diff --git a/src/array_flattening.py b/src/array_flattening.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fa8bbb91
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/array_flattening.py
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+from typing import List, Union, Any
+
+def flatten_array(arr: List[Union[Any, List]]) -> List[Any]:
+    """
+    Recursively flatten a nested list into a single-level list.
+    
+    Args:
+        arr (List[Union[Any, List]]): A potentially nested list to be flattened.
+    
+    Returns:
+        List[Any]: A flattened list with all nested elements extracted.
+    
+    Raises:
+        TypeError: If the input is not a list.
+    
+    Examples:
+        >>> flatten_array([1, [2, 3], [4, [5, 6]]])
+        [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
+        >>> flatten_array([1, 2, 3])
+        [1, 2, 3]
+        >>> flatten_array([])
+        []
+    """
+    # Validate input is a list
+    if not isinstance(arr, list):
+        raise TypeError("Input must be a list")
+    
+    # Recursive flattening function
+    flattened = []
+    for item in arr:
+        # If the item is a list, recursively flatten
+        if isinstance(item, list):
+            flattened.extend(flatten_array(item))
+        else:
+            # Otherwise, append the item directly
+            flattened.append(item)
+    
+    return flattened
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/binary_search.py b/src/binary_search.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f3beccc7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/binary_search.py
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+def binary_search(arr, target):
+    """
+    Perform binary search on a sorted array to find the target element.
+    
+    Args:
+        arr (list): A sorted list of comparable elements 
+        target: The element to search for
+    
+    Returns:
+        int: Index of the target element if found, otherwise -1
+    
+    Raises:
+        TypeError: If input is not a list
+        ValueError: If the list is not sorted
+    """
+    # Check if input is a list
+    if not isinstance(arr, list):
+        raise TypeError("Input must be a list")
+    
+    # Check if list is sorted
+    if arr != sorted(arr):
+        raise ValueError("Input list must be sorted in ascending order")
+    
+    # Handle empty list
+    if not arr:
+        return -1
+    
+    # Perform binary search
+    left, right = 0, len(arr) - 1
+    
+    while left <= right:
+        # Calculate mid point to avoid potential integer overflow
+        mid = left + (right - left) // 2
+        
+        # Check if target is found
+        if arr[mid] == target:
+            return mid
+        
+        # If target is greater, ignore left half
+        elif arr[mid] < target:
+            left = mid + 1
+        
+        # If target is smaller, ignore right half
+        else:
+            right = mid - 1
+    
+    # Target not found
+    return -1
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/rgb_to_hex.py b/src/rgb_to_hex.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..812d3a20
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/rgb_to_hex.py
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+def rgb_to_hex(r: int, g: int, b: int) -> str:
+    """
+    Convert RGB color values to a hexadecimal color representation.
+
+    Args:
+        r (int): Red color value (0-255)
+        g (int): Green color value (0-255)
+        b (int): Blue color value (0-255)
+
+    Returns:
+        str: Hexadecimal color representation (uppercase)
+
+    Raises:
+        ValueError: If any color value is not between 0 and 255
+    """
+    # Validate input values
+    for color, name in [(r, 'Red'), (g, 'Green'), (b, 'Blue')]:
+        if not isinstance(color, int):
+            raise TypeError(f"{name} value must be an integer")
+        if color < 0 or color > 255:
+            raise ValueError(f"{name} value must be between 0 and 255")
+
+    # Convert to hex and ensure two digits with leading zero if needed
+    hex_color = ''.join(f'{color:02X}' for color in [r, g, b])
+    
+    return hex_color
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/string_reversal.py b/src/string_reversal.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2c9d1632
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/string_reversal.py
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+def reverse_string(s: str) -> str:
+    """
+    Reverse a given string manually, preserving all characters.
+
+    Args:
+        s (str): The input string to be reversed.
+
+    Returns:
+        str: The reversed string.
+
+    Raises:
+        TypeError: If the input is not a string.
+    """
+    # Type checking
+    if not isinstance(s, str):
+        raise TypeError("Input must be a string")
+    
+    # Manual string reversal using a list-based approach
+    # This method preserves all characters, including spaces and special characters
+    reversed_chars = []
+    for i in range(len(s) - 1, -1, -1):
+        reversed_chars.append(s[i])
+    
+    return ''.join(reversed_chars)
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/url_parser.py b/src/url_parser.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..56fba683
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/url_parser.py
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+from urllib.parse import urlparse, unquote
+from typing import Dict, Any, Optional, Union, List
+
+def parse_url(url: str) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+    """
+    Parse a given URL into its component parts.
