diff --git a/index.html b/index.html
index 1a28d9b..8a9ec34 100644
--- a/index.html
+++ b/index.html
@@ -258,7 +258,7 @@ <h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="install-ibisml">Install IbisML</h3>
 <section id="create-your-first-recipe" class="level3">
 <h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="create-your-first-recipe">Create your first recipe</h3>
 <p>With recipes, you can define sequences of feature engineering steps to get your data ready for modeling. For example, create a recipe to replace missing values using the mean of each numeric column and then normalize numeric data to have a standard deviation of one and a mean of zero.</p>
-<div id="9807c2fe" class="cell" data-execution_count="1">
+<div id="9877334d" class="cell" data-execution_count="1">
 <div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb2"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb2-1"><a href="#cb2-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="im">import</span> ibis_ml <span class="im">as</span> ml</span>
 <span id="cb2-2"><a href="#cb2-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
 <span id="cb2-3"><a href="#cb2-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>imputer <span class="op">=</span> ml.ImputeMean(ml.numeric())</span>
@@ -266,14 +266,14 @@ <h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="create-your-first-recipe">Create your first
 <span id="cb2-5"><a href="#cb2-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>rec <span class="op">=</span> ml.Recipe(imputer, scaler)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
 </div>
 <p>A recipe can be chained in a <a href="https://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/generated/sklearn.pipeline.Pipeline.html"><code>Pipeline</code></a> like any other <a href="https://scikit-learn.org/stable/glossary.html#term-transformer">transformer</a>.</p>
-<div id="f001c60f" class="cell" data-execution_count="2">
+<div id="c8d8ada0" class="cell" data-execution_count="2">
 <div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb3"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb3-1"><a href="#cb3-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="im">from</span> sklearn.pipeline <span class="im">import</span> Pipeline</span>
 <span id="cb3-2"><a href="#cb3-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="im">from</span> sklearn.svm <span class="im">import</span> SVC</span>
 <span id="cb3-3"><a href="#cb3-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
 <span id="cb3-4"><a href="#cb3-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>pipe <span class="op">=</span> Pipeline([(<span class="st">"rec"</span>, rec), (<span class="st">"svc"</span>, SVC())])</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
 </div>
 <p>The pipeline can be used as any other estimator and avoids leaking the test set into the train set.</p>
-<div id="3b91cd27" class="cell" data-execution_count="3">
+<div id="01f504d3" class="cell" data-execution_count="3">
 <div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb4"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb4-1"><a href="#cb4-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="im">from</span> sklearn.datasets <span class="im">import</span> make_classification</span>
 <span id="cb4-2"><a href="#cb4-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="im">from</span> sklearn.model_selection <span class="im">import</span> train_test_split</span>
 <span id="cb4-3"><a href="#cb4-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
diff --git a/reference/support-matrix/index.html b/reference/support-matrix/index.html
index e19a134..cda6279 100644
--- a/reference/support-matrix/index.html
+++ b/reference/support-matrix/index.html
@@ -299,7 +299,7 @@
 <div class="card cell bslib-card html-fill-container" data-bslib-card-init="" data-require-bs-caller="card()" data-full-screen="false">
 <div class="card-body html-fill-item html-fill-container">
 <div class="cell-output cell-output-display html-fill-item html-fill-container">
-<table id="itables_fc953c6c_80f8_4bda_a062_4a0295d6087d" class="display nowrap compact" data-quarto-disable-processing="true" style="table-layout:auto;width:auto;margin:auto;caption-side:bottom">
+<table id="itables_c2b3e8ad_699a_4516_bde8_cf59ae1ad7ff" class="display nowrap compact" data-quarto-disable-processing="true" style="table-layout:auto;width:auto;margin:auto;caption-side:bottom">
 <thead>
     <tr>
       <th></th>
@@ -469,9 +469,9 @@
 <script type="module">
     import {DataTable, jQuery as $} from 'https://www.unpkg.com/dt_for_itables@2.0.12/dt_bundle.js';
 
-    document.querySelectorAll("#itables_fc953c6c_80f8_4bda_a062_4a0295d6087d:not(.dataTable)").forEach(table => {
+    document.querySelectorAll("#itables_c2b3e8ad_699a_4516_bde8_cf59ae1ad7ff:not(.dataTable)").forEach(table => {
         // Define the table data
-        const data = [["common", "Cast", "<span title='check backend-specific support'>\ud83d\udd0d</span>", "<span title='check backend-specific support'>\ud83d\udd0d</span>", "<span title='check backend-specific support'>\ud83d\udd0d</span>", "<span title='check backend-specific support'>\ud83d\udd0d</span>", "<span title='check backend-specific support'>\ud83d\udd0d</span>", "<span title='check backend-specific support'>\ud83d\udd0d</span>", "<span title='check backend-specific support'>\ud83d\udd0d</span>", "<span title='check backend-specific support'>\ud83d\udd0d</span>", "<span title='check backend-specific support'>\ud83d\udd0d</span>", "<span title='check backend-specific support'>\ud83d\udd0d</span>", "<span title='check backend-specific support'>\ud83d\udd0d</span>", "<span title='check backend-specific support'>\ud83d\udd0d</span>", "<span title='check backend-specific support'>\ud83d\udd0d</span>", "<span title='check backend-specific support'>\ud83d\udd0d</span>", "<span title='check backend-specific support'>\ud83d\udd0d</span>", "<span title='check backend-specific support'>\ud83d\udd0d</span>", "<span title='check backend-specific support'>\ud83d\udd0d</span>", "<span title='check backend-specific support'>\ud83d\udd0d</span>", "<span title='check backend-specific support'>\ud83d\udd0d</span>", "<span title='check backend-specific support'>\ud83d\udd0d</span>"], ["common", "Drop", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705"], ["common", "Mutate", "<span title='check backend-specific support'>\ud83d\udd0d</span>", "<span title='check backend-specific support'>\ud83d\udd0d</span>", "<span title='check backend-specific support'>\ud83d\udd0d</span>", "<span title='check backend-specific support'>\ud83d\udd0d</span>", "<span title='check backend-specific support'>\ud83d\udd0d</span>", "<span title='check backend-specific support'>\ud83d\udd0d</span>", "<span title='check backend-specific support'>\ud83d\udd0d</span>", "<span title='check backend-specific support'>\ud83d\udd0d</span>", "<span title='check backend-specific support'>\ud83d\udd0d</span>", "<span title='check backend-specific support'>\ud83d\udd0d</span>", "<span title='check backend-specific support'>\ud83d\udd0d</span>", "<span title='check backend-specific support'>\ud83d\udd0d</span>", "<span title='check backend-specific support'>\ud83d\udd0d</span>", "<span title='check backend-specific support'>\ud83d\udd0d</span>", "<span title='check backend-specific support'>\ud83d\udd0d</span>", "<span title='check backend-specific support'>\ud83d\udd0d</span>", "<span title='check backend-specific support'>\ud83d\udd0d</span>", "<span title='check backend-specific support'>\ud83d\udd0d</span>", "<span title='check backend-specific support'>\ud83d\udd0d</span>", "<span title='check backend-specific support'>\ud83d\udd0d</span>"], ["common", "MutateAt", "<span title='check backend-specific support'>\ud83d\udd0d</span>", "<span title='check backend-specific support'>\ud83d\udd0d</span>", "<span title='check backend-specific support'>\ud83d\udd0d</span>", "<span title='check backend-specific support'>\ud83d\udd0d</span>", "<span title='check backend-specific support'>\ud83d\udd0d</span>", "<span title='check backend-specific support'>\ud83d\udd0d</span>", "<span title='check backend-specific support'>\ud83d\udd0d</span>", "<span title='check backend-specific support'>\ud83d\udd0d</span>", "<span title='check backend-specific support'>\ud83d\udd0d</span>", "<span title='check backend-specific support'>\ud83d\udd0d</span>", "<span title='check backend-specific support'>\ud83d\udd0d</span>", "<span title='check backend-specific support'>\ud83d\udd0d</span>", "<span title='check backend-specific support'>\ud83d\udd0d</span>", "<span title='check backend-specific support'>\ud83d\udd0d</span>", "<span title='check backend-specific support'>\ud83d\udd0d</span>", "<span title='check backend-specific support'>\ud83d\udd0d</span>", "<span title='check backend-specific support'>\ud83d\udd0d</span>", "<span