diff --git a/requirements.txt b/requirements.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b273c397
--- /dev/null
+++ b/requirements.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+pytest==8.0.2
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/array_flatten.py b/src/array_flatten.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0c148ead
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/array_flatten.py
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+from typing import List, Union
+
+def flatten_array(arr: List[Union[int, List]]) -> List[int]:
+    """
+    Recursively flatten a nested list of integers.
+    
+    Args:
+        arr (List[Union[int, List]]): A potentially nested list of integers.
+    
+    Returns:
+        List[int]: A flattened list containing all integers.
+    
+    Raises:
+        TypeError: If the input contains non-integer and non-list elements.
+    
+    Examples:
+        >>> flatten_array([1, [2, 3], 4])
+        [1, 2, 3, 4]
+        >>> flatten_array([1, [2, [3, 4]], 5])
+        [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+        >>> flatten_array([])
+        []
+    """
+    flattened = []
+    
+    for item in arr:
+        if isinstance(item, int):
+            flattened.append(item)
+        elif isinstance(item, list):
+            # Recursively flatten nested lists
+            flattened.extend(flatten_array(item))
+        else:
+            raise TypeError(f"Invalid input: {item}. Only integers and lists are allowed.")
+    
+    return flattened
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/binary_search.py b/src/binary_search.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c2758811
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/binary_search.py
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+def binary_search(arr, target):
+    """
+    Perform binary search on a sorted array to find the target element.
+    
+    Args:
+        arr (list): A sorted list of comparable elements
+        target: The element to search for
+    
+    Returns:
+        int: Index of the target element if found, otherwise -1
+    
+    Raises:
+        TypeError: If input is not a list
+        ValueError: If the input list is not sorted
+    """
+    # Check input type
+    if not isinstance(arr, list):
+        raise TypeError("Input must be a list")
+    
+    # Check if list is sorted
+    if any(arr[i] > arr[i+1] for i in range(len(arr)-1)):
+        raise ValueError("Input list must be sorted in ascending order")
+    
+    # Empty list check
+    if not arr:
+        return -1
+    
+    # Binary search implementation
+    left, right = 0, len(arr) - 1
+    
+    while left <= right:
+        mid = (left + right) // 2
+        
+        # Found the target
+        if arr[mid] == target:
+            return mid
+        
+        # Target is in the left half
+        elif arr[mid] > target:
+            right = mid - 1
+        
+        # Target is in the right half
+        else:
+            left = mid + 1
+    
+    # Target not found
+    return -1
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/rgb_to_hex.py b/src/rgb_to_hex.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d5c184ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/rgb_to_hex.py
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+def rgb_to_hex(r: int, g: int, b: int) -> str:
+    """
+    Convert RGB color values to a hexadecimal color representation.
+
+    Args:
+        r (int): Red color value (0-255)
+        g (int): Green color value (0-255)
+        b (int): Blue color value (0-255)
+
+    Returns:
+        str: Hexadecimal color representation (6 characters)
+
+    Raises:
+        ValueError: If any color value is outside the range 0-255
+    """
+    # Validate input values are within the valid range
+    for color, name in [(r, 'Red'), (g, 'Green'), (b, 'Blue')]:
+        if not isinstance(color, int):
+            raise TypeError(f"{name} value must be an integer")
+        if color < 0 or color > 255:
+            raise ValueError(f"{name} value must be between 0 and 255")
+    
+    # Convert each color component to a two-digit hex value
+    return ''.join(f'{c:02X}' for c in (r, g, b))
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/string_reversal.py b/src/string_reversal.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c12c56cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/string_reversal.py
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+def reverse_string(s: str) -> str:
+    """
+    Reverses the given string using a manual character-by-character approach.
+
+    Args:
+        s (str): The input string to be reversed.
+
+    Returns:
+        str: The reversed string.
+
+    Raises:
+        TypeError: If the input is not a string.
+    """
+    # Validate input
+    if not isinstance(s, str):
+        raise TypeError("Input must be a string")
+    
+    # Convert string to list of characters for manipulation
+    chars = list(s)
+    
+    # Manual reversal using two-pointer technique
+    left, right = 0, len(chars) - 1
+    while left < right:
+        # Swap characters
+        chars[left], chars[right] = chars[right], chars[left]
+        
+        # Move pointers
+        left += 1
+        right -= 1
+    
+    # Convert back to string and return
+    return ''.join(chars)
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/url_parser.py b/src/url_parser.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..eee01905
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/url_parser.py
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+from urllib.parse import urlparse, parse_qs
+from typing import Dict, Any, Optional
+
+def parse_url(url: str) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+    """
+    Parse a given URL into its components.
+
+    Args:
+        url (str): The URL to parse.
+
+    Returns:
+        Dict[str, Any]: A dictionary containing parsed URL components.
+
+    Raises:
+        ValueError: If the input URL is invalid or empty.
