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<div id='write' class = 'is-mac'><h1><a name='header-c1' class='md-header-anchor '></a><strong>python简介</strong></h1><h2><a name='header-c6' class='md-header-anchor '></a>目录</h2><ol start='' ><li><strong>最重要的工具PIP， 以及常用的网站，IDE推荐</strong></li><li><strong>基本概念</strong></li><li><strong>函数</strong></li><li><strong>进阶概念：装饰器，迭代器，列表推导式，匿名函数</strong></li><li><strong>面向对象</strong></li><li><strong>标准库以及常用的库</strong></li></ol><h2><a name='header-c26' class='md-header-anchor '></a>最重要的工具PIP， 以及常用的网站，IDE推荐</h2><ul><li><p>Python 能干什么</p><ul><li>开发一些简单的脚本，自动化完成一些繁复的工作</li><li>web （相关的框架 flask， django）</li><li>数据分析（相关的库： Numpy）</li><li>爬虫</li><li>以及偶尔装个逼—> <a href='https://www.shiyanlou.com/courses/686'>川普撞脸希拉里(基于 OpenCV 的面部特征交换)</a></li></ul></li><li><p>Python3 的安装</p></li></ul><blockquote><p>如果你正在使用Mac，系统是OS X 10.8~10.10，那么系统自带的Python版本是2.7。要安装最新的Python 3.5，有两个方法：</p><p>方法一：从Python官网下载Python 3.5的<a href='https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.5.2/python-3.5.2-macosx10.6.pkg'>安装程序</a>（网速慢的同学请移步<a href='https://pan.baidu.com/s/1kU5OCOB#list/path=%252Fpub%252Fpython'>国内镜像</a>），双击运行并安装；</p><p>方法二：如果安装了Homebrew，直接通过命令<code>brew install python3</code>安装即可。</p><p><a href='http://blog.csdn.net/azhou_hui/article/details/49718511'>Homebrew安装及使用</a></p><p><a href='http://brew.sh/'>Homebrew 官网</a></p><p><a href='http://www.cnblogs.com/daguo/p/4097263.html'>Ruby 安装</a></p><p></p></blockquote><ul><li><a href='https://pip.pypa.io/en/stable/installing/'>Pip 安装</a></li><li><a href='http://blog.csdn.net/olanlanxiari/article/details/48086917'>Pip一些命令的简介</a><!--虽然我觉得只需要知道 pip install 就行了--></li></ul><blockquote><p>pip is already installed if you're using Python 2 >=2.7.9 or <strong>Python 3 >=3.4</strong> binaries downloaded from <a href='https://www.python.org/'>python.org</a>, but you'll need to <a href='https://pip.pypa.io/en/stable/installing/#upgrading-pip'>upgrade pip</a>.</p></blockquote><p> 对于国内用户，因为有墙的存在，用pip 安装第三方包的时候，下载速率很慢。我们需要配置pip的config 文件，假如国内的镜像网站。</p><ul><li><a href='http://topmanopensource.iteye.com/blog/2004853'>配置pip 镜像文件</a></li></ul><pre class="md-fences md-end-block" lang="shell"> <div class="CodeMirror cm-s-inner CodeMirror-wrap"><div style="overflow: hidden; position: relative; width: 3px; height: 0px; top: 0px; left: 4px;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-hscrollbar" style="left: 0px; min-height: 18px;"><div style="height: 100%; min-height: 1px; width: 0px;"></div></div><div class="CodeMirror-vscrollbar" style="min-width: 18px;"><div style="min-width: 1px; height: 0px;"></div></div><div class="CodeMirror-scrollbar-filler"></div><div class="CodeMirror-gutter-filler"></div><div class="CodeMirror-scroll" tabindex="-1"><div class="CodeMirror-sizer" style="margin-left: 0px; min-height: 0px;"><div style="position: relative; top: 0px;"><div class="CodeMirror-lines"><div style="position: relative; outline: none;"><div class="CodeMirror-measure"><div style="width: 50px; height: 50px; overflow-x: scroll;"></div></div><div class="CodeMirror-measure"></div><div style="position: relative; z-index: 1;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-code" style=""><div class="CodeMirror-activeline" style="position: relative;"><div class="CodeMirror-activeline-background CodeMirror-linebackground"></div><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;">[global]</span></pre></div><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;">timeout <span class="cm-operator">=</span> 6000</span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;">index-url <span class="cm-operator">=</span> http://pypi.douban.com/simple/</span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;">[install]</span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;">use-mirrors <span class="cm-operator">=</span> <span class="cm-atom">true</span></span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;">mirrors <span class="cm-operator">=</span> http://pypi.douban.com/simple/</span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;">trusted-host <span class="cm-operator">=</span> pypi.douban.com</span></pre></div></div></div></div></div><div style="position: absolute; height: 30px; width: 1px; top: 0px;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-gutters" style="display: none; height: 154px;"></div></div></div></pre><ul><li>IDE: PyCharm</li></ul><p><a href='https://www.jetbrains.com/pycharm/'>Pycharm official website</a></p><p><a href='http://blog.csdn.net/column/details/pycharm.html'>Pycharm 使用教程</a></p><p></p><h2><a name='header-c92' class='md-header-anchor '></a>基本概念</h2><h3><a name='header-c93' class='md-header-anchor '></a><a href='http://www.liaoxuefeng.com/wiki/0014316089557264a6b348958f449949df42a6d3a2e542c000/001431658624177ea4f8fcb06bc4d0e8aab2fd7aa65dd95000'>数据类型</a></h3><pre class="md-fences md-end-block" lang="python"> <div class="CodeMirror cm-s-inner CodeMirror-wrap"><div style="overflow: hidden; position: relative; width: 3px; height: 0px; top: 0px; left: 4px;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-hscrollbar" style="left: 0px; min-height: 18px;"><div style="height: 100%; min-height: 1px; width: 0px;"></div></div><div class="CodeMirror-vscrollbar" style="min-width: 18px;"><div style="min-width: 1px; height: 0px;"></div></div><div class="CodeMirror-scrollbar-filler"></div><div class="CodeMirror-gutter-filler"></div><div class="CodeMirror-scroll" tabindex="-1"><div class="CodeMirror-sizer" style="margin-left: 0px; min-height: 0px;"><div style="position: relative; top: 0px;"><div class="CodeMirror-lines"><div style="position: relative; outline: none;"><div class="CodeMirror-measure"><div style="width: 50px; height: 50px; overflow-x: scroll;"></div></div><div class="CodeMirror-measure"></div><div style="position: relative; z-index: 1;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-code" style=""><div class="CodeMirror-activeline" style="position: relative;"><div class="CodeMirror-activeline-background CodeMirror-linebackground"></div><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-operator">>>></span> <span class="cm-variable">n</span> = <span class="cm-number">123</span></span></pre></div><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-operator">>>></span> <span class="cm-variable">f</span> = <span class="cm-number">456.789</span></span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-operator">>>></span> <span class="cm-variable">s1</span> = <span class="cm-string">'Hello, world'</span></span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-operator">>>></span> <span class="cm-variable">s2</span> = <span class="cm-string">'Hello, \'Adam\''</span></span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-operator">>>></span> <span class="cm-variable">s3</span> = <span class="cm-string">r'Hello, "Bart"'</span></span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-operator">>>></span> <span class="cm-variable">s4</span> = <span class="cm-string">r'''Hello,</span></span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-string">... Lisa!'''</span></span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-operator">>>></span> <span class="cm-keyword">print</span>(<span class="cm-variable">s1</span>)</span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-variable">Hello</span>, <span class="cm-variable">world</span></span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-operator">>>></span> <span class="cm-keyword">print</span>(<span class="cm-variable">s2</span>)</span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-variable">Hello</span>, <span class="cm-string">'Adam'</span></span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-operator">>>></span> <span class="cm-keyword">print</span>(<span class="cm-variable">s3</span>)</span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-variable">Hello</span>, <span class="cm-string">"Bart"</span></span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-operator">>>></span> <span class="cm-keyword">print</span>(<span class="cm-variable">s4</span>)</span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-variable">Hello</span>,</span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-variable">Lisa</span><span class="cm-operator">!</span></span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-operator">>>></span> </span></pre></div></div></div></div></div><div style="position: absolute; height: 30px; width: 1px; top: 0px;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-gutters" style="display: none; height: 374px;"></div></div></div></pre><h3><a name='header-c95' class='md-header-anchor '></a><a href='http://www.liaoxuefeng.com/wiki/0014316089557264a6b348958f449949df42a6d3a2e542c000/001431664106267f12e9bef7ee14cf6a8776a479bdec9b9000'>字符串与编码</a></h3><pre class="md-fences md-end-block" lang="python"> <div class="CodeMirror cm-s-inner CodeMirror-wrap"><div style="overflow: hidden; position: relative; width: 3px; height: 0px; top: 0px; left: 4px;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-hscrollbar" style="left: 0px; min-height: 18px;"><div style="height: 100%; min-height: 1px; width: 0px;"></div></div><div class="CodeMirror-vscrollbar" style="min-width: 18px;"><div style="min-width: 1px; height: 0px;"></div></div><div class="CodeMirror-scrollbar-filler"></div><div class="CodeMirror-gutter-filler"></div><div class="CodeMirror-scroll" tabindex="-1"><div class="CodeMirror-sizer" style="margin-left: 0px; min-height: 0px;"><div style="position: relative; top: 0px;"><div class="CodeMirror-lines"><div style="position: relative; outline: none;"><div class="CodeMirror-measure"><div style="width: 50px; height: 50px; overflow-x: scroll;"></div></div><div class="CodeMirror-measure"></div><div style="position: relative; z-index: 1;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-code" style=""><div class="CodeMirror-activeline" style="position: relative;"><div class="CodeMirror-activeline-background CodeMirror-linebackground"></div><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-keyword">print</span>()</span></pre></div><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-builtin">len</span>()</span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-operator">>>></span> <span class="cm-string">b'AbC'</span>.<span class="cm-property">decode</span>()</span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-string">'AbC'</span></span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-operator">>>></span> <span class="cm-string">'ANC'</span>.