title='check backend-specific support'>\ud83d\udd0d</span>", "<span title='check backend-specific support'>\ud83d\udd0d</span>", "<span title='check backend-specific support'>\ud83d\udd0d</span>"], ["discretize", "DiscretizeKBins", "<span title='Support: uniform'>\ud83d\udfe1</span>", "\u2705", "\u2705", "<span title='Support: uniform'>\ud83d\udfe1</span>", "<span title='Support: uniform'>\ud83d\udfe1</span>", "\u2705", "\u2705", "<span title='Support: uniform'>\ud83d\udfe1</span>", "<span title='Support: uniform'>\ud83d\udfe1</span>", "<span title='Support: uniform'>\ud83d\udfe1</span>", "<span title='Support: uniform'>\ud83d\udfe1</span>", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\ud83d\udeab", "\u2705", "\u2705", "<span title='Support: uniform'>\ud83d\udfe1</span>", "<span title='Support: uniform'>\ud83d\udfe1</span>"], ["encode", "CountEncode", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\ud83d\udeab", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705"], ["encode", "OneHotEncode", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\ud83d\udeab", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705"], ["encode", "OrdinalEncode", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\ud83d\udeab", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705"], ["encode", "TargetEncode", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\ud83d\udeab", "\u2705", "\ud83d\udeab", "\u2705", "\ud83d\udeab", "\ud83d\udeab", "\u2705", "\ud83d\udeab", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\ud83d\udeab", "\ud83d\udeab", "\u2705", "\ud83d\udeab", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\ud83d\udeab", "\u2705"], ["generate_features", "CreatePolynomialFeatures", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\ud83d\udeab", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705"], ["handle_outliers", "HandleUnivariateOutliers", "<span title='Support: z-score'>\ud83d\udfe1</span>", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\ud83d\udeab", "\ud83d\udeab", "\u2705", "\u2705", "<span title='Support: z-score'>\ud83d\udfe1</span>", "<span title='Support: z-score'>\ud83d\udfe1</span>", "<span title='Support: z-score'>\ud83d\udfe1</span>", "<span title='Support: z-score'>\ud83d\udfe1</span>", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\ud83d\udeab", "\u2705", "\u2705", "<span title='Support: z-score'>\ud83d\udfe1</span>", "<span title='Support: z-score'>\ud83d\udfe1</span>"], ["impute", "FillNA", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "<span title='Support: str,int'>\ud83d\udfe1</span>", "\u2705", "<span title='Support: str,int'>\ud83d\udfe1</span>", "<span title='Support: str,int'>\ud83d\udfe1</span>", "\u2705", "<span title='Support: str,int'>\ud83d\udfe1</span>", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\ud83d\udeab", "\u2705", "\u2705", "<span title='Support: str,int'>\ud83d\udfe1</span>", "\u2705"], ["impute", "ImputeMean", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\ud83d\udeab", "\u2705", "\ud83d\udeab", "\ud83d\udeab", "\u2705", "\ud83d\udeab", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\ud83d\udeab", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\ud83d\udeab", "\u2705"], ["impute", "ImputeMedian", "\ud83d\udeab", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\ud83d\udeab", "\u2705", "\ud83d\udeab", "\ud83d\udeab", "\ud83d\udeab", "\ud83d\udeab", "\ud83d\udeab", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\ud83d\udeab", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\ud83d\udeab", "\ud83d\udeab"], ["impute", "ImputeMode", "\ud83d\udeab", "\ud83d\udeab", "\u2705", "\ud83d\udeab", "\ud83d\udeab", "\u2705", "\ud83d\udeab", "\ud83d\udeab", "\ud83d\udeab", "\ud83d\udeab", "\ud83d\udeab", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\ud83d\udeab", "\ud83d\udeab", "\u2705", "<span title='Support: str,int'>\ud83d\udfe1</span>", "\ud83d\udeab"], ["select_features", "DropZeroVariance", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "<span title='Support: str'>\ud83d\udfe1</span>", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "<span title='Support: str,int'>\ud83d\udfe1</span>", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705"], ["standardize", "ScaleMinMax", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\ud83d\udeab", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705"], ["standardize", "ScaleStandard", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\ud83d\udeab", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\ud83d\udeab", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705"], ["temporal", "ExpandDate", "\u2705", "\u2705", "<span title='Support: dow'>\ud83d\udfe1</span>", "\u2705", "<span title='Support: m,y,doy,w,d'>\ud83d\udfe1</span>", "\u2705", "<span title='Support: m,y,doy,w,d'>\ud83d\udfe1</span>", "\u2705", "<span title='Support: m,y,w,dow,d'>\ud83d\udfe1</span>", "\u2705", "\u2705", "<span title='Support: d,m,y'>\ud83d\udfe1</span>", "<span title='Support: dow'>\ud83d\udfe1</span>", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\ud83d\udeab", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705"], ["temporal", "ExpandTime", "\u2705", "<span title='Support: m,h,s'>\ud83d\udfe1</span>", "\ud83d\udeab", "\u2705", "\ud83d\udeab", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "<span title='Support: m,h,s'>\ud83d\udfe1</span>", "\ud83d\udeab", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\ud83d\udeab", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705"], ["temporal", "ExpandTimestamp", "\u2705", "\u2705", "<span title='Support: m,y,doy,s,mon,dow,ms,d'>\ud83d\udfe1</span>", "\u2705", "<span title='Support: week,m,y,doy,s,mon,d'>\ud83d\udfe1</span>", "\u2705", "<span title='Support: week,m,y,doy,s,mon,ms,d'>\ud83d\udfe1</span>", "\u2705", "<span title='Support: week,m,y,s,mon,dow,ms,d'>\ud83d\udfe1</span>", "\u2705", "\u2705", "<span title='Support: m,y,s,mon,d'>\ud83d\udfe1</span>", "<span title='Support: m,y,doy,s,mon,dow,ms,d'>\ud83d\udfe1</span>", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\ud83d\udeab", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705"]];
+        const data = [["common", "Cast", "<span title='check backend-specific support'>\ud83d\udd0d</span>", "<span title='check backend-specific support'>\ud83d\udd0d</span>", "<span title='check backend-specific support'>\ud83d\udd0d</span>", "<span title='check backend-specific support'>\ud83d\udd0d</span>", "<span title='check backend-specific support'>\ud83d\udd0d</span>", "<span title='check backend-specific support'>\ud83d\udd0d</span>", "<span title='check backend-specific support'>\ud83d\udd0d</span>", "<span title='check backend-specific support'>\ud83d\udd0d</span>", "<span title='check backend-specific support'>\ud83d\udd0d</span>", "<span title='check backend-specific support'>\ud83d\udd0d</span>", "<span title='check backend-specific support'>\ud83d\udd0d</span>", "<span title='check backend-specific support'>\ud83d\udd0d</span>", "<span title='check backend-specific support'>\ud83d\udd0d</span>", "<span title='check backend-specific support'>\ud83d\udd0d</span>", "<span title='check backend-specific support'>\ud83d\udd0d</span>", "<span title='check backend-specific support'>\ud83d\udd0d</span>", "<span title='check backend-specific support'>\ud83d\udd0d</span>", "<span title='check backend-specific support'>\ud83d\udd0d</span>", "<span title='check backend-specific support'>\ud83d\udd0d</span>", "<span title='check backend-specific support'>\ud83d\udd0d</span>"], ["common", "Drop", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705"], ["common", "Mutate", "<span title='check backend-specific support'>\ud83d\udd0d</span>", "<span title='check backend-specific support'>\ud83d\udd0d</span>", "<span title='check backend-specific support'>\ud83d\udd0d</span>", "<span title='check backend-specific support'>\ud83d\udd0d</span>", "<span title='check backend-specific support'>\ud83d\udd0d</span>", "<span title='check backend-specific support'>\ud83d\udd0d</span>", "<span title='check backend-specific support'>\ud83d\udd0d</span>", "<span title='check backend-specific support'>\ud83d\udd0d</span>", "<span title='check backend-specific support'>\ud83d\udd0d</span>", "<span title='check backend-specific support'>\ud83d\udd0d</span>", "<span title='check backend-specific support'>\ud83d\udd0d</span>", "<span title='check backend-specific support'>\ud83d\udd0d</span>", "<span title='check backend-specific support'>\ud83d\udd0d</span>", "<span title='check backend-specific support'>\ud83d\udd0d</span>", "<span title='check backend-specific support'>\ud83d\udd0d</span>", "<span title='check backend-specific support'>\ud83d\udd0d</span>", "<span title='check backend-specific support'>\ud83d\udd0d</span>", "<span title='check backend-specific support'>\ud83d\udd0d</span>", "<span title='check backend-specific