diff --git a/src/array_flattener.py b/src/array_flattener.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..679031d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/array_flattener.py
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+def flatten_array(arr):
+    """
+    Flatten a nested array of arbitrary depth into a single-level array.
+    
+    Args:
+        arr (list): A nested list that may contain sublists.
+    
+    Returns:
+        list: A flattened version of the input list.
+    
+    Raises:
+        TypeError: If the input is not a list or contains non-list/non-numeric elements.
+    """
+    # Validate input is a list
+    if not isinstance(arr, list):
+        raise TypeError("Input must be a list")
+    
+    # Result to store flattened array
+    flattened = []
+    
+    # Recursive helper function to flatten the array
+    def _recursive_flatten(element):
+        # If element is a list, recursively flatten it
+        if isinstance(element, list):
+            for sub_element in element:
+                _recursive_flatten(sub_element)
+        # If element is a number (int or float), append to flattened list
+        elif isinstance(element, (int, float)):
+            flattened.append(element)
+        # Raise error for non-numeric, non-list elements
+        else:
+            raise TypeError(f"Invalid element type: {type(element)}")
+    
+    # Start the recursive flattening
+    _recursive_flatten(arr)
+    
+    return flattened
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/binary_search.py b/src/binary_search.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..436347a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/binary_search.py
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+def binary_search(arr, target):
+    """
+    Perform binary search on a sorted array to find the target element.
+    
+    Args:
+        arr (list): A sorted list of comparable elements
+        target: The element to search for
+    
+    Returns:
+        int: Index of the target element if found, otherwise -1
+    
+    Raises:
+        TypeError: If input is not a list
+        ValueError: If the list is not sorted
+    """
+    # Check input type
+    if not isinstance(arr, list):
+        raise TypeError("Input must be a list")
+    
+    # Check if list is sorted
+    if arr != sorted(arr):
+        raise ValueError("Input list must be sorted in ascending order")
+    
+    # Handle empty list
+    if not arr:
+        return -1
+    
+    # Perform binary search
+    left, right = 0, len(arr) - 1
+    
+    while left <= right:
+        mid = (left + right) // 2
+        
+        # Check if target is found
+        if arr[mid] == target:
+            return mid
+        
+        # Adjust search boundaries
+        if arr[mid] < target:
+            left = mid + 1
+        else:
+            right = mid - 1
+    
+    # Target not found
+    return -1
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/rgb_to_hex.py b/src/rgb_to_hex.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..658486f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/rgb_to_hex.py
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+def rgb_to_hex(r, g, b):
+    """
+    Convert RGB color values to a hexadecimal color code.
+    
+    Args:
+        r (int): Red color value (0-255)
+        g (int): Green color value (0-255)
+        b (int): Blue color value (0-255)
+    
+    Returns:
+        str: Hexadecimal color code (e.g., '#FF0000' for red)
+    
+    Raises:
+        ValueError: If any color value is not in the range 0-255
+    """
+    # Validate input ranges
+    for color, name in [(r, 'Red'), (g, 'Green'), (b, 'Blue')]:
+        if not isinstance(color, int):
+            raise TypeError(f"{name} value must be an integer")
+        if color < 0 or color > 255:
+            raise ValueError(f"{name} value must be between 0 and 255")
+    
+    # Convert to hex, removing '0x' prefix and zero-padding to 2 digits
+    hex_color = '#{:02X}{:02X}{:02X}'.format(r, g, b)
+    
+    return hex_color
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/string_reversal.py b/src/string_reversal.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..10cb6f00
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/string_reversal.py
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+def reverse_string(s):
+    """
+    Reverse the given string using a manual approach.
+
+    Args:
+        s (str): The input string to be reversed.
+
+    Returns:
+        str: The reversed string.
+
+    Raises:
+        TypeError: If the input is not a string.
+    """
+    # Check if input is a string
+    if not isinstance(s, str):
+        raise TypeError("Input must be a string")
+    
+    # Convert string to list of characters to enable manual manipulation
+    chars = list(s)
+    
+    # Manual reversal using two-pointer technique
+    left, right = 0, len(chars) - 1
+    while left < right:
+        # Swap characters
+        chars[left], chars[right] = chars[right], chars[left]
+        # Move pointers
+        left += 1
+        right -= 1
+    
+    # Convert back to string and return
+    return ''.join(chars)
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/url_parser.py b/src/url_parser.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fc8235f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/url_parser.py
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+from urllib.parse import urlparse
+from typing import Dict, Any, Optional
+import re
+
+def parse_url(url: str) -> Dict[str, Optional[str]]:
+    """
+    Parse a given URL into its components.
+    
+    Args:
+        url (str): The URL to parse.
+    
+    Returns:
+        Dict[str, Optional[str]]: A dictionary containing URL components.