<span class="cm-property">encode</span>(<span class="cm-string">'utf-8'</span>)</span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-string">b'ANC'</span></span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-operator">>>></span> </span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-operator">>>></span> <span class="cm-variable">A</span> = <span class="cm-string">'Allen'</span></span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-operator">>>></span> <span class="cm-string">'Hello %s'</span> <span class="cm-operator">%</span> <span class="cm-variable">A</span></span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-string">'Hello Allen'</span></span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-operator">>>></span> </span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-operator">>>></span> <span class="cm-string">'%2d-%02d'</span> <span class="cm-operator">%</span> (<span class="cm-number">3</span>, <span class="cm-number">1</span>)</span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-string">' 3-01'</span></span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-operator">>>></span> <span class="cm-string">'%.2f'</span> <span class="cm-operator">%</span> <span class="cm-number">3.1415926</span></span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-string">'3.14'</span></span></pre></div></div></div></div></div><div style="position: absolute; height: 30px; width: 1px; top: 0px;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-gutters" style="display: none; height: 330px;"></div></div></div></pre><h3><a name='header-c97' class='md-header-anchor '></a><a href='http://www.liaoxuefeng.com/wiki/0014316089557264a6b348958f449949df42a6d3a2e542c000/0014316724772904521142196b74a3f8abf93d8e97c6ee6000'>List 与 tuple</a></h3><blockquote><p>list 就是 NSMutableArray, tuple就是 NSArray</p></blockquote><pre class="md-fences md-end-block" lang="python"> <div class="CodeMirror cm-s-inner CodeMirror-wrap"><div style="overflow: hidden; position: relative; width: 3px; height: 0px; top: 0px; left: 4px;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-hscrollbar" style="left: 0px; min-height: 18px;"><div style="height: 100%; min-height: 1px; width: 0px;"></div></div><div class="CodeMirror-vscrollbar" style="min-width: 18px;"><div style="min-width: 1px; height: 0px;"></div></div><div class="CodeMirror-scrollbar-filler"></div><div class="CodeMirror-gutter-filler"></div><div class="CodeMirror-scroll" tabindex="-1"><div class="CodeMirror-sizer" style="margin-left: 0px; min-height: 0px;"><div style="position: relative; top: 0px;"><div class="CodeMirror-lines"><div style="position: relative; outline: none;"><div class="CodeMirror-measure"><div style="width: 50px; height: 50px; overflow-x: scroll;"></div></div><div class="CodeMirror-measure"></div><div style="position: relative; z-index: 1;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-code" style=""><div class="CodeMirror-activeline" style="position: relative;"><div class="CodeMirror-activeline-background CodeMirror-linebackground"></div><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-variable">classmatess_L</span> = [<span class="cm-string">'Michael'</span>, <span class="cm-string">'Bob'</span>, <span class="cm-string">'Tracy'</span>]</span></pre></div><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-variable">classmates</span> = (<span class="cm-string">'Michael'</span>, <span class="cm-string">'Bob'</span>, <span class="cm-string">'Tracy'</span>)</span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span></span></span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-operator">>>></span> <span class="cm-variable">classmates_L</span>.<span class="cm-property">append</span>(<span class="cm-string">'Allen'</span>)</span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-operator">>>></span> <span class="cm-keyword">print</span>(<span class="cm-variable">classmates_L</span>)</span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;">[<span class="cm-string">'Michael'</span>, <span class="cm-string">'Bob'</span>, <span class="cm-string">'Tracy'</span>, <span class="cm-string">'Allen'</span>]</span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-operator">>>></span> <span class="cm-variable">classmates</span>.<span class="cm-property">append</span>(<span class="cm-string">'Allen'</span>)</span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-variable">Traceback</span> (<span class="cm-variable">most</span> <span class="cm-variable">recent</span> <span class="cm-variable">call</span> <span class="cm-variable">last</span>):</span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> <span class="cm-variable cm-error">File</span> <span class="cm-string">"<stdin>"</span>, <span class="cm-variable">line</span> <span class="cm-number">1</span>, <span class="cm-keyword">in</span> <span class="cm-operator"><</span><span class="cm-variable">module</span><span class="cm-operator">></span></span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-variable">AttributeError</span>: <span class="cm-string">'tuple'</span> <span class="cm-builtin">object</span> <span class="cm-variable">has</span> <span class="cm-variable">no</span> <span class="cm-variable">attribute</span> <span class="cm-string">'append'</span></span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-operator">>>></span> </span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span></span></span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-variable">List</span><span class="cm-error">：</span></span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-variable">append</span>()</span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-operator">>>></span> <span class="cm-variable">classmates_L</span>.<span class="cm-property">pop</span>()</span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-string">'Allen'</span></span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-operator">>>></span> <span class="cm-keyword">print</span>(<span class="cm-variable">classmates_L</span>)</span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;">[<span class="cm-string">'Michael'</span>, <span class="cm-string">'Bob'</span>, <span class="cm-string">'Tracy'</span>]</span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-operator">>>></span> <span class="cm-variable">classmates_L</span>.<span class="cm-property">pop</span>(<span class="cm-number">2</span>)</span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-string">'Tracy'</span></span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-operator">>>></span> <span class="cm-keyword">print</span>(<span class="cm-variable">classmates_L</span>)</span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;">[<span class="cm-string">'Michael'</span>, <span class="cm-string">'Bob'</span>]</span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-operator">>>></span> </span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-operator">>>></span><span class="cm-builtin">len</span>(<span class="cm-variable">classmates_L</span>)</span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-number">2</span></span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-operator">>>></span> <span class="cm-variable">classmates_L</span>[<span class="cm-operator">-</span><span class="cm-number">1</span>]</span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-string">'Allen'</span></span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-operator">>>></span> <span class="cm-variable">classmates_L</span>.<span class="cm-property">insert</span>(<span class="cm-number">1</span>,<span class="cm-string">'Allen'</span>)</span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-operator">>>></span> <span class="cm-keyword">print</span>(<span class="cm-variable">classmates_L</span>)</span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;">[<span class="cm-string">'Michael'</span>, <span class="cm-string">'Allen'</span>, <span class="cm-string">'Bob'</span>]</span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-comment">#避免歧义，定义一个元素的tuple，在元素后面要加上,</span></span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span></span></span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-operator">>>></span> <span class="cm-variable">name</span>= (<span class="cm-string">'Allen'</span>,)</span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-operator">>>></span> <span class="cm-keyword">print</span>(<span class="cm-variable">name</span>)</span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;">(<span class="cm-string">'Allen'</span>,)</span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span></span></span></pre></div></div></div></div></div><div style="position: absolute; height: 30px; width: 1px; top: 0px;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-gutters" style="display: none; height: 792px;"></div></div></div></pre><h3><a name='header-c102' class='md-header-anchor '></a><a href='http://www.liaoxuefeng.com/wiki/0014316089557264a6b348958f449949df42a6d3a2e542c000/001431675624710bb20e9734ef343bbb4bd64bcd37d4b52000'>条件判断</a></h3><pre class="md-fences md-end-block" lang="python"> <div class="CodeMirror cm-s-inner CodeMirror-wrap"><div style="overflow: hidden; position: relative; width: 3px; height: 0px; top: 0px; left: 4px;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-hscrollbar" style="left: 0px; min-height: 18px;"><div style="height: 100%; min-height: 1px; width: 0px;"></div></div><div class="CodeMirror-vscrollbar" style="min-width: 18px;"><div style="min-width: 1px; height: 0px;"></div></div><div class="CodeMirror-scrollbar-filler"></div><div class="CodeMirror-gutter-filler"></div><div class="CodeMirror-scroll" tabindex="-1"><div class="CodeMirror-sizer" style="margin-left: 0px; min-height: 0px;"><div style="position: relative; top: 0px;"><div class="CodeMirror-lines"><div style="position: relative; outline: none;"><div class="CodeMirror-measure"><div style="width: 50px; height: 50px; overflow-x: scroll;"></div></div><div class="CodeMirror-measure"></div><div style="position: relative; z-index: 1;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-code" style=""><div class="CodeMirror-activeline" style="position: relative;"><div class="CodeMirror-activeline-background CodeMirror-linebackground"></div><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-variable">age</span> = <span class="cm-number">20</span></span></pre></div><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-keyword">if</span> <span class="cm-variable">age</span> <span class="cm-operator">></span>= <span class="cm-number">6</span>:</span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> <span class="cm-keyword">print</span>(<span class="cm-string">'teenager'</span>)</span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-keyword">elif</span> <span class="cm-variable">age</span> <span class="cm-operator">></span>= <span class="cm-number">18</span>:</span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> <span class="cm-keyword">print</span>(<span class="cm-string">'adult'</span>)</span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-keyword">else</span>:</span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> <span class="cm-keyword">print</span>(<span class="cm-string">'kid'</span>)</span></pre></div></div></div></div></div><div style="position: absolute; height: 30px; width: 1px; top: 0px;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-gutters" style="display: none; height: 154px;"></div></div></div></pre><h3><a name='header-c104' class='md-header-anchor '></a><a href='http://www.liaoxuefeng.com/wiki/0014316089557264a6b348958f449949df42a6d3a2e542c000/001431675624710bb20e9734ef343bbb4bd64bcd37d4b52000'>循环</a></h3><pre class="md-fences md-end-block" lang="python"> <div class="CodeMirror cm-s-inner CodeMirror-wrap"><div style="overflow: hidden; position: relative; width: 3px; height: 0px; top: 0px; left: 4px;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-hscrollbar" style="left: 0px; min-height: 18px;"><div style="height: 100%; min-height: 1px; width: 0px;"></div></div><div class="CodeMirror-vscrollbar" style="min-width: 18px;"><div style="min-width: 1px; height: 0px;"></div></div><div class="CodeMirror-scrollbar-filler"></div><div class="CodeMirror-gutter-filler"></div><div class="CodeMirror-scroll" tabindex="-1"><div class="CodeMirror-sizer" style="margin-left: 0px; min-height: 0px;"><div style="position: relative; top: 0px;"><div class="CodeMirror-lines"><div style="position: relative; outline: none;"><div class="CodeMirror-measure"><div style="width: 50px; height: 50px; overflow-x: scroll;"></div></div><div class="CodeMirror-measure"></div><div style="position: relative; z-index: 1;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-code"><div class="CodeMirror-activeline" style="position: relative;"><div class="CodeMirror-activeline-background CodeMirror-linebackground"></div><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-builtin">sum</span> = <span class="cm-number">0</span></span></pre></div><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-keyword">for</span> <span class="cm-variable">x</span> <span class="cm-keyword">in</span> [<span class="cm-number">1</span>, <span class="cm-number">2</span>, <span class="cm-number">3</span>, <span class="cm-number">4</span>, <span class="cm-number">5</span>, <span class="cm-number">6</span>, <span class="cm-number">7</span>, <span class="cm-number">8</span>, <span class="cm-number">9</span>, <span class="cm-number">10</span>]:</span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> <span class="cm-builtin">sum</span> = <span class="cm-builtin">sum</span> <span class="cm-operator">+</span> <span class="cm-variable">x</span></span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-keyword">print</span>(<span class="cm-builtin">sum</span>)</span></pre></div></div></div></div></div><div style="position: absolute; height: 30px; width: 1px; top: 0px;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-gutters" style="display: none; height: 88px;"></div></div></div></pre><pre class="md-fences md-end-block" lang="python"> <div class="CodeMirror cm-s-inner CodeMirror-wrap"><div style="overflow: hidden; position: relative; width: 3px; height: 0px; top: 0px; left: 4px;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-hscrollbar" style="left: 0px; min-height: 18px;"><div style="height: 100%; min-height: 1px; width: 0px;"></div></div><div class="CodeMirror-vscrollbar" style="min-width: 18px;"><div style="min-width: 1px; height: 0px;"></div></div><div class="CodeMirror-scrollbar-filler"></div><div class="CodeMirror-gutter-filler"></div><div class="CodeMirror-scroll" tabindex="-1"><div class="CodeMirror-sizer" style="margin-left: 0px; min-height: 0px;"><div style="position: relative; top: 0px;"><div class="CodeMirror-lines"><div style="position: relative; outline: none;"><div class="CodeMirror-measure"><div style="width: 50px; height: 50px; overflow-x: scroll;"></div></div><div class="CodeMirror-measure"></div><div style="position: relative; z-index: 1;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-code" style=""><div class="CodeMirror-activeline" style="position: relative;"><div class="CodeMirror-activeline-background CodeMirror-linebackground"></div><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-builtin">sum</span> = <span class="cm-number">0</span></span></pre></div><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-builtin">list</span> = [<span class="cm-number">1</span>, <span class="cm-number">2</span>, <span class="cm-number">3</span>, <span class="cm-number">4</span>, <span class="cm-number">5</span>, <span class="cm-number">6</span>, <span class="cm-number">7</span>, <span class="cm-number">8</span>, <span class="cm-number">9</span>, <span class="cm-number">10</span>]</span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-keyword">for</span> <span class="cm-variable">index</span> <span class="cm-keyword">in</span> <span class="cm-builtin">range</span>(<span class="cm-number">0</span>,<span class="cm-builtin">len</span>(<span class="cm-builtin">list</span>)):</span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-tab"> </span><span class="cm-builtin">sum</span> = <span class="cm-builtin">sum</span> <span class="cm-operator">+</span> <span class="cm-builtin">list</span>[<span class="cm-variable">index</span>]</span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-keyword">print</span>(<span class="cm-builtin">sum</span>)</span></pre></div></div></div></div></div><div style="position: absolute; height: 30px; width: 1px; top: 0px;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-gutters" style="display: none; height: 110px;"></div></div></div></pre><pre class="md-fences md-end-block" lang="python"> <div class="CodeMirror cm-s-inner CodeMirror-wrap"><div style="overflow: hidden; position: relative; width: 3px; height: 0px; top: 0px; left: 4px;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-hscrollbar" style="left: 0px; min-height: 18px;"><div style="height: 100%; min-height: 1px; width: 0px;"></div></div><div class="CodeMirror-vscrollbar" style="min-width: 18px;"><div style="min-width: 1px; height: 0px;"></div></div><div class="CodeMirror-scrollbar-filler"></div><div class="CodeMirror-gutter-filler"></div><div class="CodeMirror-scroll" tabindex="-1"><div class="CodeMirror-sizer" style="margin-left: 0px; min-height: 0px;"><div style="position: relative; top: 0px;"><div class="CodeMirror-lines"><div style="position: relative; outline: none;"><div class="CodeMirror-measure"><div style="width: 50px; height: 50px; overflow-x: scroll;"></div></div><div class="CodeMirror-measure"></div><div style="position: relative; z-index: 1;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-code" style=""><div class="CodeMirror-activeline" style="position: relative;"><div class="CodeMirror-activeline-background CodeMirror-linebackground"></div><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-builtin">sum</span> = <span class="cm-number">0</span></span></pre></div><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-variable">n</span> = <span class="cm-number">99</span></span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-keyword">while</span> <span class="cm-variable">n</span> <span class="cm-operator">></span> <span class="cm-number">0</span>:</span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> <span class="cm-builtin">sum</span> = <span class="cm-builtin">sum</span> <span class="cm-operator">+</span> <span class="cm-variable">n</span></span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> <span class="cm-variable">n</span> = <span class="cm-variable">n</span> <span class="cm-operator">-</span> <span class="cm-number">2</span></span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-keyword">print</span>(<span class="cm-builtin">sum</span>)</span></pre></div></div></div></div></div><div style="position: absolute; height: 30px; width: 1px; top: 0px;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-gutters" style="display: none; height: 132px;"></div></div></div></pre><h3><a name='header-c108' class='md-header-anchor '></a><a href='http://www.liaoxuefeng.com/wiki/0014316089557264a6b348958f449949df42a6d3a2e542c000/00143167793538255adf33371774853a0ef943280573f4d000'>Dict 与 set</a></h3><pre class="md-fences md-end-block" lang="python"> <div class="CodeMirror cm-s-inner CodeMirror-wrap"><div style="overflow: hidden; position: relative; width: 3px; height: 0px; top: 0px; left: 4px;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-hscrollbar" style="left: 0px; min-height: 18px;"><div style="height: 100%; min-height: 1px; width: 0px;"></div></div><div class="CodeMirror-vscrollbar" style="min-width: 18px;"><div style="min-width: 1px; height: 0px;"></div></div><div class="CodeMirror-scrollbar-filler"></div><div class="CodeMirror-gutter-filler"></div><div class="CodeMirror-scroll" tabindex="-1"><div class="CodeMirror-sizer" style="margin-left: 0px; min-height: 0px;"><div style="position: relative; top: 0px;"><div class="CodeMirror-lines"><div style="position: relative; outline: none;"><div class="CodeMirror-measure"><div style="width: 50px; height: 50px; overflow-x: scroll;"></div></div><div class="CodeMirror-measure"></div><div style="position: relative; z-index: 1;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-code" style=""><div class="CodeMirror-activeline" style="position: relative;"><div class="CodeMirror-activeline-background CodeMirror-linebackground"></div><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-operator">>>></span> <span class="cm-variable">d</span> = {<span class="cm-string">'Michael'</span>: <span class="cm-number">95</span>, <span class="cm-string">'Bob'</span>: <span class="cm-number">75</span>, <span class="cm-string">'Tracy'</span>: <span class="cm-number">85</span>}</span></pre></div><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-operator">>>></span> <span class="cm-variable">d</span>[<span class="cm-string">'Michael'</span>]</span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-number">95</span></span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-operator">>>></span> <span class="cm-variable">d</span>[<span class="cm-string">'Jack'</span>] = <span class="cm-number">90</span></span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-operator">>>></span> <span class="cm-variable">d</span>[<span class="cm-string">'Jack'</span>]</span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-number">90</span></span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-operator">>>></span> <span class="cm-variable">d</span>[<span class="cm-string">'Jack'</span>] = <span class="cm-number">88</span></span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-operator">>>></span> <span class="cm-variable">d</span>[<span class="cm-string">'Jack'</span>]</span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-number">88</span></span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-operator">>>></span> <span class="cm-variable">d</span>.<span class="cm-property">pop</span>(<span class="cm-string">'Michael'</span>)</span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-number">95</span></span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-operator">>>></span> <span class="cm-keyword">print</span>(<span class="cm-variable">d</span>)</span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;">{<span class="cm-string">'Tracy'</span>: <span class="cm-number">85</span>, <span class="cm-string">'Bob'</span>: <span class="cm-number">75</span>}</span></pre></div></div></div></div></div><div style="position: absolute; height: 30px; width: 1px; top: 0px;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-gutters" style="display: none; height: 286px;"></div></div></div></pre><pre class="md-fences md-end-block" lang="python"> <div class="CodeMirror cm-s-inner CodeMirror-wrap"><div style="overflow: hidden; position: relative; width: 3px; height: 0px; top: 0px; left: 4px;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-hscrollbar" style="left: 0px; min-height: 18px;"><div style="height: 100%; min-height: 1px; width: 0px;"></div></div><div class="CodeMirror-vscrollbar" style="min-width: 18px;"><div style="min-width: 1px; height: 0px;"></div></div><div class="CodeMirror-scrollbar-filler"></div><div class="CodeMirror-gutter-filler"></div><div class="CodeMirror-scroll" tabindex="-1"><div class="CodeMirror-sizer" style="margin-left: 0px; min-height: 0px;"><div style="position: relative; top: 0px;"><div class="CodeMirror-lines"><div style="position: relative; outline: none;"><div class="CodeMirror-measure"><div style="width: 50px; height: 50px; overflow-x: scroll;"></div></div><div class="CodeMirror-measure"></div><div style="position: relative; z-index: 1;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-code" style=""><div class="CodeMirror-activeline" style="position: relative;"><div class="CodeMirror-activeline-background CodeMirror-linebackground"></div><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-comment">#set和dict类似，也是一组key的集合，但不存储value。