support'>\ud83d\udd0d</span>", "<span title='check backend-specific support'>\ud83d\udd0d</span>"], ["common", "MutateAt", "<span title='check backend-specific support'>\ud83d\udd0d</span>", "<span title='check backend-specific support'>\ud83d\udd0d</span>", "<span title='check backend-specific support'>\ud83d\udd0d</span>", "<span title='check backend-specific support'>\ud83d\udd0d</span>", "<span title='check backend-specific support'>\ud83d\udd0d</span>", "<span title='check backend-specific support'>\ud83d\udd0d</span>", "<span title='check backend-specific support'>\ud83d\udd0d</span>", "<span title='check backend-specific support'>\ud83d\udd0d</span>", "<span title='check backend-specific support'>\ud83d\udd0d</span>", "<span title='check backend-specific support'>\ud83d\udd0d</span>", "<span title='check backend-specific support'>\ud83d\udd0d</span>", "<span title='check backend-specific support'>\ud83d\udd0d</span>", "<span title='check backend-specific support'>\ud83d\udd0d</span>", "<span title='check backend-specific support'>\ud83d\udd0d</span>", "<span title='check backend-specific support'>\ud83d\udd0d</span>", "<span title='check backend-specific support'>\ud83d\udd0d</span>", "<span title='check backend-specific support'>\ud83d\udd0d</span>", "<span title='check backend-specific support'>\ud83d\udd0d</span>", "<span title='check backend-specific support'>\ud83d\udd0d</span>", "<span title='check backend-specific support'>\ud83d\udd0d</span>"], ["discretize", "DiscretizeKBins", "<span title='Support: uniform'>\ud83d\udfe1</span>", "\u2705", "\u2705", "<span title='Support: uniform'>\ud83d\udfe1</span>", "<span title='Support: uniform'>\ud83d\udfe1</span>", "\u2705", "\u2705", "<span title='Support: uniform'>\ud83d\udfe1</span>", "<span title='Support: uniform'>\ud83d\udfe1</span>", "<span title='Support: uniform'>\ud83d\udfe1</span>", "<span title='Support: uniform'>\ud83d\udfe1</span>", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\ud83d\udeab", "\u2705", "\u2705", "<span title='Support: uniform'>\ud83d\udfe1</span>", "<span title='Support: uniform'>\ud83d\udfe1</span>"], ["encode", "CountEncode", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\ud83d\udeab", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705"], ["encode", "OneHotEncode", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\ud83d\udeab", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705"], ["encode", "OrdinalEncode", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\ud83d\udeab", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705"], ["encode", "TargetEncode", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\ud83d\udeab", "\u2705", "\ud83d\udeab", "\u2705", "\ud83d\udeab", "\ud83d\udeab", "\u2705", "\ud83d\udeab", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\ud83d\udeab", "\ud83d\udeab", "\u2705", "\ud83d\udeab", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\ud83d\udeab", "\u2705"], ["generate_features", "CreatePolynomialFeatures", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\ud83d\udeab", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705"], ["handle_outliers", "HandleUnivariateOutliers", "<span title='Support: z-score'>\ud83d\udfe1</span>", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\ud83d\udeab", "\ud83d\udeab", "\u2705", "\u2705", "<span title='Support: z-score'>\ud83d\udfe1</span>", "<span title='Support: z-score'>\ud83d\udfe1</span>", "<span title='Support: z-score'>\ud83d\udfe1</span>", "<span title='Support: z-score'>\ud83d\udfe1</span>", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\ud83d\udeab", "\u2705", "\u2705", "<span title='Support: z-score'>\ud83d\udfe1</span>", "<span title='Support: z-score'>\ud83d\udfe1</span>"], ["impute", "FillNA", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "<span title='Support: int,str'>\ud83d\udfe1</span>", "\u2705", "<span title='Support: int,str'>\ud83d\udfe1</span>", "<span title='Support: int,str'>\ud83d\udfe1</span>", "\u2705", "<span title='Support: int,str'>\ud83d\udfe1</span>", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\ud83d\udeab", "\u2705", "\u2705", "<span title='Support: int,str'>\ud83d\udfe1</span>", "\u2705"], ["impute", "ImputeMean", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\ud83d\udeab", "\u2705", "\ud83d\udeab", "\ud83d\udeab", "\u2705", "\ud83d\udeab", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\ud83d\udeab", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\ud83d\udeab", "\u2705"], ["impute", "ImputeMedian", "\ud83d\udeab", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\ud83d\udeab", "\u2705", "\ud83d\udeab", "\ud83d\udeab", "\ud83d\udeab", "\ud83d\udeab", "\ud83d\udeab", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\ud83d\udeab", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\ud83d\udeab", "\ud83d\udeab"], ["impute", "ImputeMode", "\ud83d\udeab", "\ud83d\udeab", "\u2705", "\ud83d\udeab", "\ud83d\udeab", "\u2705", "\ud83d\udeab", "\ud83d\udeab", "\ud83d\udeab", "\ud83d\udeab", "\ud83d\udeab", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\ud83d\udeab", "\ud83d\udeab", "\u2705", "<span title='Support: int,str'>\ud83d\udfe1</span>", "\ud83d\udeab"], ["select_features", "DropZeroVariance", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "<span title='Support: str'>\ud83d\udfe1</span>", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "<span title='Support: int,str'>\ud83d\udfe1</span>", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705"], ["standardize", "ScaleMinMax", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\ud83d\udeab", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705"], ["standardize", "ScaleStandard", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\ud83d\udeab", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\ud83d\udeab", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705"], ["temporal", "ExpandDate", "\u2705", "\u2705", "<span title='Support: dow'>\ud83d\udfe1</span>", "\u2705", "<span title='Support: doy,y,d,w,m'>\ud83d\udfe1</span>", "\u2705", "<span title='Support: doy,y,d,w,m'>\ud83d\udfe1</span>", "\u2705", "<span title='Support: y,dow,d,w,m'>\ud83d\udfe1</span>", "\u2705", "\u2705", "<span title='Support: m,y,d'>\ud83d\udfe1</span>", "<span title='Support: dow'>\ud83d\udfe1</span>", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\ud83d\udeab", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705"], ["temporal", "ExpandTime", "\u2705", "<span title='Support: h,s,m'>\ud83d\udfe1</span>", "\ud83d\udeab", "\u2705", "\ud83d\udeab", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "<span title='Support: h,s,m'>\ud83d\udfe1</span>", "\ud83d\udeab", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\ud83d\udeab", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705"], ["temporal", "ExpandTimestamp", "\u2705", "\u2705", "<span title='Support: y,doy,dow,m,ms,mon,s,d'>\ud83d\udfe1</span>", "\u2705", "<span title='Support: week,y,doy,m,mon,s,d'>\ud83d\udfe1</span>", "\u2705", "<span title='Support: week,y,doy,m,ms,mon,s,d'>\ud83d\udfe1</span>", "\u2705", "<span title='Support: week,y,dow,m,ms,mon,s,d'>\ud83d\udfe1</span>", "\u2705", "\u2705", "<span title='Support: y,m,mon,s,d'>\ud83d\udfe1</span>", "<span title='Support: y,doy,dow,m,ms,mon,s,d'>\ud83d\udfe1</span>", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\ud83d\udeab", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705", "\u2705"]];
 
         // Define the dt_args
         let dt_args = {"ordering": false, "paging": false, "buttons": ["copy", "excel", "csv"], "autoWidth": false, "dom": "fiBrtlp", "info": true, "keys": true, "language": {"info": "Showing _TOTAL_ entries"}, "lengthChange": false, "order": [], "responsive": true, "searching": true};
diff --git a/search.json b/search.json
index 9588b56..d5b095f 100644
--- a/search.json
+++ b/search.json
@@ -25,14 +25,14 @@
     "href": "tutorial/xgboost.html#the-new-york-city-flight-data",
     "title": "Preprocess your data with recipes",
     "section": "The New York City flight data",