+    
+    Raises:
+        ValueError: If the input is not a valid URL.
+    """
+    # Validate input
+    if not isinstance(url, str):
+        raise ValueError("Input must be a string")
+    
+    if not url.strip():
+        raise ValueError("URL cannot be empty")
+    
+    try:
+        # Use urlparse to break down the URL
+        parsed_url = urlparse(url)
+        
+        # Basic validation 
+        if not parsed_url.scheme or not parsed_url.netloc:
+            raise ValueError(f"Invalid URL format: {url}")
+        
+        # Return a comprehensive dictionary of URL components
+        return {
+            'scheme': parsed_url.scheme or None,
+            'netloc': parsed_url.netloc or None,
+            'path': parsed_url.path or None,
+            'params': parsed_url.params or '',  # Change to empty string instead of None
+            'query': parsed_url.query or None,
+            'fragment': parsed_url.fragment or None,
+            'username': parsed_url.username or None,
+            'password': parsed_url.password or None,
+            'hostname': parsed_url.hostname or None,
+            'port': parsed_url.port or None
+        }
+    except Exception:
+        raise ValueError(f"Invalid URL format: {url}")
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/test_array_flattener.py b/tests/test_array_flattener.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a530d4c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_array_flattener.py
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+import pytest
+from src.array_flattener import flatten_array
+
+def test_flatten_simple_list():
+    """Test flattening a simple list"""
+    assert flatten_array([1, 2, 3]) == [1, 2, 3]
+
+def test_flatten_nested_list():
+    """Test flattening a nested list"""
+    assert flatten_array([1, [2, 3], 4]) == [1, 2, 3, 4]
+
+def test_flatten_deeply_nested_list():
+    """Test flattening a deeply nested list"""
+    assert flatten_array([1, [2, [3, 4]], 5]) == [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+
+def test_flatten_multiple_nested_levels():
+    """Test flattening list with multiple nesting levels"""
+    assert flatten_array([1, [2, [3, [4]]], 5]) == [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+
+def test_flatten_mixed_nesting():
+    """Test flattening list with mixed nesting patterns"""
+    assert flatten_array([1, [2, 3], [4, [5, 6]]]) == [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
+
+def test_flatten_empty_list():
+    """Test flattening an empty list"""
+    assert flatten_array([]) == []
+
+def test_invalid_input_type():
+    """Test that non-list inputs raise a TypeError"""
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+        flatten_array("not a list")
+
+def test_invalid_element_type():
+    """Test that lists with non-numeric, non-list elements raise a TypeError"""
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+        flatten_array([1, 2, "string"])
+
+def test_float_support():
+    """Test that float values are supported"""
+    assert flatten_array([1.5, [2.7, 3], 4.2]) == [1.5, 2.7, 3, 4.2]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/test_binary_search.py b/tests/test_binary_search.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..50187e39
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_binary_search.py
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+import pytest
+from src.binary_search import binary_search
+
+def test_binary_search_found():
+    """Test finding an existing element in the list"""
+    assert binary_search([1, 2, 3, 4, 5], 3) == 2
+    assert binary_search([1, 2, 3, 4, 5], 1) == 0
+    assert binary_search([1, 2, 3, 4, 5], 5) == 4
+
+def test_binary_search_not_found():
+    """Test searching for a non-existent element"""
+    assert binary_search([1, 2, 3, 4, 5], 6) == -1
+    assert binary_search([1, 2, 3, 4, 5], 0) == -1
+
+def test_binary_search_empty_list():
+    """Test searching in an empty list"""
+    assert binary_search([], 5) == -1
+
+def test_binary_search_single_element():
+    """Test searching in a single-element list"""
+    assert binary_search([1], 1) == 0
+    assert binary_search([1], 2) == -1
+
+def test_binary_search_unsorted_list():
+    """Test that an unsorted list raises a ValueError"""
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+        binary_search([5, 2, 1, 4, 3], 3)
+
+def test_binary_search_invalid_input():
+    """Test that non-list inputs raise a TypeError"""
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+        binary_search("not a list", 3)
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+        binary_search(None, 3)
+
+def test_binary_search_large_list():
+    """Test binary search on a larger sorted list"""
+    large_list = list(range(1000))
+    assert binary_search(large_list, 500) == 500
+    assert binary_search(large_list, 999) == 999
+    assert binary_search(large_list, 1000) == -1
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/test_rgb_to_hex.py b/tests/test_rgb_to_hex.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f9457c4a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_rgb_to_hex.py
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+import pytest
+from src.rgb_to_hex import rgb_to_hex
+
+def test_basic_conversion():
+    """Test basic RGB to Hex conversion"""
+    assert rgb_to_hex(255, 0, 0) == '#FF0000'  # Red
+    assert rgb_to_hex(0, 255, 0) == '#00FF00'  # Green