+    """
+    # Check for empty or None input
+    if not url or not isinstance(url, str):
+        raise ValueError("Invalid URL: URL must be a non-empty string")
+
+    try:
+        # Use urlparse to break down the URL
+        parsed = urlparse(url)
+
+        # Extract query parameters using parse_qs
+        query_params = parse_qs(parsed.query)
+        # Flatten single-item lists to their values
+        query_params = {k: v[0] if len(v) == 1 else v for k, v in query_params.items()}
+
+        # Construct and return the parsed URL dictionary
+        return {
+            'scheme': parsed.scheme or '',  # Change to empty string if None
+            'netloc': parsed.netloc or '',  # Change to empty string if None
+            'path': parsed.path or '',      # Change to empty string if None
+            'params': parsed.params or None,
+            'query': query_params,
+            'fragment': parsed.fragment or '',  # Change to empty string if None
+            'username': parsed.username,
+            'password': parsed.password,
+            'hostname': parsed.hostname,
+            'port': parsed.port
+        }
+    except Exception as e:
+        # Catch any unexpected parsing errors
+        raise ValueError(f"Error parsing URL: {str(e)}")
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/test_array_flatten.py b/tests/test_array_flatten.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9a58213a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_array_flatten.py
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+import pytest
+from src.array_flatten import flatten_array
+
+def test_flatten_simple_list():
+    """Test flattening a simple list."""
+    assert flatten_array([1, 2, 3]) == [1, 2, 3]
+
+def test_flatten_nested_list():
+    """Test flattening a nested list."""
+    assert flatten_array([1, [2, 3], 4]) == [1, 2, 3, 4]
+
+def test_flatten_deeply_nested_list():
+    """Test flattening a deeply nested list."""
+    assert flatten_array([1, [2, [3, 4]], 5]) == [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+
+def test_flatten_empty_list():
+    """Test flattening an empty list."""
+    assert flatten_array([]) == []
+
+def test_flatten_multiple_nested_lists():
+    """Test flattening multiple nested lists."""
+    assert flatten_array([[1, 2], [3, [4, 5]], 6]) == [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
+
+def test_invalid_input_raises_error():
+    """Test that non-integer and non-list inputs raise a TypeError."""
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+        flatten_array([1, 2, "3"])
+    
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+        flatten_array([1, 2, None])
+
+def test_flatten_single_element_list():
+    """Test flattening a list with a single nested list."""
+    assert flatten_array([1, [2], 3]) == [1, 2, 3]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/test_binary_search.py b/tests/test_binary_search.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..074f2714
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_binary_search.py
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+import pytest
+from src.binary_search import binary_search
+
+def test_binary_search_normal_case():
+    """Test binary search on a normal sorted list"""
+    arr = [1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13]
+    assert binary_search(arr, 7) == 3
+    assert binary_search(arr, 1) == 0
+    assert binary_search(arr, 13) == 6
+
+def test_binary_search_not_found():
+    """Test when target is not in the list"""
+    arr = [1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13]
+    assert binary_search(arr, 0) == -1
+    assert binary_search(arr, 14) == -1
+
+def test_binary_search_empty_list():
+    """Test binary search on an empty list"""
+    assert binary_search([], 5) == -1
+
+def test_binary_search_single_element():
+    """Test binary search on a single-element list"""
+    assert binary_search([5], 5) == 0
+    assert binary_search([5], 6) == -1
+
+def test_binary_search_invalid_input():
+    """Test error handling for invalid inputs"""
+    # Not a list
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+        binary_search(123, 5)
+    
+    # Unsorted list
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+        binary_search([5, 3, 1], 3)
+
+def test_binary_search_duplicate_elements():
+    """Test binary search with duplicate elements"""
+    arr = [1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 4, 5]
+    # Returns the first occurrence
+    assert binary_search(arr, 2) in [1, 2]
+    assert binary_search(arr, 3) in [3, 4, 5]
+
+def test_binary_search_negative_numbers():
+    """Test binary search with negative numbers"""
+    arr = [-5, -3, 0, 2, 4, 6]
+    assert binary_search(arr, -3) == 1
+    assert binary_search(arr, 0) == 2
+    assert binary_search(arr, 6) == 5
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/test_rgb_to_hex.py b/tests/test_rgb_to_hex.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a84e250c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_rgb_to_hex.py
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+import pytest
+from src.rgb_to_hex import rgb_to_hex
+
+def test_basic_conversion():
+    """Test basic RGB to Hex conversion"""
+    assert rgb_to_hex(255, 255, 255) == 'FFFFFF'
+    assert rgb_to_hex(0, 0, 0) == '000000'
+    assert rgb_to_hex(148, 0, 211) == '9400D3'
+
+def test_zero_values():
+    """Test conversion with zero values"""
+    assert rgb_to_hex(0, 0, 0) == '000000'
+
+def test_max_values():
+    """Test conversion with maximum values"""
+    assert rgb_to_hex(255, 255, 255) == 'FFFFFF'
+
+def test_mixed_values():
+    """Test conversion with mixed color values"""
+    assert rgb_to_hex(123, 45, 67) == '7B2D43'
+
+def test_invalid_low_values():
+    """Test handling of values below 0"""
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Red value must be between 0 and 255"):
+        rgb_to_hex(-1, 0, 0)
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Green value must be between 0 and 255"):
+        rgb_to_hex(0, -1, 0)
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Blue value must be between 0 and 255"):
+        rgb_to_hex(0, 0, -1)
+
+def test_invalid_high_values():
+    """Test handling of values above 255"""
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Red value must be between 0 and 255"):
+        rgb_to_hex(256, 0, 0)
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Green value must be between 0 and 255"):
+        rgb_to_hex(0, 256, 0)
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Blue value must be between 0 and 255"):
+        rgb_to_hex(0, 0, 256)
+
+def test_invalid_type():
+    """Test handling of non-integer inputs"""
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="Red value must be an integer"):
+        rgb_to_hex('255', 0, 0)
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="Green value must be an integer"):
+        rgb_to_hex(0, '255', 0)
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="Blue value must be an integer"):
+        rgb_to_hex(0, 0, '255')
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/test_string_reversal.py b/tests/test_string_reversal.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c0591259
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_string_reversal.py
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+import pytest
+from src.string_reversal import reverse_string
+
+def test_reverse_string_basic():
+    """Test basic string reversal."""