-    "text": "The New York City flight data\nLet’s use the nycflights13 data to predict whether a plane arrives more than 30 minutes late. This dataset contains information on 325,819 flights departing near New York City in 2013. Let’s start by loading the data and making a few changes to the variables:\n\nimport ibis\n\ncon = ibis.connect(\"duckdb://nycflights13.ddb\")\ncon.create_table(\n    \"flights\", ibis.examples.nycflights13_flights.fetch().to_pyarrow(), overwrite=True\n)\ncon.create_table(\n    \"weather\", ibis.examples.nycflights13_weather.fetch().to_pyarrow(), overwrite=True\n)\n\nYou can now see the example dataset copied over to the database:\n\ncon = ibis.connect(\"duckdb://nycflights13.ddb\")\ncon.list_tables()\n\n['flights', 'weather']\n\n\nWe’ll turn on interactive mode, which partially executes queries to give users a preview of the results.\n\nibis.options.interactive = True\n\n\nflights = con.table(\"flights\")\nflights = flights.mutate(\n    dep_time=(\n        flights.dep_time.lpad(4, \"0\").substr(0, 2)\n        + \":\"\n        + flights.dep_time.substr(-2, 2)\n        + \":00\"\n    ).try_cast(\"time\"),\n    arr_delay=flights.arr_delay.try_cast(int),\n    air_time=flights.air_time.try_cast(int),\n)\nflights\n\n┏━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓\n┃ year  ┃ month ┃ day   ┃ dep_time ┃ sched_dep_time ┃ dep_delay ┃ arr_time ┃ sched_arr_time ┃ arr_delay ┃ carrier ┃ flight ┃ tailnum ┃ origin ┃ dest   ┃ air_time ┃ distance ┃ hour  ┃ minute ┃ time_hour           ┃\n┡━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┩\n│ int64 │ int64 │ int64 │ time     │ int64          │ string    │ string   │ int64          │ int64     │ string  │ int64  │ string  │ string │ string │ int64    │ int64    │ int64 │ int64  │ timestamp(6)        │\n├───────┼───────┼───────┼──────────┼────────────────┼───────────┼──────────┼────────────────┼───────────┼─────────┼────────┼─────────┼────────┼────────┼──────────┼──────────┼───────┼────────┼─────────────────────┤\n│  2013 │     1 │     1 │ 05:17:00 │            515 │ 2         │ 830      │            819 │        11 │ UA      │   1545 │ N14228  │ EWR    │ IAH    │      227 │     1400 │     5 │     15 │ 2013-01-01 10:00:00 │\n│  2013 │     1 │     1 │ 05:33:00 │            529 │ 4         │ 850      │            830 │        20 │ UA      │   1714 │ N24211  │ LGA    │ IAH    │      227 │     1416 │     5 │     29 │ 2013-01-01 10:00:00 │\n│  2013 │     1 │     1 │ 05:42:00 │            540 │ 2         │ 923      │            850 │        33 │ AA      │   1141 │ N619AA  │ JFK    │ MIA    │      160 │     1089 │     5 │     40 │ 2013-01-01 10:00:00 │\n│  2013 │     1 │     1 │ 05:44:00 │            545 │ -1        │ 1004     │           1022 │       -18 │ B6      │    725 │ N804JB  │ JFK    │ BQN    │      183 │     1576 │     5 │     45 │ 2013-01-01 10:00:00 │\n│  2013 │     1 │     1 │ 05:54:00 │            600 │ -6        │ 812      │            837 │       -25 │ DL      │    461 │ N668DN  │ LGA    │ ATL    │      116 │      762 │     6 │      0 │ 2013-01-01 11:00:00 │\n│  2013 │     1 │     1 │ 05:54:00 │            558 │ -4        │ 740      │            728 │        12 │ UA      │   1696 │ N39463  │ EWR    │ ORD    │      150 │      719 │     5 │     58 │ 2013-01-01 10:00:00 │\n│  2013 │     1 │     1 │ 05:55:00 │            600 │ -5        │ 913      │            854 │        19 │ B6      │    507 │ N516JB  │ EWR    │ FLL    │      158 │     1065 │     6 │      0 │ 2013-01-01 11:00:00 │\n│  2013 │     1 │     1 │ 05:57:00 │            600 │ -3        │ 709      │            723 │       -14 │ EV      │   5708 │ N829AS  │ LGA    │ IAD    │       53 │      229 │     6 │      0 │ 2013-01-01 11:00:00 │\n│  2013 │     1 │     1 │ 05:57:00 │            600 │ -3        │ 838      │            846 │        -8 │ B6      │     79 │ N593JB  │ JFK    │ MCO    │      140 │      944 │     6 │      0 │ 2013-01-01 11:00:00 │\n│  2013 │     1 │     1 │ 05:58:00 │            600 │ -2        │ 753      │            745 │         8 │ AA      │    301 │ N3ALAA  │ LGA    │ ORD    │      138 │      733 │     6 │      0 │ 2013-01-01 11:00:00 │\n│     … │     … │     … │ …        │              … │ …         │ …        │              … │         … │ …       │      … │ …       │ …      │ …      │        … │        … │     … │      … │ …                   │\n└───────┴───────┴───────┴──────────┴────────────────┴───────────┴──────────┴────────────────┴───────────┴─────────┴────────┴─────────┴────────┴────────┴──────────┴──────────┴───────┴────────┴─────────────────────┘\n\n\n\n\nweather = con.table(\"weather\")\nweather\n\n┏━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓\n┃ origin ┃ year  ┃ month ┃ day   ┃ hour  ┃ temp   ┃ dewp   ┃ humid  ┃ wind_dir ┃ wind_speed         ┃ wind_gust ┃ precip  ┃ pressure ┃ visib   ┃ time_hour           ┃\n┡━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┩\n│ string │ int64 │ int64 │ int64 │ int64 │ string │ string │ string │ string   │ string             │ string    │ float64 │ string   │ float64 │ timestamp(6)        │\n├────────┼───────┼───────┼───────┼───────┼────────┼────────┼────────┼──────────┼────────────────────┼───────────┼─────────┼──────────┼─────────┼─────────────────────┤\n│ EWR    │  2013 │     1 │     1 │     1 │ 39.02  │ 26.06  │ 59.37  │ 270      │ 10.357019999999999 │ NA        │     0.0 │ 1012     │    10.0 │ 2013-01-01 06:00:00 │\n│ EWR    │  2013 │     1 │     1 │     2 │ 39.02  │ 26.96  │ 61.63  │ 250      │ 8.05546            │ NA        │     0.0 │ 1012.3   │    10.0 │ 2013-01-01 07:00:00 │\n│ EWR    │  2013 │     1 │     1 │     3 │ 39.02  │ 28.04  │ 64.43  │ 240      │ 11.5078            │ NA        │     0.0 │ 1012.5   │    10.0 │ 2013-01-01 08:00:00 │\n│ EWR    │  2013 │     1 │     1 │     4 │ 39.92  │ 28.04  │ 62.21  │ 250      │ 12.658579999999999 │ NA        │     0.0 │ 1012.2   │    10.0 │ 2013-01-01 09:00:00 │\n│ EWR    │  2013 │     1 │     1 │     5 │ 39.02  │ 28.04  │ 64.43  │ 260      │ 12.658579999999999 │ NA        │     0.0 │ 1011.9   │    10.0 │ 2013-01-01 10:00:00 │\n│ EWR    │  2013 │     1 │     1 │     6 │ 37.94  │ 28.04  │ 67.21  │ 240      │ 11.5078            │ NA        │     0.0 │ 1012.4   │    10.0 │ 2013-01-01 11:00:00 │\n│ EWR    │  2013 │     1 │     1 │     7 │ 39.02  │ 28.04  │ 64.43  │ 240      │ 14.960139999999999 │ NA        │     0.0 │ 1012.2   │    10.0 │ 2013-01-01 12:00:00 │\n│ EWR    │  2013 │     1 │     1 │     8 │ 39.92  │ 28.04  │ 62.21  │ 250      │ 10.357019999999999 │ NA        │     0.0 │ 1012.2   │    10.0 │ 2013-01-01 13:00:00 │\n│ EWR    │  2013 │     1 │     1 │     9 │ 39.92  │ 28.04  │ 62.21  │ 260      │ 14.960139999999999 │ NA        │     0.0 │ 1012.7   │    10.0 │ 2013-01-01 14:00:00 │\n│ EWR    │  2013 │     1 │     1 │    10 │ 41     │ 28.04  │ 59.65  │ 260      │ 13.809359999999998 │ NA        │     0.0 │ 1012.4   │    10.0 │ 2013-01-01 15:00:00 │\n│ …      │     … │     … │     … │     … │ …      │ …      │ …      │ …        │ …                  │ …         │       … │ …        │       … │ …                   │\n└────────┴───────┴───────┴───────┴───────┴────────┴────────┴────────┴──────────┴────────────────────┴───────────┴─────────┴──────────┴─────────┴─────────────────────┘\n\n\n\n\nflight_data = (\n    flights.mutate(\n        # Convert the arrival delay to a factor\n        arr_delay=ibis.ifelse(flights.arr_delay &gt;= 30, 1, 0),\n        # We will use the date (not date-time) in the recipe below\n        date=flights.time_hour.date(),\n    )\n    # Include the weather data\n    .inner_join(weather, [\"origin\", \"time_hour\"])\n    # Only retain the specific columns we will use\n    .select(\n        \"dep_time\",\n        \"flight\",\n        \"origin\",\n        \"dest\",\n        \"air_time\",\n        \"distance\",\n        \"carrier\",\n        \"date\",\n        \"arr_delay\",\n        \"time_hour\",\n    )\n    # Exclude missing data\n    .dropna()\n)\nflight_data\n\n/tmp/ipykernel_2305/1355661947.py:24: FutureWarning: `Table.dropna` is deprecated as of v9.1; use drop_null instead\n  .dropna()\n\n\n┏━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓\n┃ dep_time ┃ flight ┃ origin ┃ dest   ┃ air_time ┃ distance ┃ carrier ┃ date       ┃ arr_delay ┃ time_hour           ┃\n┡━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┩\n│ time     │ int64  │ string │ string │ int64    │ int64    │ string  │ date       │ int8      │ timestamp(6)        │\n├──────────┼────────┼────────┼────────┼──────────┼──────────┼─────────┼────────────┼───────────┼─────────────────────┤\n│ 05:57:00 │    461 │ LGA    │ ATL    │      100 │      762 │ DL      │ 2013-06-26 │         0 │ 2013-06-26 10:00:00 │\n│ 05:58:00 │   4424 │ EWR    │ RDU    │       63 │      416 │ EV      │ 2013-06-26 │         0 │ 2013-06-26 10:00:00 │\n│ 05:58:00 │   6177 │ EWR    │ IAD    │       45 │      212 │ EV      │ 2013-06-26 │         0 │ 2013-06-26 10:00:00 │\n│ 06:00:00 │    731 │ LGA    │ DTW    │       78 │      502 │ DL      │ 2013-06-26 │         0 │ 2013-06-26 10:00:00 │\n│ 06:01:00 │    684 │ EWR    │ LAX    │      316 │     2454 │ UA      │ 2013-06-26 │         0 │ 2013-06-26 10:00:00 │\n│ 06:01:00 │    301 │ LGA    │ ORD    │      164 │      733 │ AA      │ 2013-06-26 │         1 │ 2013-06-26 10:00:00 │\n│ 06:01:00 │   1837 │ LGA    │ MIA    │      148 │     1096 │ AA      │ 2013-06-26 │         0 │ 2013-06-26 10:00:00 │\n│ 06:01:00 │   1279 │ LGA    │ MEM    │      128 │      963 │ DL      │ 2013-06-26 │         0 │ 2013-06-26 10:00:00 │\n│ 06:02:00 │   1691 │ JFK    │ LAX    │      309 │     2475 │ UA      │ 2013-06-26 │         0 │ 2013-06-26 10:00:00 │\n│ 06:04:00 │   1447 │ JFK    │ CLT    │       75 │      541 │ US      │ 2013-06-26 │         0 │ 2013-06-26 10:00:00 │\n│ …        │      … │ …      │ …      │        … │        … │ …       │ …          │         … │ …                   │\n└──────────┴────────┴────────┴────────┴──────────┴──────────┴─────────┴────────────┴───────────┴─────────────────────┘\n\n\n\nWe can see that about 16% of the flights in this dataset arrived more than 30 minutes late.\n\nflight_data.arr_delay.value_counts().rename(n=\"arr_delay_count\").mutate(\n    prop=ibis._.n / ibis._.n.sum()\n)\n\n┏━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━┓\n┃ arr_delay ┃ n      ┃ prop     ┃\n┡━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━┩\n│ int8      │ int64  │ float64  │\n├───────────┼────────┼──────────┤\n│         0 │ 273279 │ 0.838745 │\n│         1 │  52540 │ 0.161255 │\n└───────────┴────────┴──────────┘"