+    
+    Args:
+        url (str): The URL to parse
+    
+    Returns:
+        Dict[str, Any]: A dictionary containing URL components
+    
+    Raises:
+        ValueError: If the URL is invalid or empty
+    """
+    # Check for empty or None input
+    if not url or not isinstance(url, str):
+        raise ValueError("Invalid URL: URL must be a non-empty string")
+    
+    try:
+        # Parse the URL
+        parsed_url = urlparse(url)
+        
+        # Extract query parameters with raw URL-encoded values
+        query_params: Dict[str, Union[str, List[str]]] = {}
+        if parsed_url.query:
+            # Use custom parsing to handle multiple parameters
+            for param in parsed_url.query.split('&'):
+                if '=' in param:
+                    key, value = param.split('=', 1)
+                    decoded_key = unquote(key)
+                    
+                    # Handle multiple values for the same key
+                    if decoded_key in query_params:
+                        if isinstance(query_params[decoded_key], list):
+                            query_params[decoded_key].append(value)  # type: ignore
+                        else:
+                            query_params[decoded_key] = [query_params[decoded_key], value]  # type: ignore
+                    else:
+                        query_params[decoded_key] = value
+        
+        # Construct and return the parsed URL dictionary
+        return {
+            'scheme': parsed_url.scheme or None,
+            'netloc': parsed_url.netloc or None,
+            'path': parsed_url.path or None,
+            'params': parsed_url.params or None,
+            'query': query_params,
+            'fragment': parsed_url.fragment or None,
+            'username': parsed_url.username,
+            'password': parsed_url.password,
+            'hostname': parsed_url.hostname,
+            'port': parsed_url.port
+        }
+    except Exception as e:
+        # Catch any unexpected parsing errors
+        raise ValueError(f"Error parsing URL: {str(e)}")
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/test_array_flattening.py b/tests/test_array_flattening.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..227fb4ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_array_flattening.py
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+import pytest
+from src.array_flattening import flatten_array
+
+def test_flatten_simple_list():
+    """Test flattening a simple list"""
+    assert flatten_array([1, 2, 3]) == [1, 2, 3]
+
+def test_flatten_nested_list():
+    """Test flattening a nested list"""
+    assert flatten_array([1, [2, 3], [4, [5, 6]]]) == [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
+
+def test_flatten_deeply_nested_list():
+    """Test flattening a deeply nested list"""
+    assert flatten_array([1, [2, [3, [4]]], 5]) == [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+
+def test_flatten_empty_list():
+    """Test flattening an empty list"""
+    assert flatten_array([]) == []
+
+def test_flatten_list_with_empty_sublists():
+    """Test flattening a list with empty sublists"""
+    assert flatten_array([1, [], [2, []], 3]) == [1, 2, 3]
+
+def test_invalid_input_type():
+    """Test that a TypeError is raised for non-list inputs"""
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="Input must be a list"):
+        flatten_array("not a list")
+        flatten_array(123)
+        flatten_array(None)
+
+def test_mixed_type_list():
+    """Test flattening a list with mixed types"""
+    assert flatten_array([1, "string", [2, 3.14], [True, [False]]]) == [1, "string", 2, 3.14, True, False]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/test_binary_search.py b/tests/test_binary_search.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..750f6592
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_binary_search.py
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+import pytest
+from src.binary_search import binary_search
+
+def test_binary_search_basic():
+    """Test basic functionality of binary search"""
+    arr = [1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13]
+    assert binary_search(arr, 7) == 3
+    assert binary_search(arr, 1) == 0
+    assert binary_search(arr, 13) == 6
+
+def test_binary_search_not_found():
+    """Test when target is not in the list"""
+    arr = [1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13]
+    assert binary_search(arr, 4) == -1
+    assert binary_search(arr, 0) == -1
+    assert binary_search(arr, 14) == -1
+
+def test_binary_search_empty_list():
+    """Test binary search on an empty list"""
+    assert binary_search([], 5) == -1
+
+def test_binary_search_single_element():
+    """Test binary search on a single-element list"""
+    arr = [5]
+    assert binary_search(arr, 5) == 0
+    assert binary_search(arr, 4) == -1
+
+def test_binary_search_type_error():
+    """Test that TypeError is raised for non-list inputs"""
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+        binary_search("not a list", 5)
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+        binary_search(123, 5)
+
+def test_binary_search_unsorted_list():
+    """Test that ValueError is raised for unsorted lists"""
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+        binary_search([5, 3, 1, 2, 4], 3)
+
+def test_binary_search_duplicate_elements():
+    """Test binary search with duplicate elements"""
+    arr = [1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 4, 5]
+    # Returns the index of one of the duplicates (doesn't matter which)
+    assert binary_search(arr, 2) in [1, 2]
+    assert binary_search(arr, 3) in [3, 4, 5]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/test_rgb_to_hex.py b/tests/test_rgb_to_hex.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9153e2e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_rgb_to_hex.py
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+import pytest
+from src.rgb_to_hex import rgb_to_hex
+
+def test_rgb_to_hex_basic():
+    """Test basic color conversion"""
+    assert rgb_to_hex(255, 128, 0) == 'FF8000'
+    assert rgb_to_hex(0, 0, 0) == '000000'
+    assert rgb_to_hex(255, 255, 255) == 'FFFFFF'
+
+def test_rgb_to_hex_edge_cases():
+    """Test edge case values"""
+    assert rgb_to_hex(0, 0, 0) == '000000'
+    assert rgb_to_hex(255, 255, 255) == 'FFFFFF'
+
+def test_rgb_to_hex_lowercase_conversion():
+    """Ensure output is always uppercase"""
+    result = rgb_to_hex(10, 20, 30)
+    assert result == result.upper()
+
+def test_rgb_to_hex_invalid_inputs():
+    """Test error handling for invalid inputs"""
+    # Test out of range values
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Red value must be between 0 and 255"):
+        rgb_to_hex(-1, 0, 0)
+    
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Green value must be between 0 and 255"):
+        rgb_to_hex(0, 256, 0)
+    
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Blue value must be between 0 and 255"):
+        rgb_to_hex(0, 0, 300)
+
+def test_rgb_to_hex_type_errors():
+    """Test type checking for inputs"""
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="Red value must be an integer"):
+        rgb_to_hex('255', 0, 0)
+    
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="Green value must be an integer"):
+        rgb_to_hex(0, '128', 0)
+    
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="Blue value must be an integer"):
+        rgb_to_hex(0, 0, '64')
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/test_string_reversal.py b/tests/test_string_reversal.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..34fe674a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_string_reversal.py
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+import pytest
+from src.string_reversal import reverse_string
+
+def test_reverse_string_basic():
+    """Test basic string reversal."""
