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1-js/01-getting-started/1-intro/article.md

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2. Then it converts ("compiles") the script to the machine language.
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3. And then the machine code runs, pretty fast.
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The engine applies optimizations at each step of the process. It even watches the compiled script as it runs, analyzes the data that flows through it, and applies optimizations to the machine code based on that knowledge. When it's done, scripts run quite fast.
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'''
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=======
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The engine applies optimizations at each step of the process. It even watches the compiled script as it runs, analyzes the data that flows through it, and further optimizes the machine code based on that knowledge.
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```
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## What can in-browser JavaScript do?
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Examples of such restrictions include:
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- JavaScript on a webpage may not read/write arbitrary files on the hard disk, copy them or execute programs. It has no direct access to OS system functions.
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- JavaScript on a webpage may not read/write arbitrary files on the hard disk, copy them or execute programs. It has no direct access to OS functions.
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Modern browsers allow it to work with files, but the access is limited and only provided if the user does certain actions, like "dropping" a file into a browser window or selecting it via an '<input>' tag.
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1-js/01-getting-started/4-devtools/article.md

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Τώρα μπορούμε να δούμε λάθη, και αυτό είναι αρκετό για μια αρχή. Θα επιστρέψουμε αργότερα στα developer tools και θα καλύψουμε λεπτομερέστερα το σφάλμα στο κεφάλαιο <info:debugging-chrome>.
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```smart header="Multi-line input"
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Usually, when we put a line of code into the console, and then press `key:Enter`, it executes.
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To insert multiple lines, press `key:Shift+Enter`. This way one can enter long fragments of JavaScript code.
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```
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## Firefox, Edge, και άλλο
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<!DOCTYPE html>
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<html>
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<body>
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<script>
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alert( "I'm JavaScript!" );
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</script>
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</body>
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</html>
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[html src="index.html"]

1-js/02-first-steps/02-structure/article.md

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We recommend putting semicolons between statements even if they are separated by newlines. This rule is widely adopted by the community. Let's note once again -- *it is possible* to leave out semicolons most of the time. But it's safer -- especially for a beginner -- to use them.
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## Comments
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## Comments [#code-comments]
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As time goes on, programs become more and more complex. It becomes necessary to add *comments* which describe what the code does and why.
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```
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```smart header="Use hotkeys!"
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In most editors, a line of code can be commented out by pressing the `key:Ctrl+/` hotkey for a single-line comment and something like `key:Ctrl+Shift+/` -- for multiline comments (select a piece of code and press the hotkey). For Mac, try `key:Cmd` instead of `key:Ctrl`.
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In most editors, a line of code can be commented out by pressing the `key:Ctrl+/` hotkey for a single-line comment and something like `key:Ctrl+Shift+/` -- for multiline comments (select a piece of code and press the hotkey). For Mac, try `key:Cmd` instead of `key:Ctrl` and `key:Option` instead of `key:Shift`.
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```
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````warn header="Nested comments are not supported!"

1-js/02-first-steps/03-strict-mode/article.md

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```warn header="There's no way to cancel `use strict`"
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There is no directive like `"no use strict"` that reverts the engine to old behavior.
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Once we enter strict mode, there's no return.
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Once we enter strict mode, there's no going back.
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```
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## Browser console