+    "text": "The New York City flight data\nLet’s use the nycflights13 data to predict whether a plane arrives more than 30 minutes late. This dataset contains information on 325,819 flights departing near New York City in 2013. Let’s start by loading the data and making a few changes to the variables:\n\nimport ibis\n\ncon = ibis.connect(\"duckdb://nycflights13.ddb\")\ncon.create_table(\n    \"flights\", ibis.examples.nycflights13_flights.fetch().to_pyarrow(), overwrite=True\n)\ncon.create_table(\n    \"weather\", ibis.examples.nycflights13_weather.fetch().to_pyarrow(), overwrite=True\n)\n\nYou can now see the example dataset copied over to the database:\n\ncon = ibis.connect(\"duckdb://nycflights13.ddb\")\ncon.list_tables()\n\n['flights', 'weather']\n\n\nWe’ll turn on interactive mode, which partially executes queries to give users a preview of the results.\n\nibis.options.interactive = True\n\n\nflights = con.table(\"flights\")\nflights = flights.mutate(\n    dep_time=(\n        flights.dep_time.lpad(4, \"0\").substr(0, 2)\n        + \":\"\n        + flights.dep_time.substr(-2, 2)\n        + \":00\"\n    ).try_cast(\"time\"),\n    arr_delay=flights.arr_delay.try_cast(int),\n    air_time=flights.air_time.try_cast(int),\n)\nflights\n\n┏━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓\n┃ year  ┃ month ┃ day   ┃ dep_time ┃ sched_dep_time ┃ dep_delay ┃ arr_time ┃ sched_arr_time ┃ arr_delay ┃ carrier ┃ flight ┃ tailnum ┃ origin ┃ dest   ┃ air_time ┃ distance ┃ hour  ┃ minute ┃ time_hour           ┃\n┡━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┩\n│ int64 │ int64 │ int64 │ time     │ int64          │ string    │ string   │ int64          │ int64     │ string  │ int64  │ string  │ string │ string │ int64    │ int64    │ int64 │ int64  │ timestamp(6)        │\n├───────┼───────┼───────┼──────────┼────────────────┼───────────┼──────────┼────────────────┼───────────┼─────────┼────────┼─────────┼────────┼────────┼──────────┼──────────┼───────┼────────┼─────────────────────┤\n│  2013 │     1 │     1 │ 05:17:00 │            515 │ 2         │ 830      │            819 │        11 │ UA      │   1545 │ N14228  │ EWR    │ IAH    │      227 │     1400 │     5 │     15 │ 2013-01-01 10:00:00 │\n│  2013 │     1 │     1 │ 05:33:00 │            529 │ 4         │ 850      │            830 │        20 │ UA      │   1714 │ N24211  │ LGA    │ IAH    │      227 │     1416 │     5 │     29 │ 2013-01-01 10:00:00 │\n│  2013 │     1 │     1 │ 05:42:00 │            540 │ 2         │ 923      │            850 │        33 │ AA      │   1141 │ N619AA  │ JFK    │ MIA    │      160 │     1089 │     5 │     40 │ 2013-01-01 10:00:00 │\n│  2013 │     1 │     1 │ 05:44:00 │            545 │ -1        │ 1004     │           1022 │       -18 │ B6      │    725 │ N804JB  │ JFK    │ BQN    │      183 │     1576 │     5 │     45 │ 2013-01-01 10:00:00 │\n│  2013 │     1 │     1 │ 05:54:00 │            600 │ -6        │ 812      │            837 │       -25 │ DL      │    461 │ N668DN  │ LGA    │ ATL    │      116 │      762 │     6 │      0 │ 2013-01-01 11:00:00 │\n│  2013 │     1 │     1 │ 05:54:00 │            558 │ -4        │ 740      │            728 │        12 │ UA      │   1696 │ N39463  │ EWR    │ ORD    │      150 │      719 │     5 │     58 │ 2013-01-01 10:00:00 │\n│  2013 │     1 │     1 │ 05:55:00 │            600 │ -5        │ 913      │            854 │        19 │ B6      │    507 │ N516JB  │ EWR    │ FLL    │      158 │     1065 │     6 │      0 │ 2013-01-01 11:00:00 │\n│  2013 │     1 │     1 │ 05:57:00 │            600 │ -3        │ 709      │            723 │       -14 │ EV      │   5708 │ N829AS  │ LGA    │ IAD    │       53 │      229 │     6 │      0 │ 2013-01-01 11:00:00 │\n│  2013 │     1 │     1 │ 05:57:00 │            600 │ -3        │ 838      │            846 │        -8 │ B6      │     79 │ N593JB  │ JFK    │ MCO    │      140 │      944 │     6 │      0 │ 2013-01-01 11:00:00 │\n│  2013 │     1 │     1 │ 05:58:00 │            600 │ -2        │ 753      │            745 │         8 │ AA      │    301 │ N3ALAA  │ LGA    │ ORD    │      138 │      733 │     6 │      0 │ 2013-01-01 11:00:00 │\n│     … │     … │     … │ …        │              … │ …         │ …        │              … │         … │ …       │      … │ …       │ …      │ …      │        … │        … │     … │      … │ …                   │\n└───────┴───────┴───────┴──────────┴────────────────┴───────────┴──────────┴────────────────┴───────────┴─────────┴────────┴─────────┴────────┴────────┴──────────┴──────────┴───────┴────────┴─────────────────────┘\n\n\n\n\nweather = con.table(\"weather\")\nweather\n\n┏━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓\n┃ origin ┃ year  ┃ month ┃ day   ┃ hour  ┃ temp   ┃ dewp   ┃ humid  ┃ wind_dir ┃ wind_speed         ┃ wind_gust ┃ precip  ┃ pressure ┃ visib   ┃ time_hour           ┃\n┡━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┩\n│ string │ int64 │ int64 │ int64 │ int64 │ string │ string │ string │ string   │ string             │ string    │ float64 │ string   │ float64 │ timestamp(6)        │\n├────────┼───────┼───────┼───────┼───────┼────────┼────────┼────────┼──────────┼────────────────────┼───────────┼─────────┼──────────┼─────────┼─────────────────────┤\n│ EWR    │  2013 │     1 │     1 │     1 │ 39.02  │ 26.06  │ 59.37  │ 270      │ 10.357019999999999 │ NA        │     0.0 │ 1012     │    10.0 │ 2013-01-01 06:00:00 │\n│ EWR    │  2013 │     1 │     1 │     2 │ 39.02  │ 26.96  │ 61.63  │ 250      │ 8.05546            │ NA        │     0.0 │ 1012.3   │    10.0 │ 2013-01-01 07:00:00 │\n│ EWR    │  2013 │     1 │     1 │     3 │ 39.02  │ 28.04  │ 64.43  │ 240      │ 11.5078            │ NA        │     0.0 │ 1012.5   │    10.0 │ 2013-01-01 08:00:00 │\n│ EWR    │  2013 │     1 │     1 │     4 │ 39.92  │ 28.04  │ 62.21  │ 250      │ 12.658579999999999 │ NA        │     0.0 │ 1012.2   │    10.0 │ 2013-01-01 09:00:00 │\n│ EWR    │  2013 │     1 │     1 │     5 │ 39.02  │ 28.04  │ 64.43  │ 260      │ 12.658579999999999 │ NA        │     0.0 │ 1011.9   │    10.0 │ 2013-01-01 10:00:00 │\n│ EWR    │  2013 │     1 │     1 │     6 │ 37.94  │ 28.04  │ 67.21  │ 240      │ 11.5078            │ NA        │     0.0 │ 1012.4   │    10.0 │ 2013-01-01 11:00:00 │\n│ EWR    │  2013 │     1 │     1 │     7 │ 39.02  │ 28.04  │ 64.43  │ 240      │ 14.960139999999999 │ NA        │     0.0 │ 1012.2   │    10.0 │ 2013-01-01 12:00:00 │\n│ EWR    │  2013 │     1 │     1 │     8 │ 39.92  │ 28.04  │ 62.21  │ 250      │ 10.357019999999999 │ NA        │     0.0 │ 1012.2   │    10.0 │ 2013-01-01 13:00:00 │\n│ EWR    │  2013 │     1 │     1 │     9 │ 39.92  │ 28.04  │ 62.21  │ 260      │ 14.960139999999999 │ NA        │     0.0 │ 1012.7   │    10.0 │ 2013-01-01 14:00:00 │\n│ EWR    │  2013 │     1 │     1 │    10 │ 41     │ 28.04  │ 59.65  │ 260      │ 13.809359999999998 │ NA        │     0.0 │ 1012.4   │    10.0 │ 2013-01-01 15:00:00 │\n│ …      │     … │     … │     … │     … │ …      │ …      │ …      │ …        │ …                  │ …         │       … │ …        │       … │ …                   │\n└────────┴───────┴───────┴───────┴───────┴────────┴────────┴────────┴──────────┴────────────────────┴───────────┴─────────┴──────────┴─────────┴─────────────────────┘\n\n\n\n\nflight_data = (\n    flights.mutate(\n        # Convert the arrival delay to a factor\n        arr_delay=ibis.ifelse(flights.arr_delay &gt;= 30, 1, 0),\n        # We will use the date (not date-time) in the recipe below\n        date=flights.time_hour.date(),\n    )\n    # Include the weather data\n    .inner_join(weather, [\"origin\", \"time_hour\"])\n    # Only retain the specific columns we will use\n    .select(\n        \"dep_time\",\n        \"flight\",\n        \"origin\",\n        \"dest\",\n        \"air_time\",\n        \"distance\",\n        \"carrier\",\n        \"date\",\n        \"arr_delay\",\n        \"time_hour\",\n    )\n    # Exclude missing data\n    .dropna()\n)\nflight_data\n\n/tmp/ipykernel_2390/1355661947.py:24: FutureWarning: `Table.dropna` is deprecated as of v9.1; use drop_null instead\n  .dropna()\n\n\n┏━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓\n┃ dep_time ┃ flight ┃ origin ┃ dest   ┃ air_time ┃ distance ┃ carrier ┃ date       ┃ arr_delay ┃ time_hour           ┃\n┡━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┩\n│ time     │ int64  │ string │ string │ int64    │ int64    │ string  │ date       │ int8      │ timestamp(6)        │\n├──────────┼────────┼────────┼────────┼──────────┼──────────┼─────────┼────────────┼───────────┼─────────────────────┤\n│ 10:45:00 │     67 │ EWR    │ ORD    │      120 │      719 │ UA      │ 2013-02-14 │         0 │ 2013-02-14 15:00:00 │\n│ 10:48:00 │    373 │ LGA    │ FLL    │      179 │     1076 │ B6      │ 2013-02-14 │         0 │ 2013-02-14 15:00:00 │\n│ 10:48:00 │    764 │ EWR    │ IAH    │      207 │     1400 │ UA      │ 2013-02-14 │         0 │ 2013-02-14 15:00:00 │\n│ 10:51:00 │   2044 │ LGA    │ MIA    │      171 │     1096 │ DL      │ 2013-02-14 │         0 │ 2013-02-14 16:00:00 │\n│ 10:51:00 │   2171 │ LGA    │ DCA    │       40 │      214 │ US      │ 2013-02-14 │         0 │ 2013-02-14 16:00:00 │\n│ 10:57:00 │   1275 │ JFK    │ SLC    │      286 │     1990 │ DL      │ 2013-02-14 │         0 │ 2013-02-14 16:00:00 │\n│ 10:57:00 │    366 │ LGA    │ STL    │      135 │      888 │ WN      │ 2013-02-14 │         0 │ 2013-02-14 16:00:00 │\n│ 10:57:00 │   1550 │ EWR    │ SFO    │      338 │     2565 │ UA      │ 2013-02-14 │         0 │ 2013-02-14 15:00:00 │\n│ 10:58:00 │   4694 │ EWR    │ MKE    │      113 │      725 │ EV      │ 2013-02-14 │         0 │ 2013-02-14 15:00:00 │\n│ 10:58:00 │   1647 │ LGA    │ ATL    │      117 │      762 │ DL      │ 2013-02-14 │         0 │ 2013-02-14 16:00:00 │\n│ …        │      … │ …      │ …      │        … │        … │ …       │ …          │         … │ …                   │\n└──────────┴────────┴────────┴────────┴──────────┴──────────┴─────────┴────────────┴───────────┴─────────────────────┘\n\n\n\nWe can see that about 16% of the flights in this dataset arrived more than 30 minutes late.\n\nflight_data.arr_delay.value_counts().rename(n=\"arr_delay_count\").mutate(\n    prop=ibis._.n / ibis._.n.sum()\n)\n\n┏━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━┓\n┃ arr_delay ┃ n      ┃ prop     ┃\n┡━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━┩\n│ int8      │ int64  │ float64  │\n├───────────┼────────┼──────────┤\n│         0 │ 273279 │ 0.838745 │\n│         1 │  52540 │ 0.161255 │\n└───────────┴────────┴──────────┘"
   },
   {
     "objectID": "tutorial/xgboost.html#data-splitting",
     "href": "tutorial/xgboost.html#data-splitting",
     "title": "Preprocess your data with recipes",
     "section": "Data splitting",
-    "text": "Data splitting\nTo get started, let’s split this single dataset into two: a training set and a testing set. We’ll keep most of the rows in the original dataset (subset chosen randomly) in the training set. The training data will be used to fit the model, and the testing set will be used to measure model performance.\nBecause the order of rows in an Ibis table is undefined, we need a unique key to split the data reproducibly. It is permissible for airlines to use the same flight number for different routes, as long as the flights do not operate on the same day. This means that the combination of the flight number and the date of travel is always unique.\n\nflight_data_with_unique_key = flight_data.mutate(\n    unique_key=ibis.literal(\",\").join(\n        [flight_data.carrier, flight_data.flight.cast(str), flight_data.date.cast(str)]\n    )\n)\nflight_data_with_unique_key\n\n┏━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓\n┃ dep_time ┃ flight ┃ origin ┃ dest   ┃ air_time ┃ distance ┃ carrier ┃ date       ┃ arr_delay ┃ time_hour           ┃ unique_key         ┃\n┡━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┩\n│ time     │ int64  │ string │ string │ int64    │ int64    │ string  │ date       │ int8      │ timestamp(6)        │ string             │\n├──────────┼────────┼────────┼────────┼──────────┼──────────┼─────────┼────────────┼───────────┼─────────────────────┼────────────────────┤\n│ 05:17:00 │   1545 │ EWR    │ IAH    │      227 │     1400 │ UA      │ 2013-01-01 │         0 │ 2013-01-01 10:00:00 │ UA,1545,2013-01-01 │\n│ 05:33:00 │   1714 │ LGA    │ IAH    │      227 │     1416 │ UA      │ 2013-01-01 │         0 │ 2013-01-01 10:00:00 │ UA,1714,2013-01-01 │\n│ 05:42:00 │   1141 │ JFK    │ MIA    │      160 │     1089 │ AA      │ 2013-01-01 │         1 │ 2013-01-01 10:00:00 │ AA,1141,2013-01-01 │\n│ 05:44:00 │    725 │ JFK    │ BQN    │      183 │     1576 │ B6      │ 2013-01-01 │         0 │ 2013-01-01 10:00:00 │ B6,725,2013-01-01  │\n│ 05:54:00 │    461 │ LGA    │ ATL    │      116 │      762 │ DL      │ 2013-01-01 │         0 │ 2013-01-01 11:00:00 │ DL,461,2013-01-01  │\n│ 05:54:00 │   1696 │ EWR    │ ORD    │      150 │      719 │ UA      │ 2013-01-01 │         0 │ 2013-01-01 10:00:00 │ UA,1696,2013-01-01 │\n│ 05:55:00 │    507 │ EWR    │ FLL    │      158 │     1065 │ B6      │ 2013-01-01 │         0 │ 2013-01-01 11:00:00 │ B6,507,2013-01-01  │\n│ 05:57:00 │   5708 │ LGA    │ IAD    │       53 │      229 │ EV      │ 2013-01-01 │         0 │ 2013-01-01 11:00:00 │ EV,5708,2013-01-01 │\n│ 05:57:00 │     79 │ JFK    │ MCO    │      140 │      944 │ B6      │ 2013-01-01 │         0 │ 2013-01-01 11:00:00 │ B6,79,2013-01-01   │\n│ 05:58:00 │    301 │ LGA    │ ORD    │      138 │      733 │ AA      │ 2013-01-01 │         0 │ 2013-01-01 11:00:00 │ AA,301,2013-01-01  │\n│ …        │      … │ …      │ …      │        … │        … │ …       │ …          │         … │ …                   │ …                  │\n└──────────┴────────┴────────┴────────┴──────────┴──────────┴─────────┴────────────┴───────────┴─────────────────────┴────────────────────┘\n\n\n\n\n# FIXME(deepyaman): Proposed key isn't unique for actual departure date.\nflight_data_with_unique_key.group_by(\"unique_key\").mutate(\n    cnt=flight_data_with_unique_key.count()\n)[ibis._.cnt &gt; 1]\n\n/opt/hostedtoolcache/Python/3.11.8/x64/lib/python3.11/site-packages/ibis/expr/types/relations.py:685: FutureWarning: Selecting/filtering arbitrary expressions in `Table.__getitem__` is deprecated and will be removed in version 10.0. Please use `Table.select` or `Table.filter` instead.\n  warnings.warn(\n\n\n┏━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┓\n┃ dep_time ┃ flight ┃ origin ┃ dest   ┃ air_time ┃ distance ┃ carrier ┃ date       ┃ arr_delay ┃ time_hour           ┃ unique_key         ┃ cnt   ┃\n┡━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━┩\n│ time     │ int64  │ string │ string │ int64    │ int64    │ string  │ date       │ int8      │ timestamp(6)        │ string             │ int64 │\n├──────────┼────────┼────────┼────────┼──────────┼──────────┼─────────┼────────────┼───────────┼─────────────────────┼────────────────────┼───────┤\n│ 19:59:00 │   1022 │ EWR    │ IAH    │      167 │     1400 │ UA      │ 2013-09-14 │         0 │ 2013-09-14 23:00:00 │ UA,1022,2013-09-14 │     2 │\n│ 20:00:00 │   1022 │ EWR    │ IAH    │      186 │     1400 │ UA      │ 2013-09-14 │         0 │ 2013-09-14 00:00:00 │ UA,1022,2013-09-14 │     2 │\n│ 19:12:00 │   1023 │ LGA    │ ORD    │      112 │      733 │ UA      │ 2013-05-29 │         0 │ 2013-05-29 23:00:00 │ UA,1023,2013-05-29 │     2 │\n│ 21:16:00 │   1023 │ EWR    │ IAH    │      175 │     1400 │ UA      │ 2013-05-29 │         0 │ 2013-05-29 01:00:00 │ UA,1023,2013-05-29 │     2 │\n│ 15:18:00 │   1052 │ EWR    │ IAH    │      174 │     1400 │ UA      │ 2013-08-27 │         0 │ 2013-08-27 19:00:00 │ UA,1052,2013-08-27 │     2 │\n│ 21:22:00 │   1052 │ EWR    │ IAH    │      173 │     1400 │ UA      │ 2013-08-27 │         0 │ 2013-08-27 01:00:00 │ UA,1052,2013-08-27 │     2 │\n│ 19:27:00 │   1053 │ EWR    │ CLE    │       69 │      404 │ UA      │ 2013-12-20 │         0 │ 2013-12-20 00:00:00 │ UA,1053,2013-12-20 │     2 │\n│ 18:39:00 │   1053 │ EWR    │ CLE    │       72 │      404 │ UA      │ 2013-12-20 │         0 │ 2013-12-20 23:00:00 │ UA,1053,2013-12-20 │     2 │\n│ 17:20:00 │   1071 │ EWR    │ PHX    │      281 │     2133 │ UA      │ 2013-02-26 │         0 │ 2013-02-26 22:00:00 │ UA,1071,2013-02-26 │     2 │\n│ 20:16:00 │   1071 │ EWR    │ BQN    │      196 │     1585 │ UA      │ 2013-02-26 │         0 │ 2013-02-26 01:00:00 │ UA,1071,2013-02-26 │     2 │\n│ …        │      … │ …      │ …      │        … │        … │ …       │ …          │         … │ …                   │ …                  │     … │\n└──────────┴────────┴────────┴────────┴──────────┴──────────┴─────────┴────────────┴───────────┴─────────────────────┴────────────────────┴───────┘\n\n\n\n\nimport random\n\n# Fix the random numbers by setting the seed\n# This enables the analysis to be reproducible when random numbers are used\nrandom.seed(222)\n\n# Put 3/4 of the data into the training set\nrandom_key = str(random.getrandbits(256))\ndata_split = flight_data_with_unique_key.mutate(\n    train=(flight_data_with_unique_key.unique_key + random_key).hash().abs() % 4 &lt; 3\n)\n\n# Create data frames for the two sets:\ntrain_data = data_split[data_split.train].drop(\"unique_key\", \"train\")\ntest_data = data_split[~data_split.train].drop(\"unique_key\", \"train\")"