由于key不能重复，所以，在set中，没有重复的key。</span></span></pre></div><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span></span></span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-comment">#要创建一个set，需要提供一个list作为输入集合：</span></span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span></span></span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span></span></span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-operator">>>></span> <span class="cm-variable">s</span> = <span class="cm-builtin">set</span>([<span class="cm-number">1</span>, <span class="cm-number">2</span>, <span class="cm-number">3</span>])</span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-operator">>>></span> <span class="cm-variable">s</span></span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;">{<span class="cm-number">1</span>, <span class="cm-number">2</span>, <span class="cm-number">3</span>}</span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-operator">>>></span> <span class="cm-variable">s</span>.<span class="cm-property">add</span>(<span class="cm-number">4</span>)</span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;">{<span class="cm-number">1</span>,<span class="cm-number">2</span>,<span class="cm-number">3</span>,<span class="cm-number">4</span>}</span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-operator">>>></span> <span class="cm-variable">s1</span> = <span class="cm-builtin">set</span>([<span class="cm-number">1</span>, <span class="cm-number">2</span>, <span class="cm-number">3</span>])</span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-operator">>>></span> <span class="cm-variable">s2</span> = <span class="cm-builtin">set</span>([<span class="cm-number">2</span>, <span class="cm-number">3</span>, <span class="cm-number">4</span>])</span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-operator">>>></span> <span class="cm-variable">s1</span> <span class="cm-operator">&</span> <span class="cm-variable">s2</span></span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;">{<span class="cm-number">2</span>, <span class="cm-number">3</span>}</span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-operator">>>></span> <span class="cm-variable">s1</span> <span class="cm-operator">|</span> <span class="cm-variable">s2</span></span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;">{<span class="cm-number">1</span>, <span class="cm-number">2</span>, <span class="cm-number">3</span>, <span class="cm-number">4</span>}</span></pre></div></div></div></div></div><div style="position: absolute; height: 30px; width: 1px; top: 0px;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-gutters" style="display: none; height: 374px;"></div></div></div></pre><h2><a name='header-c111' class='md-header-anchor '></a>函数</h2><pre class="md-fences md-end-block" lang="python"> <div class="CodeMirror cm-s-inner CodeMirror-wrap"><div style="overflow: hidden; position: relative; width: 3px; height: 0px; top: 0px; left: 4px;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-hscrollbar" style="left: 0px; min-height: 18px;"><div style="height: 100%; min-height: 1px; width: 0px;"></div></div><div class="CodeMirror-vscrollbar" style="min-width: 18px;"><div style="min-width: 1px; height: 0px;"></div></div><div class="CodeMirror-scrollbar-filler"></div><div class="CodeMirror-gutter-filler"></div><div class="CodeMirror-scroll" tabindex="-1"><div class="CodeMirror-sizer" style="margin-left: 0px; min-height: 0px;"><div style="position: relative; top: 0px;"><div class="CodeMirror-lines"><div style="position: relative; outline: none;"><div class="CodeMirror-measure"><div style="width: 50px; height: 50px; overflow-x: scroll;"></div></div><div class="CodeMirror-measure"></div><div style="position: relative; z-index: 1;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-code" style=""><div class="CodeMirror-activeline" style="position: relative;"><div class="CodeMirror-activeline-background CodeMirror-linebackground"></div><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-keyword">def</span> <span class="cm-def">my_abs</span>(<span class="cm-variable">x</span>):</span></pre></div><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> <span class="cm-keyword">if</span> <span class="cm-variable">x</span> <span class="cm-operator">></span>= <span class="cm-number">0</span>:</span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> <span class="cm-keyword">return</span> <span class="cm-variable">x</span></span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> <span class="cm-keyword">else</span>:</span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> <span class="cm-keyword">return</span> <span class="cm-operator">-</span><span class="cm-variable">x</span></span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> </span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-operator">>>></span> <span class="cm-variable">my_abs</span>(<span class="cm-operator">-</span><span class="cm-number">4</span>)</span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-number">4</span></span></pre></div></div></div></div></div><div style="position: absolute; height: 30px; width: 1px; top: 0px;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-gutters" style="display: none; height: 176px;"></div></div></div></pre><h3><a name='header-c113' class='md-header-anchor '></a>python中函数的参数</h3><ol start='' ><li>只有位置参数： <code>def func(a): pass</code></li><li>带有默认参数 <code>def func(a, b = 'default'): pass</code></li><li>带有任意位置参数 <code>def func(a, b = 'default', *args):pass</code></li><li>带有任意键值的参数（关键字参数） <code>def func(a, b = 'default',*args, **kwds):pass</code></li></ol><h4><a name='header-c127' class='md-header-anchor '></a><strong><mark>note</mark></strong></h4><ul><li>位置参数是最基本的参数，它会跟所传入的参数位置一一对应。</li><li>默认参数是为了简化函数调用的方法，我们可以在定义中定义一个默认的值，以此对于某一类的参数，我们只需要传入不同的位置参数.</li></ul><pre class='md-fences mock-cm' style='display:block;position:relative'>def enroll(name, gender, age=6, city='Beijing'):
print('name:', name)
print('gender:', gender)
print('age:', age)
print('city:', city)
>>> enroll('Sarah', 'F')
name: Sarah
gender: F
age: 6
city: Beijing</pre><blockquote><ul><li><p>默认参数有几个注意的地方： </p><ul><li>有多个默认参数时，调用的时候，既可以按顺序提供默认参数，比如调用<code>enroll('Bob', 'M', 7)</code>，意思是，除了<code>name</code>，<code>gender</code>这两个参数外，最后1个参数应用在参数<code>age</code>上，<code>city</code>参数由于没有提供，仍然使用默认值。</li><li>也可以不按顺序提供部分默认参数。当不按顺序提供部分默认参数时，需要把参数名写上。比如调用<code>enroll('Adam', 'M', city='Tianjin')</code>，意思是，<code>city</code>参数用传进去的值，其他默认参数继续使用默认值。</li><li>默认参数一定不能传入可变元素。 因为默认参数在定义时候就已经确定了值，相当于已经给其分配了空间，当我们每一次调用的时候都会给那个空间中存入。</li></ul></li></ul></blockquote><ul><li>可变参数： 解决的问题是当你不确定要在函数中传入多少个参数时候，你需要用到可变参数。</li><li>关键字参数: 相当于 <code>userinfo</code></li><li>命名关键字参数： 相当于固定要传进来的<code>userinfo</code></li></ul><pre class="md-fences md-end-block" lang="python"> <div class="CodeMirror cm-s-inner CodeMirror-wrap"><div style="overflow: hidden; position: relative; width: 3px; height: 0px; top: 0px; left: 4px;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-hscrollbar" style="left: 0px; min-height: 18px;"><div style="height: 100%; min-height: 1px; width: 0px;"></div></div><div class="CodeMirror-vscrollbar" style="min-width: 18px;"><div style="min-width: 1px; height: 0px;"></div></div><div class="CodeMirror-scrollbar-filler"></div><div class="CodeMirror-gutter-filler"></div><div class="CodeMirror-scroll" tabindex="-1"><div class="CodeMirror-sizer" style="margin-left: 0px; min-height: 0px;"><div style="position: relative; top: 0px;"><div class="CodeMirror-lines"><div style="position: relative; outline: none;"><div class="CodeMirror-measure"><div style="width: 50px; height: 50px; overflow-x: scroll;"></div></div><div class="CodeMirror-measure"></div><div style="position: relative; z-index: 1;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-code" style=""><div class="CodeMirror-activeline" style="position: relative;"><div class="CodeMirror-activeline-background CodeMirror-linebackground"></div><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-comment">#命名关键字参数必须传入参数名，这和位置参数不同。如果没有传入参数名，调用将报错</span></span></pre></div><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-comment">#如果要限制关键字参数的名字，就可以用命名关键字参数，例如，只接收city和job作为关键字参数。这种方式定义的函数如下：</span></span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span></span></span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-keyword">def</span> <span class="cm-def">person</span>(<span class="cm-variable">name</span>, <span class="cm-variable">age</span>, <span class="cm-operator">*</span>, <span class="cm-variable">city</span>, <span class="cm-variable">job</span>):</span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> <span class="cm-keyword">print</span>(<span class="cm-variable">name</span>, <span class="cm-variable">age</span>, <span class="cm-variable">city</span>, <span class="cm-variable">job</span>)</span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span></span></span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-comment">#如果函数定义中已经有了一个可变参数，后面跟着的命名关键字参数就不再需要一个特殊分隔符*了：</span></span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span></span></span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-keyword">def</span> <span class="cm-def">person</span>(<span class="cm-variable">name</span>, <span class="cm-variable">age</span>, <span class="cm-operator">*</span><span class="cm-variable">args</span>, <span class="cm-variable">city</span>, <span class="cm-variable">job</span>):</span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> <span class="cm-keyword">print</span>(<span class="cm-variable">name</span>, <span class="cm-variable">age</span>, <span class="cm-variable">args</span>, <span class="cm-variable">city</span>, <span class="cm-variable">job</span>)</span></pre></div></div></div></div></div><div style="position: absolute; height: 30px; width: 1px; top: 0px;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-gutters" style="display: none; height: 242px;"></div></div></div></pre><ul><li><strong>在Python中定义函数，可以用必选参数、默认参数、可变参数、关键字参数和命名关键字参数，这5种参数都可以组合使用。但是请注意，参数定义的顺序必须是：必选参数、默认参数、可变参数、命名关键字参数和关键字参数。</strong></li></ul><h1><a name='header-c166' class='md-header-anchor '></a>进阶概念</h1><h3><a name='header-c167' class='md-header-anchor '></a>切片</h3><p>用来操作迭代对象，比如list，tuple，字符串等。有了切片操作，很多地方循环就不再需要了。Python的切片非常灵活，一行代码就可以实现很多行循环才能完成的操作。