+    assert reverse_string("hello") == "olleh"
+    assert reverse_string("python") == "nohtyp"
+
+def test_reverse_string_empty():
+    """Test reversal of an empty string."""
+    assert reverse_string("") == ""
+
+def test_reverse_string_single_char():
+    """Test reversal of a single character."""
+    assert reverse_string("a") == "a"
+
+def test_reverse_string_with_spaces():
+    """Test reversal of string with spaces."""
+    assert reverse_string("hello world") == "dlrow olleh"
+
+def test_reverse_string_with_punctuation():
+    """Test reversal of string with punctuation."""
+    assert reverse_string("hello, world!") == "!dlrow ,olleh"
+
+def test_reverse_string_with_mixed_characters():
+    """Test reversal of string with mixed character types."""
+    assert reverse_string("a1b2c3") == "3c2b1a"
+
+def test_reverse_string_unicode():
+    """Test reversal of string with unicode characters."""
+    assert reverse_string("café") == "éfac"
+
+def test_reverse_string_invalid_input():
+    """Test that TypeError is raised for non-string inputs."""
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="Input must be a string"):
+        reverse_string(123)
+    
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="Input must be a string"):
+        reverse_string(None)
+    
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="Input must be a string"):
+        reverse_string(["hello"])
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/test_url_parser.py b/tests/test_url_parser.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2576bdf0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_url_parser.py
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+import pytest
+from src.url_parser import parse_url
+
+def test_full_url_parsing():
+    url = "https://username:password@example.com:8080/path/to/page?key1=value1&key2=value2#fragment"
+    parsed = parse_url(url)
+    
+    assert parsed['scheme'] == 'https'
+    assert parsed['netloc'] == 'username:password@example.com:8080'
+    assert parsed['path'] == '/path/to/page'
+    assert parsed['query'] == {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'}
+    assert parsed['fragment'] == 'fragment'
+    assert parsed['username'] == 'username'
+    assert parsed['password'] == 'password'
+    assert parsed['hostname'] == 'example.com'
+    assert parsed['port'] == 8080
+
+def test_minimal_url():
+    url = "http://example.com"
+    parsed = parse_url(url)
+    
+    assert parsed['scheme'] == 'http'
+    assert parsed['netloc'] == 'example.com'
+    assert parsed['path'] is None
+    assert parsed['query'] == {}
+    assert parsed['fragment'] is None
+
+def test_url_with_query_params():
+    url = "https://example.com/search?q=python&category=programming"
+    parsed = parse_url(url)
+    
+    assert parsed['query'] == {'q': 'python', 'category': 'programming'}
+
+def test_url_with_multiple_same_query_params():
+    url = "https://example.com/page?tag=python&tag=programming"
+    parsed = parse_url(url)
+    
+    assert parsed['query'] == {'tag': ['python', 'programming']}
+
+def test_invalid_url_input():
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Invalid URL"):
+        parse_url("")
+    
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Invalid URL"):
+        parse_url(None)
+
+def test_url_without_scheme():
+    url = "example.com/path"
+    parsed = parse_url(url)
+    
+    assert parsed['scheme'] is None
+    assert parsed['netloc'] is None
+    assert parsed['path'] == 'example.com/path'
+
+def test_url_with_special_characters():
+    url = "https://example.com/path%20with%20spaces?key=value%20with%20spaces"
+    parsed = parse_url(url)
+    
+    assert parsed['path'] == '/path%20with%20spaces'
+    assert parsed['query'] == {'key': 'value%20with%20spaces'}
\ No newline at end of file