+    assert rgb_to_hex(0, 0, 255) == '#0000FF'  # Blue
+    assert rgb_to_hex(128, 128, 128) == '#808080'  # Gray
+
+def test_edge_cases():
+    """Test edge case values"""
+    assert rgb_to_hex(0, 0, 0) == '#000000'  # Black
+    assert rgb_to_hex(255, 255, 255) == '#FFFFFF'  # White
+
+def test_invalid_inputs():
+    """Test error handling for invalid inputs"""
+    # Out of range values
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Red value must be between 0 and 255"):
+        rgb_to_hex(-1, 0, 0)
+    
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Green value must be between 0 and 255"):
+        rgb_to_hex(0, 256, 0)
+    
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Blue value must be between 0 and 255"):
+        rgb_to_hex(0, 0, 300)
+
+def test_type_errors():
+    """Test type checking for inputs"""
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="Red value must be an integer"):
+        rgb_to_hex('255', 0, 0)
+    
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="Green value must be an integer"):
+        rgb_to_hex(0, '255', 0)
+    
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="Blue value must be an integer"):
+        rgb_to_hex(0, 0, '255')
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/test_string_reversal.py b/tests/test_string_reversal.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9187901d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_string_reversal.py
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+import pytest
+from src.string_reversal import reverse_string
+
+def test_reverse_string_normal():
+    """Test reversing a normal string."""
+    assert reverse_string("hello") == "olleh"
+
+def test_reverse_string_empty():
+    """Test reversing an empty string."""
+    assert reverse_string("") == ""
+
+def test_reverse_string_single_char():
+    """Test reversing a single character string."""
+    assert reverse_string("a") == "a"
+
+def test_reverse_string_with_spaces():
+    """Test reversing a string with spaces."""
+    assert reverse_string("hello world") == "dlrow olleh"
+
+def test_reverse_string_with_special_chars():
+    """Test reversing a string with special characters."""
+    assert reverse_string("a1b2c3!@#") == "#@!3c2b1a"
+
+def test_reverse_string_with_mixed_chars():
+    """Test reversing a string with mixed character types."""
+    assert reverse_string("Hello, World! 123") == "321 !dlroW ,olleH"
+
+def test_reverse_string_invalid_input():
+    """Test that a TypeError is raised for non-string inputs."""
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="Input must be a string"):
+        reverse_string(123)
+    
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="Input must be a string"):
+        reverse_string(None)
+    
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="Input must be a string"):
+        reverse_string(["hello"])
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/test_url_parser.py b/tests/test_url_parser.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..76e9f4eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_url_parser.py
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+import pytest
+from src.url_parser import parse_url
+
+def test_full_url():
+    """Test parsing a complete URL with all components."""
+    url = "https://username:password@example.com:8080/path/to/page?query=value#fragment"
+    result = parse_url(url)
+    
+    assert result == {
+        'scheme': 'https',
+        'netloc': 'username:password@example.com:8080',
+        'path': '/path/to/page',
+        'params': '',
+        'query': 'query=value',
+        'fragment': 'fragment',
+        'username': 'username',
+        'password': 'password',
+        'hostname': 'example.com',
+        'port': 8080
+    }
+
+def test_minimal_url():
+    """Test parsing a minimal URL."""
+    url = "https://example.com"
+    result = parse_url(url)
+    
+    assert result['scheme'] == 'https'
+    assert result['netloc'] == 'example.com'
+    assert result['path'] is None
+    assert result['query'] is None
+    assert result['fragment'] is None
+
+def test_url_with_path():
+    """Test URL with path."""
+    url = "http://example.com/path/to/resource"
+    result = parse_url(url)
+    
+    assert result['scheme'] == 'http'
+    assert result['path'] == '/path/to/resource'
+
+def test_url_with_query():
+    """Test URL with query parameters."""
+    url = "https://example.com/search?q=python&category=programming"
+    result = parse_url(url)
+    
+    assert result['query'] == 'q=python&category=programming'
+
+def test_url_with_fragment():
+    """Test URL with fragment."""
+    url = "https://example.com/page#section"
+    result = parse_url(url)
+    
+    assert result['fragment'] == 'section'
+
+def test_invalid_input_type():
+    """Test that non-string input raises a ValueError."""
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Input must be a string"):
+        parse_url(123)
+
+def test_empty_url():
+    """Test that empty URL raises a ValueError."""
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="URL cannot be empty"):
+        parse_url("")
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="URL cannot be empty"):
+        parse_url("   ")
+
+def test_invalid_url():
+    """Test that malformed URL raises a ValueError."""
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Invalid URL format"):
+        parse_url("not a valid url")
\ No newline at end of file