</p><pre class="md-fences md-end-block" lang="python"> <div class="CodeMirror cm-s-inner CodeMirror-wrap"><div style="overflow: hidden; position: relative; width: 3px; height: 0px; top: 0px; left: 4px;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-hscrollbar" style="left: 0px; min-height: 18px;"><div style="height: 100%; min-height: 1px; width: 0px;"></div></div><div class="CodeMirror-vscrollbar" style="min-width: 18px;"><div style="min-width: 1px; height: 0px;"></div></div><div class="CodeMirror-scrollbar-filler"></div><div class="CodeMirror-gutter-filler"></div><div class="CodeMirror-scroll" tabindex="-1"><div class="CodeMirror-sizer" style="margin-left: 0px; min-height: 0px;"><div style="position: relative; top: 0px;"><div class="CodeMirror-lines"><div style="position: relative; outline: none;"><div class="CodeMirror-measure"><div style="width: 50px; height: 50px; overflow-x: scroll;"></div></div><div class="CodeMirror-measure"></div><div style="position: relative; z-index: 1;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-code" style=""><div class="CodeMirror-activeline" style="position: relative;"><div class="CodeMirror-activeline-background CodeMirror-linebackground"></div><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-variable">L</span> = <span class="cm-builtin">list</span>(<span class="cm-builtin">range</span>(<span class="cm-number">100</span>))</span></pre></div><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-keyword">print</span>(<span class="cm-variable">L</span>(<span class="cm-error">：</span><span class="cm-number">10</span>))</span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-keyword">print</span>(<span class="cm-variable">L</span>(<span class="cm-number">10</span>:<span class="cm-number">20</span>))</span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-keyword">print</span>(<span class="cm-variable">L</span>(<span class="cm-operator">-</span><span class="cm-number">10</span>:))</span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-keyword">print</span>(<span class="cm-variable">L</span>(<span class="cm-number">0</span>:<span class="cm-number">10</span>:<span class="cm-number">2</span>))</span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-keyword">print</span>(<span class="cm-variable">L</span>(::<span class="cm-number">5</span>))</span></pre></div></div></div></div></div><div style="position: absolute; height: 30px; width: 1px; top: 0px;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-gutters" style="display: none; height: 132px;"></div></div></div></pre><pre class="md-fences md-end-block" lang="python"> <div class="CodeMirror cm-s-inner CodeMirror-wrap"><div style="overflow: hidden; position: relative; width: 3px; height: 0px; top: 0px; left: 4px;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-hscrollbar" style="left: 0px; min-height: 18px;"><div style="height: 100%; min-height: 1px; width: 0px;"></div></div><div class="CodeMirror-vscrollbar" style="min-width: 18px;"><div style="min-width: 1px; height: 0px;"></div></div><div class="CodeMirror-scrollbar-filler"></div><div class="CodeMirror-gutter-filler"></div><div class="CodeMirror-scroll" tabindex="-1"><div class="CodeMirror-sizer" style="margin-left: 0px; min-height: 0px;"><div style="position: relative; top: 0px;"><div class="CodeMirror-lines"><div style="position: relative; outline: none;"><div class="CodeMirror-measure"><div style="width: 50px; height: 50px; overflow-x: scroll;"></div></div><div class="CodeMirror-measure"></div><div style="position: relative; z-index: 1;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-code" style=""><div class="CodeMirror-activeline" style="position: relative;"><div class="CodeMirror-activeline-background CodeMirror-linebackground"></div><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-comment">#example:</span></span></pre></div><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-comment"># 冒泡</span></span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-variable">ListNumber</span> = [<span class="cm-number">4</span>,<span class="cm-number">2</span>,<span class="cm-number">51</span>,<span class="cm-number">212</span>,<span class="cm-number">34</span>,<span class="cm-number">99</span>,<span class="cm-number">110</span>,<span class="cm-number">122</span>]</span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-keyword">for</span> <span class="cm-variable">x</span> <span class="cm-keyword">in</span> <span class="cm-variable">ListNumber</span>:</span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> <span class="cm-keyword">for</span> <span class="cm-variable">y</span> <span class="cm-keyword">in</span> <span class="cm-variable">ListNumber</span>[<span class="cm-variable">ListNumber</span>.<span class="cm-property">index</span>(<span class="cm-variable">x</span>):]:</span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> <span class="cm-keyword">if</span> <span class="cm-variable">x</span> <span class="cm-operator">></span> <span class="cm-variable">y</span>:</span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> <span class="cm-variable">x</span>, <span class="cm-variable">y</span> = <span class="cm-variable">y</span>, <span class="cm-variable">x</span></span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span></span></span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-keyword">print</span>(<span class="cm-variable">ListNumber</span>)</span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span></span></span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-operator">>>></span> [<span class="cm-number">2</span>, <span class="cm-number">4</span>, <span class="cm-number">34</span>, <span class="cm-number">51</span>, <span class="cm-number">99</span>, <span class="cm-number">110</span>, <span class="cm-number">122</span>, <span class="cm-number">212</span>]</span></pre></div></div></div></div></div><div style="position: absolute; height: 30px; width: 1px; top: 0px;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-gutters" style="display: none; height: 242px;"></div></div></div></pre><p>对于切片，我们需要参考 <a href='http://python3-cookbook.readthedocs.io/zh_CN/latest/c01/p11_naming_slice.html'>Python cookbook</a>的建议，可以命名切片， 使得我们的程序中少点切片的硬编码。</p><pre class="md-fences md-end-block" lang="python"> <div class="CodeMirror cm-s-inner CodeMirror-wrap"><div style="overflow: hidden; position: relative; width: 3px; height: 0px; top: 0px; left: 4px;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-hscrollbar" style="left: 0px; min-height: 18px;"><div style="height: 100%; min-height: 1px; width: 0px;"></div></div><div class="CodeMirror-vscrollbar" style="min-width: 18px;"><div style="min-width: 1px; height: 0px;"></div></div><div class="CodeMirror-scrollbar-filler"></div><div class="CodeMirror-gutter-filler"></div><div class="CodeMirror-scroll" tabindex="-1"><div class="CodeMirror-sizer" style="margin-left: 0px; min-height: 0px;"><div style="position: relative; top: 0px;"><div class="CodeMirror-lines"><div style="position: relative; outline: none;"><div class="CodeMirror-measure"><div style="width: 50px; height: 50px; overflow-x: scroll;"></div></div><div class="CodeMirror-measure"></div><div style="position: relative; z-index: 1;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-code" style=""><div class="CodeMirror-activeline" style="position: relative;"><div class="CodeMirror-activeline-background CodeMirror-linebackground"></div><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-comment">###### 0123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890'</span></span></pre></div><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-variable">record</span> = <span class="cm-string">'....................100 .......513.25 ..........'</span></span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-comment"># 糟糕的写法</span></span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-variable">cost</span> = <span class="cm-builtin">int</span>(<span class="cm-variable">record</span>[<span class="cm-number">20</span>:<span class="cm-number">23</span>]) <span class="cm-operator">*</span> <span class="cm-builtin">float</span>(<span class="cm-variable">record</span>[<span class="cm-number">31</span>:<span class="cm-number">37</span>])</span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-comment"># 好的写法</span></span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-variable">SHARES</span> = <span class="cm-builtin">slice</span>(<span class="cm-number">20</span>, <span class="cm-number">23</span>)</span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-variable">PRICE</span> = <span class="cm-builtin">slice</span>(<span class="cm-number">31</span>, <span class="cm-number">37</span>)</span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-variable">cost</span> = <span class="cm-builtin">int</span>(<span class="cm-variable">record</span>[<span class="cm-variable">SHARES</span>]) <span class="cm-operator">*</span> <span class="cm-builtin">float</span>(<span class="cm-variable">record</span>[<span class="cm-variable">PRICE</span>])</span></pre></div></div></div></div></div><div style="position: absolute; height: 30px; width: 1px; top: 0px;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-gutters" style="display: none; height: 176px;"></div></div></div></pre><blockquote><p>Note：</p><ul><li>我们一旦命令了slice， 在任何地方都可以用到，包括列表的删除，插入等</li></ul><pre class="md-fences md-end-block" lang="python"> <div class="CodeMirror cm-s-inner CodeMirror-wrap"><div style="overflow: hidden; position: relative; width: 3px; height: 0px; top: 0px; left: 4px;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-hscrollbar" style="left: 0px; min-height: 18px;"><div style="height: 100%; min-height: 1px; width: 0px;"></div></div><div class="CodeMirror-vscrollbar" style="min-width: 18px;"><div style="min-width: 1px; height: 0px;"></div></div><div class="CodeMirror-scrollbar-filler"></div><div class="CodeMirror-gutter-filler"></div><div class="CodeMirror-scroll" tabindex="-1"><div class="CodeMirror-sizer" style="margin-left: 0px; min-height: 0px;"><div style="position: relative; top: 0px;"><div class="CodeMirror-lines"><div style="position: relative; outline: none;"><div class="CodeMirror-measure"><div style="width: 50px; height: 50px; overflow-x: scroll;"></div></div><div class="CodeMirror-measure"></div><div style="position: relative; z-index: 1;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-code" style=""><div class="CodeMirror-activeline" style="position: relative;"><div class="CodeMirror-activeline-background CodeMirror-linebackground"></div><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-operator">>>></span> <span class="cm-variable">items</span> = [<span class="cm-number">0</span>, <span class="cm-number">1</span>, <span class="cm-number">2</span>, <span class="cm-number">3</span>, <span class="cm-number">4</span>, <span class="cm-number">5</span>, <span class="cm-number">6</span>]</span></pre></div><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-operator">>>></span> <span class="cm-variable">a</span> = <span class="cm-builtin">slice</span>(<span class="cm-number">2</span>, <span class="cm-number">4</span>)</span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-operator">>>></span> <span class="cm-variable">items</span>[<span class="cm-number">2</span>:<span class="cm-number">4</span>]</span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;">[<span class="cm-number">2</span>, <span class="cm-number">3</span>]</span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-operator">>>></span> <span class="cm-variable">items</span>[<span class="cm-variable">a</span>]</span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;">[<span class="cm-number">2</span>, <span class="cm-number">3</span>]</span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-operator">>>></span> <span class="cm-variable">items</span>[<span class="cm-variable">a</span>] = [<span class="cm-number">10</span>,<span class="cm-number">11</span>]</span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-operator">>>></span> <span class="cm-variable">items</span></span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;">[<span class="cm-number">0</span>, <span class="cm-number">1</span>, <span class="cm-number">10</span>, <span class="cm-number">11</span>, <span class="cm-number">4</span>, <span class="cm-number">5</span>, <span class="cm-number">6</span>]</span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-operator">>>></span> <span class="cm-keyword">del</span> <span class="cm-variable">items</span>[<span class="cm-variable">a</span>]</span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-operator">>>></span> <span class="cm-variable">items</span></span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;">[<span class="cm-number">0</span>, <span class="cm-number">1</span>, <span class="cm-number">4</span>, <span class="cm-number">5</span>, <span class="cm-number">6</span>]</span></pre></div></div></div></div></div><div style="position: absolute; height: 30px; width: 1px; top: 0px;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-gutters" style="display: none; height: 300px;"></div></div></div></pre></blockquote><blockquote><ul><li>slice 有三个属性， start，stop， step</li><li>slice 有一个方法indices()， 这个方法可以将所切片的范围规定在给定字符串的范围中，避免<code>IndexError</code></li><li></li></ul></blockquote><h3><a name='header-c194' class='md-header-anchor '></a>列表生成器</h3><p>列表生成式即List Comprehensions，是Python内置的非常简单却强大的可以用来创建list的生成式。