_array([1, [2, [3, [4, [5]]]], 6]) == [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
+
+def test_invalid_input_type():
+    """Test that a non-list input raises a TypeError."""
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="Input must be a list"):
+        flatten_array(123)
+
+def test_invalid_nested_type():
+    """Test that an unsupported type in the list raises a TypeError."""
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="Unsupported type"):
+        flatten_array([1, 2, "string"])
+
+def test_mixed_nesting():
+    """Test flattening a list with mixed nesting levels."""
+    assert flatten_array([1, [2], [[3]], [[[4]]], 5]) == [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/test_binary_search.py b/tests/test_binary_search.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1d5f0107
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_binary_search.py
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+import pytest
+from src.binary_search import binary_search
+
+def test_binary_search_normal_case():
+    """Test binary search with a normal sorted list"""
+    arr = [1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13]
+    assert binary_search(arr, 7) == 3
+    assert binary_search(arr, 13) == 6
+    assert binary_search(arr, 1) == 0
+
+def test_binary_search_not_found():
+    """Test when target is not in the list"""
+    arr = [1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13]
+    assert binary_search(arr, 4) == -1
+    assert binary_search(arr, 0) == -1
+    assert binary_search(arr, 14) == -1
+
+def test_binary_search_empty_list():
+    """Test binary search on an empty list"""
+    arr = []
+    assert binary_search(arr, 5) == -1
+
+def test_binary_search_single_element():
+    """Test binary search with a single-element list"""
+    arr = [5]
+    assert binary_search(arr, 5) == 0
+    assert binary_search(arr, 4) == -1
+
+def test_binary_search_duplicate_elements():
+    """Test binary search with duplicate elements"""
+    arr = [1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 5]
+    assert binary_search(arr, 3) in [3, 4, 5]
+
+def test_binary_search_invalid_input():
+    """Test error handling for invalid inputs"""
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+        binary_search("not a list", 5)
+    
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+        binary_search(None, 5)
+
+def test_binary_search_unsorted_list():
+    """Test error handling for unsorted list"""
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+        binary_search([5, 3, 1, 4], 3)
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/test_rgb_to_hex.py b/tests/test_rgb_to_hex.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f4f075cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_rgb_to_hex.py
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+import pytest
+from src.rgb_to_hex import rgb_to_hex
+
+def test_basic_conversion():
+    """Test basic RGB to Hex conversion"""
+    assert rgb_to_hex(255, 255, 255) == '#FFFFFF'
+    assert rgb_to_hex(0, 0, 0) == '#000000'
+    assert rgb_to_hex(255, 0, 0) == '#FF0000'
+    assert rgb_to_hex(0, 255, 0) == '#00FF00'
+    assert rgb_to_hex(0, 0, 255) == '#0000FF'
+
+def test_mixed_colors():
+    """Test mixed color conversions"""
+    assert rgb_to_hex(128, 128, 128) == '#808080'
+    assert rgb_to_hex(173, 216, 230) == '#ADD8E6'
+
+def test_edge_cases():
+    """Test boundary values"""
+    assert rgb_to_hex(0, 0, 0) == '#000000'
+    assert rgb_to_hex(255, 255, 255) == '#FFFFFF'
+
+def test_invalid_inputs():
+    """Test error handling for invalid inputs"""
+    # Test out of range values
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Red value must be between 0 and 255"):
+        rgb_to_hex(-1, 0, 0)
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Green value must be between 0 and 255"):
+        rgb_to_hex(0, 256, 0)
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Blue value must be between 0 and 255"):
+        rgb_to_hex(0, 0, 300)
+    
+    # Test non-integer inputs
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="Red value must be an integer"):
+        rgb_to_hex(10.5, 0, 0)
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="Green value must be an integer"):
+        rgb_to_hex(0, '100', 0)
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="Blue value must be an integer"):
+        rgb_to_hex(0, 0, [255])
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/test_string_reversal.py b/tests/test_string_reversal.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f40a4c35
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_string_reversal.py
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+import pytest
+from src.string_reversal import reverse_string
+
+def test_reverse_string_basic():
+    """Test basic string reversal."""
+    assert reverse_string("hello") == "olleh"
+    assert reverse_string("python") == "nohtyp"
+
+def test_reverse_string_empty():
+    """Test reversal of an empty string."""
+    assert reverse_string("") == ""
+
+def test_reverse_string_single_char():
+    """Test reversal of a single character."""
+    assert reverse_string("a") == "a"
+
+def test_reverse_string_with_spaces():
+    """Test reversal of string with spaces."""
+    assert reverse_string("hello world") == "dlrow olleh"
+
+def test_reverse_string_with_special_chars():
+    """Test reversal of string with special characters."""
+    assert reverse_string("a1b2c3!@#") == "#@!3c2b1a"
+
+def test_reverse_string_with_mixed_chars():
+    """Test reversal of string with mixed character types."""
+    assert reverse_string("Hello, World! 123") == "321 !dlroW ,olleH"
+
+def test_reverse_string_invalid_input():
+    """Test that TypeError is raised for non-string inputs."""
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="Input must be a string"):
+        reverse_string(123)
+    
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="Input must be a string"):
+        reverse_string(None)
+    
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="Input must be a string"):
+        reverse_string(["list"])
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/test_url_parser.py b/tests/test_url_parser.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..491d036a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_url_parser.py
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+import pytest
+from src.url_parser import parse_url
+
+def test_full_url_parsing():
+    """Test parsing a complete URL with all components"""
+    url = "https://username:password@example.com:8080/path/to/page?key1=value1&key2=value2#fragment"
+    result = parse_url(url)
+    
+    assert result["scheme"] == "https"
+    assert result["netloc"] == "username:password@example.com:8080"
+    assert result["path"] == "/path/to/page"
+    assert result["query"] == {"key1": "value1", "key2": "value2"}
+    assert result["fragment"] == "fragment"
+    assert result["username"] == "username"
+    assert result["password"] == "password"
+    assert result["hostname"] == "example.com"
+    assert result["port"] == 8080
+
+def test_simple_url_parsing():
+    """Test parsing a simple URL"""
+    url = "http://www.example.com"
+    result = parse_url(url)
+    
+    assert result["scheme"] == "http"
+    assert result["netloc"] == "www.example.com"
+    assert result["path"] == ""
+    assert result["query"] == {}
+    assert result["fragment"] == ""
+
+def test_url_with_query_params():
+    """Test URL with multiple query parameters"""
+    url = "https://example.com/search?q=python&category=programming"
+    result = parse_url(url)
+    
+    assert result["query"] == {"q": "python", "category": "programming"}
+
+def test_url_with_multiple_same_query_params():
+    """Test URL with multiple values for same query parameter"""
+    url = "https://example.com/search?tag=python&tag=programming"
+    result = parse_url(url)
+    
+    assert result["query"] == {"tag": ["python", "programming"]}
+
+def test_empty_url_raises_error():
+    """Test that empty URL raises a ValueError"""
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="URL must be a non-empty string"):
+        parse_url("")
+
+def test_none_url_raises_error():
+    """Test that None input raises a ValueError"""
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="URL must be a non-empty string"):
+        parse_url(None)
+
+def test_invalid_url_parsing():
+    """Test parsing an invalid URL"""
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Invalid URL"):
+        parse_url("not valid")
+
+def test_url_with_no_scheme():
+    """Test URL without a scheme"""
+    url = "example.com/path"
+    result = parse_url(url)
+    
+    assert result["scheme"] == ""
+    assert result["netloc"] == ""
+    assert result["path"] == "example.com/path"
\ No newline at end of file