+    "text": "Data splitting\nTo get started, let’s split this single dataset into two: a training set and a testing set. We’ll keep most of the rows in the original dataset (subset chosen randomly) in the training set. The training data will be used to fit the model, and the testing set will be used to measure model performance.\nBecause the order of rows in an Ibis table is undefined, we need a unique key to split the data reproducibly. It is permissible for airlines to use the same flight number for different routes, as long as the flights do not operate on the same day. This means that the combination of the flight number and the date of travel is always unique.\n\nflight_data_with_unique_key = flight_data.mutate(\n    unique_key=ibis.literal(\",\").join(\n        [flight_data.carrier, flight_data.flight.cast(str), flight_data.date.cast(str)]\n    )\n)\nflight_data_with_unique_key\n\n┏━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓\n┃ dep_time ┃ flight ┃ origin ┃ dest   ┃ air_time ┃ distance ┃ carrier ┃ date       ┃ arr_delay ┃ time_hour           ┃ unique_key         ┃\n┡━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┩\n│ time     │ int64  │ string │ string │ int64    │ int64    │ string  │ date       │ int8      │ timestamp(6)        │ string             │\n├──────────┼────────┼────────┼────────┼──────────┼──────────┼─────────┼────────────┼───────────┼─────────────────────┼────────────────────┤\n│ 05:57:00 │    461 │ LGA    │ ATL    │      100 │      762 │ DL      │ 2013-06-26 │         0 │ 2013-06-26 10:00:00 │ DL,461,2013-06-26  │\n│ 05:58:00 │   4424 │ EWR    │ RDU    │       63 │      416 │ EV      │ 2013-06-26 │         0 │ 2013-06-26 10:00:00 │ EV,4424,2013-06-26 │\n│ 05:58:00 │   6177 │ EWR    │ IAD    │       45 │      212 │ EV      │ 2013-06-26 │         0 │ 2013-06-26 10:00:00 │ EV,6177,2013-06-26 │\n│ 06:00:00 │    731 │ LGA    │ DTW    │       78 │      502 │ DL      │ 2013-06-26 │         0 │ 2013-06-26 10:00:00 │ DL,731,2013-06-26  │\n│ 06:01:00 │    684 │ EWR    │ LAX    │      316 │     2454 │ UA      │ 2013-06-26 │         0 │ 2013-06-26 10:00:00 │ UA,684,2013-06-26  │\n│ 06:01:00 │    301 │ LGA    │ ORD    │      164 │      733 │ AA      │ 2013-06-26 │         1 │ 2013-06-26 10:00:00 │ AA,301,2013-06-26  │\n│ 06:01:00 │   1837 │ LGA    │ MIA    │      148 │     1096 │ AA      │ 2013-06-26 │         0 │ 2013-06-26 10:00:00 │ AA,1837,2013-06-26 │\n│ 06:01:00 │   1279 │ LGA    │ MEM    │      128 │      963 │ DL      │ 2013-06-26 │         0 │ 2013-06-26 10:00:00 │ DL,1279,2013-06-26 │\n│ 06:02:00 │   1691 │ JFK    │ LAX    │      309 │     2475 │ UA      │ 2013-06-26 │         0 │ 2013-06-26 10:00:00 │ UA,1691,2013-06-26 │\n│ 06:04:00 │   1447 │ JFK    │ CLT    │       75 │      541 │ US      │ 2013-06-26 │         0 │ 2013-06-26 10:00:00 │ US,1447,2013-06-26 │\n│ …        │      … │ …      │ …      │        … │        … │ …       │ …          │         … │ …                   │ …                  │\n└──────────┴────────┴────────┴────────┴──────────┴──────────┴─────────┴────────────┴───────────┴─────────────────────┴────────────────────┘\n\n\n\n\n# FIXME(deepyaman): Proposed key isn't unique for actual departure date.\nflight_data_with_unique_key.group_by(\"unique_key\").mutate(\n    cnt=flight_data_with_unique_key.count()\n)[ibis._.cnt &gt; 1]\n\n/opt/hostedtoolcache/Python/3.11.8/x64/lib/python3.11/site-packages/ibis/expr/types/relations.py:685: FutureWarning: Selecting/filtering arbitrary expressions in `Table.__getitem__` is deprecated and will be removed in version 10.0. Please use `Table.select` or `Table.filter` instead.\n  warnings.warn(\n\n\n┏━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┓\n┃ dep_time ┃ flight ┃ origin ┃ dest   ┃ air_time ┃ distance ┃ carrier ┃ date       ┃ arr_delay ┃ time_hour           ┃ unique_key         ┃ cnt   ┃\n┡━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━┩\n│ time     │ int64  │ string │ string │ int64    │ int64    │ string  │ date       │ int8      │ timestamp(6)        │ string             │ int64 │\n├──────────┼────────┼────────┼────────┼──────────┼──────────┼─────────┼────────────┼───────────┼─────────────────────┼────────────────────┼───────┤\n│ 19:59:00 │   1022 │ EWR    │ IAH    │      167 │     1400 │ UA      │ 2013-09-14 │         0 │ 2013-09-14 23:00:00 │ UA,1022,2013-09-14 │     2 │\n│ 20:00:00 │   1022 │ EWR    │ IAH    │      186 │     1400 │ UA      │ 2013-09-14 │         0 │ 2013-09-14 00:00:00 │ UA,1022,2013-09-14 │     2 │\n│ 21:16:00 │   1023 │ EWR    │ IAH    │      175 │     1400 │ UA      │ 2013-05-29 │         0 │ 2013-05-29 01:00:00 │ UA,1023,2013-05-29 │     2 │\n│ 19:12:00 │   1023 │ LGA    │ ORD    │      112 │      733 │ UA      │ 2013-05-29 │         0 │ 2013-05-29 23:00:00 │ UA,1023,2013-05-29 │     2 │\n│ 15:18:00 │   1052 │ EWR    │ IAH    │      174 │     1400 │ UA      │ 2013-08-27 │         0 │ 2013-08-27 19:00:00 │ UA,1052,2013-08-27 │     2 │\n│ 21:22:00 │   1052 │ EWR    │ IAH    │      173 │     1400 │ UA      │ 2013-08-27 │         0 │ 2013-08-27 01:00:00 │ UA,1052,2013-08-27 │     2 │\n│ 19:27:00 │   1053 │ EWR    │ CLE    │       69 │      404 │ UA      │ 2013-12-20 │         0 │ 2013-12-20 00:00:00 │ UA,1053,2013-12-20 │     2 │\n│ 18:39:00 │   1053 │ EWR    │ CLE    │       72 │      404 │ UA      │ 2013-12-20 │         0 │ 2013-12-20 23:00:00 │ UA,1053,2013-12-20 │     2 │\n│ 20:16:00 │   1071 │ EWR    │ BQN    │      196 │     1585 │ UA      │ 2013-02-26 │         0 │ 2013-02-26 01:00:00 │ UA,1071,2013-02-26 │     2 │\n│ 17:20:00 │   1071 │ EWR    │ PHX    │      281 │     2133 │ UA      │ 2013-02-26 │         0 │ 2013-02-26 22:00:00 │ UA,1071,2013-02-26 │     2 │\n│ …        │      … │ …      │ …      │        … │        … │ …       │ …          │         … │ …                   │ …                  │     … │\n└──────────┴────────┴────────┴────────┴──────────┴──────────┴─────────┴────────────┴───────────┴─────────────────────┴────────────────────┴───────┘\n\n\n\n\nimport random\n\n# Fix the random numbers by setting the seed\n# This enables the analysis to be reproducible when random numbers are used\nrandom.seed(222)\n\n# Put 3/4 of the data into the training set\nrandom_key = str(random.getrandbits(256))\ndata_split = flight_data_with_unique_key.mutate(\n    train=(flight_data_with_unique_key.unique_key + random_key).hash().abs() % 4 &lt; 3\n)\n\n# Create data frames for the two sets:\ntrain_data = data_split[data_split.train].drop(\"unique_key\", \"train\")\ntest_data = data_split[~data_split.train].drop(\"unique_key\", \"train\")"
   },
   {
     "objectID": "tutorial/xgboost.html#create-features",
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@
     "href": "tutorial/xgboost.html#use-a-trained-workflow-to-predict",
     "title": "Preprocess your data with recipes",
     "section": "Use a trained workflow to predict",
-    "text": "Use a trained workflow to predict\n…\n\nX_test = test_data.drop(\"arr_delay\")\ny_test = test_data.arr_delay\npipe.score(X_test, y_test)\n\n0.8325667199606445"
+    "text": "Use a trained workflow to predict\n…\n\nX_test = test_data.drop(\"arr_delay\")\ny_test = test_data.arr_delay\npipe.score(X_test, y_test)\n\n0.8311769770015989"
   },
   {
     "objectID": "tutorial/xgboost.html#acknowledgments",
@@ -842,14 +842,14 @@
     "href": "tutorial/scikit-learn.html#the-new-york-city-flight-data",
     "title": "Preprocess your data with recipes",
     "section": "The New York City flight data",