</p><pre class="md-fences md-end-block" lang="python"> <div class="CodeMirror cm-s-inner CodeMirror-wrap"><div style="overflow: hidden; position: relative; width: 3px; height: 0px; top: 0px; left: 4px;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-hscrollbar" style="left: 0px; min-height: 18px;"><div style="height: 100%; min-height: 1px; width: 0px;"></div></div><div class="CodeMirror-vscrollbar" style="min-width: 18px;"><div style="min-width: 1px; height: 0px;"></div></div><div class="CodeMirror-scrollbar-filler"></div><div class="CodeMirror-gutter-filler"></div><div class="CodeMirror-scroll" tabindex="-1"><div class="CodeMirror-sizer" style="margin-left: 0px; min-height: 0px;"><div style="position: relative; top: 0px;"><div class="CodeMirror-lines"><div style="position: relative; outline: none;"><div class="CodeMirror-measure"><div style="width: 50px; height: 50px; overflow-x: scroll;"></div></div><div class="CodeMirror-measure"></div><div style="position: relative; z-index: 1;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-code" style=""><div class="CodeMirror-activeline" style="position: relative;"><div class="CodeMirror-activeline-background CodeMirror-linebackground"></div><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-operator">>>></span> <span class="cm-variable">L</span> = []</span></pre></div><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-operator">>>></span> <span class="cm-keyword">for</span> <span class="cm-variable">x</span> <span class="cm-keyword">in</span> <span class="cm-builtin">range</span>(<span class="cm-number">1</span>, <span class="cm-number">11</span>):</span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;">... <span class="cm-property">L</span>.<span class="cm-property">append</span>(<span class="cm-variable">x</span> <span class="cm-operator">*</span> <span class="cm-variable">x</span>)</span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;">...</span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-operator">>>></span> <span class="cm-variable">L</span></span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;">[<span class="cm-number">1</span>, <span class="cm-number">4</span>, <span class="cm-number">9</span>, <span class="cm-number">16</span>, <span class="cm-number">25</span>, <span class="cm-number">36</span>, <span class="cm-number">49</span>, <span class="cm-number">64</span>, <span class="cm-number">81</span>, <span class="cm-number">100</span>]</span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span></span></span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-operator">>>></span> [<span class="cm-variable">x</span> <span class="cm-operator">*</span> <span class="cm-variable">x</span> <span class="cm-keyword">for</span> <span class="cm-variable">x</span> <span class="cm-keyword">in</span> <span class="cm-variable">L</span> <span class="cm-keyword">if</span> <span class="cm-variable">x</span> <span class="cm-operator">></span> <span class="cm-number">10</span>]</span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;">[<span class="cm-number">256</span>, <span class="cm-number">625</span>, <span class="cm-number">1296</span>, <span class="cm-number">2401</span>, <span class="cm-number">4096</span>, <span class="cm-number">6561</span>, <span class="cm-number">10000</span>]</span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-operator">>>></span> [<span class="cm-variable">x</span> <span class="cm-operator">*</span> <span class="cm-variable">x</span> <span class="cm-keyword">for</span> <span class="cm-variable">x</span> <span class="cm-keyword">in</span> <span class="cm-variable">L</span>]</span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;">[<span class="cm-number">1</span>, <span class="cm-number">16</span>, <span class="cm-number">81</span>, <span class="cm-number">256</span>, <span class="cm-number">625</span>, <span class="cm-number">1296</span>, <span class="cm-number">2401</span>, <span class="cm-number">4096</span>, <span class="cm-number">6561</span>, <span class="cm-number">10000</span>]</span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-operator">>>></span> </span></pre></div></div></div></div></div><div style="position: absolute; height: 30px; width: 1px; top: 0px;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-gutters" style="display: none; height: 264px;"></div></div></div></pre><p></p><h3><a name='header-c200' class='md-header-anchor '></a>字典推导</h3><p>字典推导式实际上跟 列表生成器是类似的， 代码如下，实际上就是把 列表推导中的<code>[]</code> 换成<code>{}</code>：</p><pre class="md-fences md-end-block" lang="python"> <div class="CodeMirror cm-s-inner CodeMirror-wrap"><div style="overflow: hidden; position: relative; width: 3px; height: 0px; top: 0px; left: 4px;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-hscrollbar" style="left: 0px; min-height: 18px;"><div style="height: 100%; min-height: 1px; width: 0px;"></div></div><div class="CodeMirror-vscrollbar" style="min-width: 18px;"><div style="min-width: 1px; height: 0px;"></div></div><div class="CodeMirror-scrollbar-filler"></div><div class="CodeMirror-gutter-filler"></div><div class="CodeMirror-scroll" tabindex="-1"><div class="CodeMirror-sizer" style="margin-left: 0px; min-height: 0px;"><div style="position: relative; top: 0px;"><div class="CodeMirror-lines"><div style="position: relative; outline: none;"><div class="CodeMirror-measure"><div style="width: 50px; height: 50px; overflow-x: scroll;"></div></div><div class="CodeMirror-measure"></div><div style="position: relative; z-index: 1;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-code"><div class="CodeMirror-activeline" style="position: relative;"><div class="CodeMirror-activeline-background CodeMirror-linebackground"></div><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-variable">dic1</span> = {<span class="cm-variable">x</span>: <span class="cm-variable">x</span> <span class="cm-operator">*</span> <span class="cm-variable">x</span> <span class="cm-keyword">for</span> <span class="cm-variable">x</span> <span class="cm-keyword">in</span> <span class="cm-builtin">range</span>(<span class="cm-number">1</span>,<span class="cm-number">11</span>)} </span></pre></div><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-keyword">print</span> <span class="cm-variable">dic1</span></span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;">{<span class="cm-number">1</span>: <span class="cm-number">1</span>, <span class="cm-number">2</span>: <span class="cm-number">4</span>, <span class="cm-number">3</span>: <span class="cm-number">9</span>, <span class="cm-number">4</span>: <span class="cm-number">16</span>, <span class="cm-number">5</span>: <span class="cm-number">25</span>, <span class="cm-number">6</span>: <span class="cm-number">36</span>, <span class="cm-number">7</span>: <span class="cm-number">49</span>, <span class="cm-number">8</span>: <span class="cm-number">64</span>, <span class="cm-number">9</span>: <span class="cm-number">81</span>, <span class="cm-number">10</span>: <span class="cm-number">100</span>}</span></pre></div></div></div></div></div><div style="position: absolute; height: 30px; width: 1px; top: 0px;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-gutters" style="display: none; height: 66px;"></div></div></div></pre><h3><a name='header-c204' class='md-header-anchor '></a>生成器</h3><p><mark>方法1</mark></p><p>实际上跟 列表生成器是类似的， 代码如下，实际上就是把 列表推导中的<code>[]</code> 换成<code>（）</code>， 在使用中用for 跟 next()方法取值。</p><ul class='task-list'><li class='task-list-item task-list-not-done' ><input type='checkbox' disabled='disabled' ></input><p><strong>Q：</strong></p></li></ul><blockquote><p>为什么要用生成器</p></blockquote><ul class='task-list'><li class='task-list-item task-list-not-done' ><input type='checkbox' disabled='disabled' ></input><p><strong>A:</strong></p></li></ul><blockquote><p>通过列表生成式，我们可以直接创建一个列表。但是，受到内存限制，列表容量肯定是有限的。而且，创建一个包含100万个元素的列表，不仅占用很大的存储空间，如果我们仅仅需要访问前面几个元素，那后面绝大多数元素占用的空间都白白浪费了。</p><p>所以，如果列表元素可以按照某种算法推算出来，那我们是否可以在循环的过程中不断推算出后续的元素呢？这样就不必创建完整的list，从而节省大量的空间。在Python中，这种一边循环一边计算的机制，称为生成器：generator。</p><p></p></blockquote><pre class="md-fences md-end-block" lang="python"> <div class="CodeMirror cm-s-inner CodeMirror-wrap"><div style="overflow: hidden; position: relative; width: 3px; height: 0px; top: 0px; left: 4px;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-hscrollbar" style="left: 0px; min-height: 18px;"><div style="height: 100%; min-height: 1px; width: 0px;"></div></div><div class="CodeMirror-vscrollbar" style="min-width: 18px;"><div style="min-width: 1px; height: 0px;"></div></div><div class="CodeMirror-scrollbar-filler"></div><div class="CodeMirror-gutter-filler"></div><div class="CodeMirror-scroll" tabindex="-1"><div class="CodeMirror-sizer" style="margin-left: 0px; min-height: 0px;"><div style="position: relative; top: 0px;"><div class="CodeMirror-lines"><div style="position: relative; outline: none;"><div class="CodeMirror-measure"><div style="width: 50px; height: 50px; overflow-x: scroll;"></div></div><div class="CodeMirror-measure"></div><div style="position: relative; z-index: 1;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-code" style=""><div class="CodeMirror-activeline" style="position: relative;"><div class="CodeMirror-activeline-background CodeMirror-linebackground"></div><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-operator">>>></span> <span class="cm-variable">G</span>=(<span class="cm-variable">x</span><span class="cm-operator">+</span><span class="cm-variable">y</span> <span class="cm-keyword">for</span> <span class="cm-variable">x</span> <span class="cm-keyword">in</span> <span class="cm-variable">L</span> <span class="cm-keyword">for</span> <span class="cm-variable">y</span> <span class="cm-keyword">in</span> <span class="cm-builtin">range</span>(<span class="cm-number">1</span>,<span class="cm-number">5</span>) <span class="cm-keyword">if</span> <span class="cm-variable">x</span><span class="cm-operator">></span><span class="cm-variable">y</span>)</span></pre></div><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-operator">>>></span> <span class="cm-builtin">next</span>(<span class="cm-variable">G</span>)</span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-number">12</span></span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-operator">>>></span> <span class="cm-operator">>>></span> <span class="cm-keyword">for</span> <span class="cm-variable">x</span> <span class="cm-keyword">in</span> <span class="cm-variable">G</span>:</span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;">... <span class="cm-property">print</span>(<span class="cm-string">'Next:'</span>, <span class="cm-variable">x</span>)</span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;">... </span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-property">Next</span>: <span class="cm-number">12</span></span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-variable">Next</span>: <span class="cm-number">13</span></span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-variable">Next</span>: <span class="cm-number">17</span></span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;">.