1-js/02-first-steps/05-types/article.md

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Programming languages that allow such things are called "dynamically typed", meaning that there are data types, but variables are not bound to any of them.
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There are seven basic data types in JavaScript. Here, we'll cover them in general and in the next chapters we'll talk about each of them in detail.
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There are eight basic data types in JavaScript. Here, we'll cover them in general and in the next chapters we'll talk about each of them in detail.
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## A number
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## Number
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```js
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We'll see more about working with numbers in the chapter <info:number>.
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## A string
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## BigInt
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In JavaScript, the "number" type cannot represent integer values larger than <code>2<sup>53</sup></code> (or less than <code>-2<sup>53</sup></code> for negatives), that's a technical limitation caused by their internal representation. That's about 16 decimal digits, so for most purposes the limitation isn't a problem, but sometimes we need really big numbers, e.g. for cryptography or microsecond-precision timestamps.
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`BigInt` type was recently added to the language to represent integers of arbitrary length.
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A `BigInt` is created by appending `n` to the end of an integer literal:
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```js
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// the "n" at the end means it's a BigInt
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const bigInt = 1234567890123456789012345678901234567890n;
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```
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As `BigInt` numbers are rarely needed, we devoted them a separate chapter <info:bigint>.
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```smart header="Compatability issues"
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Right now `BigInt` is supported in Firefox and Chrome, but not in Safari/IE/Edge.
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```
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## String
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A string in JavaScript must be surrounded by quotes.
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let phrase = `can embed another ${str}`;
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```
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In JavaScript, there are 3 types of quotes.
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2. Single quotes: `'Hello'`.
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Double and single quotes are "simple" quotes. There's no difference between them in JavaScript.
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Double and single quotes are "simple" quotes. There's practically no difference between them in JavaScript.
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We'll cover strings more thoroughly in the chapter <info:string>.
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```smart header="There is no *character* type."
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In some languages, there is a special "character" type for a single character. For example, in the C language and in Java it is `char`.
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In some languages, there is a special "character" type for a single character. For example, in the C language and in Java it is called "char".
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In JavaScript, there is no such type. There's only one type: `string`. A string may consist of only one character or many of them.
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## A boolean (logical type)
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## Boolean (logical type)
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2. The result of `typeof null` is `"object"`. That's wrong. It is an officially recognized error in `typeof`, kept for compatibility. Of course, `null` is not an object. It is a special value with a separate type of its own. So, again, this is an error in the language.
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3. The result of `typeof alert` is `"function"`, because `alert` is a function. We'll study functions in the next chapters where we'll also see that there's no special "function" type in JavaScript. Functions belong to the object type. But `typeof` treats them differently, returning `"function"`. That's not quite correct, but very convenient in practice.
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## Summary
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There are 8 basic data types in JavaScript.
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- `number` for numbers of any kind: integer or floating-point, integers are limited by ±2<sup>53</sup>.
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- `bigint` is for integer numbers of arbitrary length.
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1-js/02-first-steps/06-type-conversions/article.md

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# Μετατροπές Τύπων
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Τις περισσότερες φορές, οι τελεστές και οι συναρτήσεις μετατρέπουν αυτόματα, και στον σωστό τύπο, τις τιμές που δίνονται σε αυτές.
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Most of the time, operators and functions automatically convert the values given to them to the right type.
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Για παράδειγμα, η `alert` μετατρέπει αυτόματα σε string οποιαδήποτε τιμή, ώστε να την εμφανίσει. Οι Μαθηματικές πράξεις μετατρέπουν τιμές σε νούμερα.
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Παρακαλώ προσέξτε ότι οι τιμές `null` και `undefined` συμπεριφέρονται διαφορετικά εδώ: η `null` γίνεται 0 (μηδέν), ενώ η `undefined` γίνεται `NaN`.
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````smart header="Ο τελεστής '+' συνενώνει συμβολοσειρές"
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Σχεδόν όλες οι Μαθηματικές πράξεις μετατρέπουν τιμές σε αριθμούς. Μια ξεχωριστή εξαίρεση είναι ο τελεστής `+`. Έαν μία από τις προστιθέμενες τιμές είναι μια συμβολοσειρά, τότε και η άλλη μετατρέπεται σε συμβολοσειρά.
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Αυτό συμβαίνει μόνο όταν τουλάχιστον μία από τις παραμέτρους είναι μια συμβολοσειρά. Διαφορετικά, οι τιμές μετατρέπονται σε αριθμούς.
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````
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Most mathematical operators also perform such conversion, we'll see that in the next chapter.
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## Boolean Conversion
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