+    assert reverse_string("hello") == "olleh"
+    assert reverse_string("python") == "nohtyp"
+
+def test_reverse_string_empty():
+    """Test reversing an empty string."""
+    assert reverse_string("") == ""
+
+def test_reverse_string_single_char():
+    """Test reversing a single character string."""
+    assert reverse_string("a") == "a"
+
+def test_reverse_string_with_spaces():
+    """Test reversing a string with spaces."""
+    assert reverse_string("hello world") == "dlrow olleh"
+
+def test_reverse_string_with_special_chars():
+    """Test reversing a string with special characters."""
+    assert reverse_string("h3llo!") == "!oll3h"
+
+def test_reverse_string_invalid_input():
+    """Test that TypeError is raised for non-string inputs."""
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="Input must be a string"):
+        reverse_string(123)
+    
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="Input must be a string"):
+        reverse_string(None)
+
+def test_reverse_string_unicode():
+    """Test reversing unicode strings."""
+    assert reverse_string("café") == "éfac"
+
+def test_reverse_string_mixed_characters():
+    """Test reversing a string with mixed character types."""
+    assert reverse_string("a1b2c3!@#") == "#@!3c2b1a"
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/test_url_parser.py b/tests/test_url_parser.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5b32ec44
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_url_parser.py
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+import pytest
+from src.url_parser import parse_url
+
+def test_parse_complete_url():
+    """Test parsing a complete URL with all components."""
+    url = "https://username:password@example.com:8080/path/to/page?param1=value1&param2=value2#fragment"
+    result = parse_url(url)
+    
+    assert result['scheme'] == 'https'
+    assert result['netloc'] == 'username:password@example.com:8080'
+    assert result['path'] == '/path/to/page'
+    assert result['query'] == {'param1': 'value1', 'param2': 'value2'}
+    assert result['fragment'] == 'fragment'
+    assert result['username'] == 'username'
+    assert result['password'] == 'password'
+    assert result['hostname'] == 'example.com'
+    assert result['port'] == 8080
+
+def test_parse_simple_url():
+    """Test parsing a simple URL."""
+    url = "http://www.example.com"
+    result = parse_url(url)
+    
+    assert result['scheme'] == 'http'
+    assert result['netloc'] == 'www.example.com'
+    assert result['path'] == ''
+    assert result['query'] == {}
+    assert result['fragment'] == ''
+    assert result['hostname'] == 'www.example.com'
+    assert result['port'] is None
+
+def test_parse_url_with_query_params():
+    """Test parsing a URL with multiple query parameters."""
+    url = "https://example.com/search?q=python&category=programming"
+    result = parse_url(url)
+    
+    assert result['query'] == {'q': 'python', 'category': 'programming'}
+
+def test_parse_url_with_empty_components():
+    """Test parsing a URL with some empty components."""
+    url = "https://example.com/"
+    result = parse_url(url)
+    
+    assert result['scheme'] == 'https'
+    assert result['netloc'] == 'example.com'
+    assert result['path'] == '/'
+    assert result['query'] == {}
+
+def test_invalid_url_input():
+    """Test error handling for invalid URL inputs."""
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Invalid URL"):
+        parse_url("")
+    
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Invalid URL"):
+        parse_url(None)
+
+def test_malformed_url():
+    """Test parsing a malformed URL."""
+    url = "not a valid url"
+    result = parse_url(url)
+    
+    assert result['scheme'] == ''
+    assert result['netloc'] == ''
\ No newline at end of file