</span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;">.</span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;">.</span></pre></div></div></div></div></div><div style="position: absolute; height: 30px; width: 1px; top: 0px;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-gutters" style="display: none; height: 264px;"></div></div></div></pre><p><mark>方法2</mark></p><p>生成器的主要目的是构成一个用户自定义的循环对象。</p><p>生成器的编写方法和函数定义类似，<mark>只是在return的地方改为yield</mark>。生成器中可以有多个yield。当生成器遇到一个yield时，会暂停运行生成器，返回yield后面的值。当再次调用生成器的时候，会从刚才暂停的地方继续运行，直到下一个yield。生成器自身又构成一个迭代器，每次迭代时使用一个yield返回的值。</p><pre class="md-fences md-end-block" lang="python"> <div class="CodeMirror cm-s-inner CodeMirror-wrap"><div style="overflow: hidden; position: relative; width: 3px; height: 0px; top: 0px; left: 4px;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-hscrollbar" style="left: 0px; min-height: 18px;"><div style="height: 100%; min-height: 1px; width: 0px;"></div></div><div class="CodeMirror-vscrollbar" style="min-width: 18px;"><div style="min-width: 1px; height: 0px;"></div></div><div class="CodeMirror-scrollbar-filler"></div><div class="CodeMirror-gutter-filler"></div><div class="CodeMirror-scroll" tabindex="-1"><div class="CodeMirror-sizer" style="margin-left: 0px; min-height: 0px;"><div style="position: relative; top: 0px;"><div class="CodeMirror-lines"><div style="position: relative; outline: none;"><div class="CodeMirror-measure"><div style="width: 50px; height: 50px; overflow-x: scroll;"></div></div><div class="CodeMirror-measure"></div><div style="position: relative; z-index: 1;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-code" style=""><div class="CodeMirror-activeline" style="position: relative;"><div class="CodeMirror-activeline-background CodeMirror-linebackground"></div><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-keyword">def</span> <span class="cm-def">generate</span>(<span class="cm-variable">endNum</span>):</span></pre></div><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> <span class="cm-keyword">for</span> <span class="cm-variable">x</span> <span class="cm-keyword">in</span> <span class="cm-builtin">range</span>(<span class="cm-number">0</span>,<span class="cm-variable">endNum</span>):</span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> <span class="cm-keyword">yield</span> <span class="cm-variable">x</span><span class="cm-operator">*</span><span class="cm-number">2</span></span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span></span></span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-variable">L</span> = <span class="cm-variable">generate</span>(<span class="cm-number">10</span>)</span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-keyword">print</span>(<span class="cm-variable">L</span>)</span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-keyword">for</span> <span class="cm-variable">x</span> <span class="cm-keyword">in</span> <span class="cm-variable">L</span>:</span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> <span class="cm-keyword">print</span>(<span class="cm-variable">x</span>)</span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-operator">>>></span></span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-operator"><</span><span class="cm-variable">generator</span> <span class="cm-builtin">object</span> <span class="cm-variable">generate</span> <span class="cm-variable">at</span> <span class="cm-number">0x102183830</span><span class="cm-operator">></span> <span class="cm-comment">#这句说明通过generate函数之后是一个generator</span></span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-number">0</span></span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-number">2</span></span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-number">4</span></span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-number">6</span></span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-number">8</span></span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-number">10</span></span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-number">12</span></span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-number">14</span></span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-number">16</span></span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-number">18</span></span></pre></div></div></div></div></div><div style="position: absolute; height: 30px; width: 1px; top: 0px;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-gutters" style="display: none; height: 440px;"></div></div></div></pre><h3><a name='header-c235' class='md-header-anchor '></a>迭代器</h3><p><a href='http://www.liaoxuefeng.com/wiki/0014316089557264a6b348958f449949df42a6d3a2e542c000/00143178254193589df9c612d2449618ea460e7a672a366000'>迭代器，廖学峰的教程中写的很详细</a></p><blockquote><p>我们已经知道，可以直接作用于<code>for</code>循环的数据类型有以下几种：</p><p>一类是集合数据类型，如<code>list</code>、<code>tuple</code>、<code>dict</code>、<code>set</code>、<code>str</code>等；</p><p>一类是<code>generator</code>，包括生成器和带<code>yield</code>的generator function。</p><p>这些可以直接作用于<code>for</code>循环的对象统称为可迭代对象：<code>Iterable</code>。</p><p>可以使用<code>isinstance()</code>判断一个对象是否是<code>Iterable</code>对象：</p></blockquote><blockquote><p>而生成器不但可以作用于<code>for</code>循环，还可以被<code>next()</code>函数不断调用并返回下一个值，直到最后抛出<code>StopIteration</code>错误表示无法继续返回下一个值了。</p><p>可以被<code>next()</code>函数调用并不断返回下一个值的对象称为迭代器：<code>Iterator</code>。</p><p>可以使用<code>isinstance()</code>判断一个对象是否是<code>Iterator</code>对象：</p></blockquote><h3><a name='header-c256' class='md-header-anchor '></a>高阶函数， Map, filter , sorted等, 匿名函数</h3><ul><li>高阶函数：</li></ul><blockquote><p>对于python， 函数本身也可以赋值给变量，即：变量可以指向函数。 既然变量可以指向函数，函数的参数能接收变量，那么一个函数就可以接收另一个函数作为参数，这种函数就称之为<mark>高阶函数</mark>。</p></blockquote><pre class="md-fences md-end-block" lang="python"> <div class="CodeMirror cm-s-inner CodeMirror-wrap"><div style="overflow: hidden; position: relative; width: 3px; height: 0px; top: 0px; left: 4px;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-hscrollbar" style="left: 0px; min-height: 18px;"><div style="height: 100%; min-height: 1px; width: 0px;"></div></div><div class="CodeMirror-vscrollbar" style="min-width: 18px;"><div style="min-width: 1px; height: 0px;"></div></div><div class="CodeMirror-scrollbar-filler"></div><div class="CodeMirror-gutter-filler"></div><div class="CodeMirror-scroll" tabindex="-1"><div class="CodeMirror-sizer" style="margin-left: 0px; min-height: 0px;"><div style="position: relative; top: 0px;"><div class="CodeMirror-lines"><div style="position: relative; outline: none;"><div class="CodeMirror-measure"><div style="width: 50px; height: 50px; overflow-x: scroll;"></div></div><div class="CodeMirror-measure"></div><div style="position: relative; z-index: 1;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-code" style=""><div class="CodeMirror-activeline" style="position: relative;"><div class="CodeMirror-activeline-background CodeMirror-linebackground"></div><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-comment">#example:</span></span></pre></div><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-keyword">def</span> <span class="cm-def">higherFunc</span>(<span class="cm-variable">x</span>, <span class="cm-variable">y</span>, <span class="cm-variable">f</span>):</span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-tab"> </span><span class="cm-keyword">return</span> <span class="cm-variable">f</span>(<span class="cm-variable">x</span>)<span class="cm-operator">+</span><span class="cm-variable">f</span>(<span class="cm-variable">y</span>)</span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span></span></span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-keyword">print</span>(<span class="cm-variable">higherFunc</span>(<span class="cm-number">1</span>,<span class="cm-operator">-</span><span class="cm-number">2</span>,<span class="cm-builtin">abs</span>))</span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-operator">>>></span> <span class="cm-number">3</span></span></pre></div></div></div></div></div><div style="position: absolute; height: 30px; width: 1px; top: 0px;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-gutters" style="display: none; height: 132px;"></div></div></div></pre><ul><li>Map: </li></ul><blockquote><p>在stackover flow 上 有人这么总结Map</p><pre class='md-fences mock-cm' style='display:block;position:relative'>map(f, iterable)
基本上等于：
[f(x) for x in iterable]</pre></blockquote><pre class="md-fences md-end-block" lang="python"> <div class="CodeMirror cm-s-inner CodeMirror-wrap"><div style="overflow: hidden; position: relative; width: 3px; height: 0px; top: 0px; left: 4px;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-hscrollbar" style="left: 0px; min-height: 18px;"><div style="height: 100%; min-height: 1px; width: 0px;"></div></div><div class="CodeMirror-vscrollbar" style="min-width: 18px;"><div style="min-width: 1px; height: 0px;"></div></div><div class="CodeMirror-scrollbar-filler"></div><div class="CodeMirror-gutter-filler"></div><div class="CodeMirror-scroll" tabindex="-1"><div class="CodeMirror-sizer" style="margin-left: 0px; min-height: 0px;"><div style="position: relative; top: 0px;"><div class="CodeMirror-lines"><div style="position: relative; outline: none;"><div class="CodeMirror-measure"><div style="width: 50px; height: 50px; overflow-x: scroll;"></div></div><div class="CodeMirror-measure"></div><div style="position: relative; z-index: 1;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-code" style=""><div class="CodeMirror-activeline" style="position: relative;"><div class="CodeMirror-activeline-background CodeMirror-linebackground"></div><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-comment">#example</span></span></pre></div><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span></span></span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-operator">>>></span> <span class="cm-variable">L</span> = <span class="cm-builtin">map</span>(<span class="cm-variable">TestMap</span>,[<span class="cm-number">88</span>,<span class="cm-number">11</span>,<span class="cm-number">33</span>])</span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-operator">>>></span> <span class="cm-builtin">list</span>(<span class="cm-variable">L</span>)</span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;">[<span class="cm-number">10088</span>, <span class="cm-number">10011</span>, <span class="cm-number">10033</span>]</span></pre></div></div></div></div></div><div style="position: absolute; height: 30px; width: 1px; top: 0px;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-gutters" style="display: none; height: 110px;"></div></div></div></pre><ul><li>Sorted:</li></ul><blockquote><p><a href='http://www.liaoxuefeng.com/wiki/0014316089557264a6b348958f449949df42a6d3a2e542c000/0014318230588782cac105d0d8a40c6b450a232748dc854000'>排序 ：廖学峰</a></p><p>此外，<code>sorted()</code>函数也是一个高阶函数，它还可以接收一个<code>key</code>函数来实现自定义的排序，例如按绝对值大小排序：</p></blockquote><pre class="md-fences md-end-block" lang="python"> <div class="CodeMirror cm-s-inner CodeMirror-wrap"><div style="overflow: hidden; position: relative; width: 3px; height: 0px; top: 0px; left: 4px;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-hscrollbar" style="left: 0px; min-height: 18px;"><div style="height: 100%; min-height: 1px; width: 0px;"></div></div><div class="CodeMirror-vscrollbar" style="min-width: 18px;"><div style="min-width: 1px; height: 0px;"></div></div><div class="CodeMirror-scrollbar-filler"></div><div class="CodeMirror-gutter-filler"></div><div class="CodeMirror-scroll" tabindex="-1"><div class="CodeMirror-sizer" style="margin-left: 0px; min-height: 0px;"><div style="position: relative; top: 0px;"><div class="CodeMirror-lines"><div style="position: relative; outline: none;"><div class="CodeMirror-measure"><div style="width: 50px; height: 50px; overflow-x: scroll;"></div></div><div class="CodeMirror-measure"></div><div style="position: relative; z-index: 1;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-code" style=""><div class="CodeMirror-activeline" style="position: relative;"><div class="CodeMirror-activeline-background CodeMirror-linebackground"></div><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span></span></span></pre></div><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-keyword">from</span> <span class="cm-variable">operator</span> <span class="cm-keyword">import</span> <span class="cm-variable">itemgetter</span></span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-variable">rows</span> = [</span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> {<span class="cm-string">'fname'</span>: <span class="cm-string">'Brian'</span>, <span class="cm-string">'lname'</span>: <span class="cm-string">'Jones'</span>, <span class="cm-string">'uid'</span>: <span class="cm-number">1003</span>},</span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> {<span class="cm-string">'fname'</span>: <span class="cm-string">'David'</span>, <span class="cm-string">'lname'</span>: <span class="cm-string">'Beazley'</span>, <span class="cm-string">'uid'</span>: <span class="cm-number">1002</span>},</span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> {<span class="cm-string">'fname'</span>: <span class="cm-string">'John'</span>, <span class="cm-string">'lname'</span>: <span class="cm-string">'Cleese'</span>, <span class="cm-string">'uid'</span>: <span class="cm-number">1001</span>},</span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> {<span class="cm-string">'fname'</span>: <span class="cm-string">'Big'</span>, <span class="cm-string">'lname'</span>: <span class="cm-string">'Jones'</span>, <span class="cm-string">'uid'</span>: <span class="cm-number">1004</span>}</span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;">]</span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span></span></span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-variable">sorwRows1</span> = <span class="cm-builtin">sorted</span>(<span class="cm-variable">rows</span>, <span class="cm-variable">key</span>= <span class="cm-variable">itemgetter</span>(<span class="cm-string">'uid'</span>)) <span class="cm-comment"># itemgetter: operator模块提供的itemgetter函数用于获取对象的哪些维的数据，</span></span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-keyword">print</span>(<span class="cm-string">'sorted ROWS :%s'</span> <span class="cm-operator">%</span> <span class="cm-variable">sorwRows1</span>)</span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span></span></span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span></span></span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span></span></span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-variable">L</span> = [(<span class="cm-string">'Bob'</span>, <span class="cm-number">75</span>), (<span class="cm-string">'Adam'</span>, <span class="cm-number">92</span>), (<span class="cm-string">'Bart'</span>, <span class="cm-number">66</span>), (<span class="cm-string">'Lisa'</span>, <span class="cm-number">88</span>)]</span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-variable">sortL</span> = <span class="cm-builtin">sorted</span>(<span class="cm-variable">L</span>, <span class="cm-variable">key</span> = <span class="cm-variable">itemgetter</span>(<span class="cm-number">0</span>), <span class="cm-variable">reverse</span> = <span class="cm-builtin">True</span>)</span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-keyword">print</span>(<span class="cm-variable">sortL</span>)</span></pre></div></div></div></div></div><div style="position: absolute; height: 30px; width: 1px; top: 0px;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-gutters" style="display: none; height: 396px;"></div></div></div></pre><ul><li>匿名函数</li></ul><blockquote><p>关键字<code>lambda</code>表示匿名函数，冒号前面的<code>x</code>表示函数参数。</p><p>匿名函数有个限制，就是只能有一个表达式，不用写<code>return</code>，返回值就是该表达式的结果。</p><pre class="md-fences md-end-block" lang="python"> <div class="CodeMirror cm-s-inner CodeMirror-wrap"><div style="overflow: hidden; position: relative; width: 3px; height: 0px; top: 0px; left: 4px;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-hscrollbar" style="left: 0px; min-height: 18px;"><div style="height: 100%; min-height: 1px; width: 0px;"></div></div><div class="CodeMirror-vscrollbar" style="min-width: 18px;"><div style="min-width: 1px; height: 0px;"></div></div><div class="CodeMirror-scrollbar-filler"></div><div class="CodeMirror-gutter-filler"></div><div class="CodeMirror-scroll" tabindex="-1"><div class="CodeMirror-sizer" style="margin-left: 0px; min-height: 0px;"><div style="position: relative; top: 0px;"><div class="CodeMirror-lines"><div style="position: relative; outline: none;"><div class="CodeMirror-measure"><div style="width: 50px; height: 50px; overflow-x: scroll;"></div></div><div class="CodeMirror-measure"></div><div style="position: relative; z-index: 1;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-code"><div class="CodeMirror-activeline" style="position: relative;"><div class="CodeMirror-activeline-background CodeMirror-linebackground"></div><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-keyword">def</span> <span class="cm-def">build</span>(<span class="cm-variable">x</span>, <span class="cm-variable">y</span>):</span></pre></div><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> <span class="cm-keyword">return</span> <span class="cm-keyword">lambda</span>: <span class="cm-variable">x</span> <span class="cm-operator">*</span> <span class="cm-variable">x</span> <span class="cm-operator">+</span> <span class="cm-variable">y</span> <span class="cm-operator">*</span> <span class="cm-variable">y</span></span></pre></div></div></div></div></div><div style="position: absolute; height: 30px; width: 1px; top: 0px;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-gutters" style="display: none; height: 50px;"></div></div></div></pre></blockquote><ul><li>装饰器（<mark>语法糖：@</mark>）</li></ul><p><a href='http://www.cnblogs.com/rhcad/archive/2011/12/21/2295507.html'>目前最清晰的入门博客</a></p><blockquote><p>假设我们要增强<code>now()</code>函数的功能，比如，在函数调用前后自动打印日志，但又不希望修改<code>now()</code>函数的定义，这种在代码运行期间动态增加功能的方式，称之为“装饰器”（Decorator）。</p><p><mark>本质上，decorator就是一个返回函数的高阶函数。</mark></p><p><strong><u>装饰器其实也就是一个函数，一个用来包装函数的函数，返回一个修改之后的函数对象，将其重新赋值原来的标识符，并永久丧失对原始函数对象的访问</u></strong></p><p></p></blockquote><ul><li><p><strong>Note：</strong></p><ul><li><p><mark>语法糖：</mark></p><ul><li>语法糖（Syntactic sugar），也译为糖衣<a href='http://www.bing.com/knows/%25E8%25AF%25AD%25E6%25B3%2595'>语法</a>，是由<a href='http://www.bing.com/knows/%25E8%258B%25B1%25E5%259B%25BD_%25E6%25AC%25A7%25E6%25B4%25B2%25E8%25A5%25BF%25E5%258C%2597%25E9%2583%25A8%25E5%259B%25BD%25E5%25AE%25B6'>英国</a>计算机科学家彼得·约翰·兰达（Peter J. Landin）发明的一个术语，指<a href='http://www.bing.com/knows/%25E8%25AE%25A1%25E7%25AE%2597%25E6%259C%25BA%25E8%25AF%25AD%25E8%25A8%2580'>计算机语言</a>中添加的某种<a href='http://www.bing.com/knows/%25E8%25AF%25AD%25E6%25B3%2595'>语法</a>，这种<a href='http://www.bing.com/knows/%25E8%25AF%25AD%25E6%25B3%2595'>语法</a>对语言的功能并没有影响，但是更方便<a href='http://www.bing.com/knows/%25E7%25A8%258B%25E5%25BA%258F%25E5%2591%2598_%25E8%2581%258C%25E4%25B8%259A'>程序员</a>使用。通常来说使用语法糖能够增加程序的可读性，从而减少程序代码出错的机会。</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><p></p><pre class="md-fences md-end-block" lang="python"> <div class="CodeMirror cm-s-inner CodeMirror-wrap " lang="python"><div style="overflow: hidden; position: relative; width: 3px; height: 0px; top: 0px; left: 4px;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-hscrollbar" style="left: 0px; min-height: 18px;"><div style="height: 100%; min-height: 1px; width: 0px;"></div></div><div class="CodeMirror-vscrollbar" style="min-width: 18px;"><div style="min-width: 1px; height: 0px;"></div></div><div class="CodeMirror-scrollbar-filler"></div><div class="CodeMirror-gutter-filler"></div><div class="CodeMirror-scroll" tabindex="-1"><div class="CodeMirror-sizer" style="margin-left: 0px; min-height: 0px;"><div style="position: relative; top: 0px;"><div class="CodeMirror-lines"><div style="position: relative; outline: none;"><div class="CodeMirror-measure"><div style="width: 50px; height: 50px; overflow-x: scroll;"></div></div><div class="CodeMirror-measure"></div><div style="position: relative; z-index: 1;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-code" style=""><div class="CodeMirror-activeline" style="position: relative;"><div class="CodeMirror-activeline-background CodeMirror-linebackground"></div><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-keyword">def</span> <span class="cm-def">deco</span>(<span class="cm-variable">func</span>):</span></pre></div><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> <span class="cm-keyword">def</span> <span class="cm-def">_deco</span>():</span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> <span class="cm-keyword">print</span>(<span class="cm-string">"before myfunc() called."</span>)</span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> <span class="cm-variable">func</span>()</span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> <span class="cm-keyword">print</span>(<span class="cm-string">"after myfunc() called."</span>)</span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> <span class="cm-comment"># 不需要返回func，实际上应返回原函数的返回值</span></span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span></span></span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> <span class="cm-keyword">return</span> <span class="cm-variable">_deco</span></span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span></span></span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span></span></span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-meta">@deco</span></span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-keyword">def</span> <span class="cm-def">myfunc</span>():</span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> <span class="cm-keyword">print</span>(<span class="cm-string">"myfunc() called."</span>)</span></pre><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span></span></span></pre><div class="" style="position: relative;"><pre class=""><span style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-keyword">print</span>(<span class="cm-variable">myfunc</span>())</span></pre></div></div></div></div></div></div><div style="position: absolute; height: 30px; width: 1px; top: 0px;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-gutters" style="display: none; height: 330px;"></div></div></div></pre><p></p></div>
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