-    "text": "The New York City flight data\nLet’s use the nycflights13 data to predict whether a plane arrives more than 30 minutes late. This dataset contains information on 325,819 flights departing near New York City in 2013. Let’s start by loading the data and making a few changes to the variables:\n\nimport ibis\n\ncon = ibis.connect(\"duckdb://nycflights13.ddb\")\ncon.create_table(\n    \"flights\", ibis.examples.nycflights13_flights.fetch().to_pyarrow(), overwrite=True\n)\ncon.create_table(\n    \"weather\", ibis.examples.nycflights13_weather.fetch().to_pyarrow(), overwrite=True\n)\n\nYou can now see the example dataset copied over to the database:\n\ncon = ibis.connect(\"duckdb://nycflights13.ddb\")\ncon.list_tables()\n\n['flights', 'weather']\n\n\nWe’ll turn on interactive mode, which partially executes queries to give users a preview of the results.\n\nibis.options.interactive = True\n\n\nflights = con.table(\"flights\")\nflights = flights.mutate(\n    dep_time=(\n        flights.dep_time.lpad(4, \"0\").substr(0, 2)\n        + \":\"\n        + flights.dep_time.substr(-2, 2)\n        + \":00\"\n    ).try_cast(\"time\"),\n    arr_delay=flights.arr_delay.try_cast(int),\n    air_time=flights.air_time.try_cast(int),\n)\nflights\n\n┏━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓\n┃ year  ┃ month ┃ day   ┃ dep_time ┃ sched_dep_time ┃ dep_delay ┃ arr_time ┃ sched_arr_time ┃ arr_delay ┃ carrier ┃ flight ┃ tailnum ┃ origin ┃ dest   ┃ air_time ┃ distance ┃ hour  ┃ minute ┃ time_hour           ┃\n┡━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┩\n│ int64 │ int64 │ int64 │ time     │ int64          │ string    │ string   │ int64          │ int64     │ string  │ int64  │ string  │ string │ string │ int64    │ int64    │ int64 │ int64  │ timestamp(6)        │\n├───────┼───────┼───────┼──────────┼────────────────┼───────────┼──────────┼────────────────┼───────────┼─────────┼────────┼─────────┼────────┼────────┼──────────┼──────────┼───────┼────────┼─────────────────────┤\n│  2013 │     1 │     1 │ 05:17:00 │            515 │ 2         │ 830      │            819 │        11 │ UA      │   1545 │ N14228  │ EWR    │ IAH    │      227 │     1400 │     5 │     15 │ 2013-01-01 10:00:00 │\n│  2013 │     1 │     1 │ 05:33:00 │            529 │ 4         │ 850      │            830 │        20 │ UA      │   1714 │ N24211  │ LGA    │ IAH    │      227 │     1416 │     5 │     29 │ 2013-01-01 10:00:00 │\n│  2013 │     1 │     1 │ 05:42:00 │            540 │ 2         │ 923      │            850 │        33 │ AA      │   1141 │ N619AA  │ JFK    │ MIA    │      160 │     1089 │     5 │     40 │ 2013-01-01 10:00:00 │\n│  2013 │     1 │     1 │ 05:44:00 │            545 │ -1        │ 1004     │           1022 │       -18 │ B6      │    725 │ N804JB  │ JFK    │ BQN    │      183 │     1576 │     5 │     45 │ 2013-01-01 10:00:00 │\n│  2013 │     1 │     1 │ 05:54:00 │            600 │ -6        │ 812      │            837 │       -25 │ DL      │    461 │ N668DN  │ LGA    │ ATL    │      116 │      762 │     6 │      0 │ 2013-01-01 11:00:00 │\n│  2013 │     1 │     1 │ 05:54:00 │            558 │ -4        │ 740      │            728 │        12 │ UA      │   1696 │ N39463  │ EWR    │ ORD    │      150 │      719 │     5 │     58 │ 2013-01-01 10:00:00 │\n│  2013 │     1 │     1 │ 05:55:00 │            600 │ -5        │ 913      │            854 │        19 │ B6      │    507 │ N516JB  │ EWR    │ FLL    │      158 │     1065 │     6 │      0 │ 2013-01-01 11:00:00 │\n│  2013 │     1 │     1 │ 05:57:00 │            600 │ -3        │ 709      │            723 │       -14 │ EV      │   5708 │ N829AS  │ LGA    │ IAD    │       53 │      229 │     6 │      0 │ 2013-01-01 11:00:00 │\n│  2013 │     1 │     1 │ 05:57:00 │            600 │ -3        │ 838      │            846 │        -8 │ B6      │     79 │ N593JB  │ JFK    │ MCO    │      140 │      944 │     6 │      0 │ 2013-01-01 11:00:00 │\n│  2013 │     1 │     1 │ 05:58:00 │            600 │ -2        │ 753      │            745 │         8 │ AA      │    301 │ N3ALAA  │ LGA    │ ORD    │      138 │      733 │     6 │      0 │ 2013-01-01 11:00:00 │\n│     … │     … │     … │ …        │              … │ …         │ …        │              … │         … │ …       │      … │ …       │ …      │ …      │        … │        … │     … │      … │ …                   │\n└───────┴───────┴───────┴──────────┴────────────────┴───────────┴──────────┴────────────────┴───────────┴─────────┴────────┴─────────┴────────┴────────┴──────────┴──────────┴───────┴────────┴─────────────────────┘\n\n\n\n\nweather = con.table(\"weather\")\nweather\n\n┏━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓\n┃ origin ┃ year  ┃ month ┃ day   ┃ hour  ┃ temp   ┃ dewp   ┃ humid  ┃ wind_dir ┃ wind_speed         ┃ wind_gust ┃ precip  ┃ pressure ┃ visib   ┃ time_hour           ┃\n┡━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┩\n│ string │ int64 │ int64 │ int64 │ int64 │ string │ string │ string │ string   │ string             │ string    │ float64 │ string   │ float64 │ timestamp(6)        │\n├────────┼───────┼───────┼───────┼───────┼────────┼────────┼────────┼──────────┼────────────────────┼───────────┼─────────┼──────────┼─────────┼─────────────────────┤\n│ EWR    │  2013 │     1 │     1 │     1 │ 39.02  │ 26.06  │ 59.37  │ 270      │ 10.357019999999999 │ NA        │     0.0 │ 1012     │    10.0 │ 2013-01-01 06:00:00 │\n│ EWR    │  2013 │     1 │     1 │     2 │ 39.02  │ 26.96  │ 61.63  │ 250      │ 8.05546            │ NA        │     0.0 │ 1012.3   │    10.0 │ 2013-01-01 07:00:00 │\n│ EWR    │  2013 │     1 │     1 │     3 │ 39.02  │ 28.04  │ 64.43  │ 240      │ 11.5078            │ NA        │     0.0 │ 1012.5   │    10.0 │ 2013-01-01 08:00:00 │\n│ EWR    │  2013 │     1 │     1 │     4 │ 39.92  │ 28.04  │ 62.21  │ 250      │ 12.658579999999999 │ NA        │     0.0 │ 1012.2   │    10.0 │ 2013-01-01 09:00:00 │\n│ EWR    │  2013 │     1 │     1 │     5 │ 39.02  │ 28.04  │ 64.43  │ 260      │ 12.658579999999999 │ NA        │     0.0 │ 1011.9   │    10.0 │ 2013-01-01 10:00:00 │\n│ EWR    │  2013 │     1 │     1 │     6 │ 37.94  │ 28.04  │ 67.21  │ 240      │ 11.5078            │ NA        │     0.0 │ 1012.4   │    10.0 │ 2013-01-01 11:00:00 │\n│ EWR    │  2013 │     1 │     1 │     7 │ 39.02  │ 28.04  │ 64.43  │ 240      │ 14.960139999999999 │ NA        │     0.0 │ 1012.2   │    10.0 │ 2013-01-01 12:00:00 │\n│ EWR    │  2013 │     1 │     1 │     8 │ 39.92  │ 28.04  │ 62.21  │ 250      │ 10.357019999999999 │ NA        │     0.0 │ 1012.2   │    10.0 │ 2013-01-01 13:00:00 │\n│ EWR    │  2013 │     1 │     1 │     9 │ 39.92  │ 28.04  │ 62.21  │ 260      │ 14.960139999999999 │ NA        │     0.0 │ 1012.7   │    10.0 │ 2013-01-01 14:00:00 │\n│ EWR    │  2013 │     1 │     1 │    10 │ 41     │ 28.04  │ 59.65  │ 260      │ 13.809359999999998 │ NA        │     0.0 │ 1012.4   │    10.0 │ 2013-01-01 15:00:00 │\n│ …      │     … │     … │     … │     … │ …      │ …      │ …      │ …        │ …                  │ …         │       … │ …        │       … │ …                   │\n└────────┴───────┴───────┴───────┴───────┴────────┴────────┴────────┴──────────┴────────────────────┴───────────┴─────────┴──────────┴─────────┴─────────────────────┘\n\n\n\n\nflight_data = (\n    flights.mutate(\n        # Convert the arrival delay to a factor\n        arr_delay=ibis.ifelse(flights.arr_delay &gt;= 30, 1, 0),\n        # We will use the date (not date-time) in the recipe below\n        date=flights.time_hour.date(),\n    )\n    # Include the weather data\n    .inner_join(weather, [\"origin\", \"time_hour\"])\n    # Only retain the specific columns we will use\n    .select(\n        \"dep_time\",\n        \"flight\",\n        \"origin\",\n        \"dest\",\n        \"air_time\",\n        \"distance\",\n        \"carrier\",\n        \"date\",\n        \"arr_delay\",\n        \"time_hour\",\n    )\n    # Exclude missing data\n    .dropna()\n)\nflight_data\n\n/tmp/ipykernel_2246/1355661947.py:24: FutureWarning: `Table.dropna` is deprecated as of v9.1; use drop_null instead\n  .dropna()\n\n\n┏━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓\n┃ dep_time ┃ flight ┃ origin ┃ dest   ┃ air_time ┃ distance ┃ carrier ┃ date       ┃ arr_delay ┃ time_hour           ┃\n┡━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┩\n│ time     │ int64  │ string │ string │ int64    │ int64    │ string  │ date       │ int8      │ timestamp(6)        │\n├──────────┼────────┼────────┼────────┼──────────┼──────────┼─────────┼────────────┼───────────┼─────────────────────┤\n│ 05:17:00 │   1545 │ EWR    │ IAH    │      227 │     1400 │ UA      │ 2013-01-01 │         0 │ 2013-01-01 10:00:00 │\n│ 05:33:00 │   1714 │ LGA    │ IAH    │      227 │     1416 │ UA      │ 2013-01-01 │         0 │ 2013-01-01 10:00:00 │\n│ 05:42:00 │   1141 │ JFK    │ MIA    │      160 │     1089 │ AA      │ 2013-01-01 │         1 │ 2013-01-01 10:00:00 │\n│ 05:44:00 │    725 │ JFK    │ BQN    │      183 │     1576 │ B6      │ 2013-01-01 │         0 │ 2013-01-01 10:00:00 │\n│ 05:54:00 │    461 │ LGA    │ ATL    │      116 │      762 │ DL      │ 2013-01-01 │         0 │ 2013-01-01 11:00:00 │\n│ 05:54:00 │   1696 │ EWR    │ ORD    │      150 │      719 │ UA      │ 2013-01-01 │         0 │ 2013-01-01 10:00:00 │\n│ 05:55:00 │    507 │ EWR    │ FLL    │      158 │     1065 │ B6      │ 2013-01-01 │         0 │ 2013-01-01 11:00:00 │\n│ 05:57:00 │   5708 │ LGA    │ IAD    │       53 │      229 │ EV      │ 2013-01-01 │         0 │ 2013-01-01 11:00:00 │\n│ 05:57:00 │     79 │ JFK    │ MCO    │      140 │      944 │ B6      │ 2013-01-01 │         0 │ 2013-01-01 11:00:00 │\n│ 05:58:00 │    301 │ LGA    │ ORD    │      138 │      733 │ AA      │ 2013-01-01 │         0 │ 2013-01-01 11:00:00 │\n│ …        │      … │ …      │ …      │        … │        … │ …       │ …          │         … │ …                   │\n└──────────┴────────┴────────┴────────┴──────────┴──────────┴─────────┴────────────┴───────────┴─────────────────────┘\n\n\n\nWe can see that about 16% of the flights in this dataset arrived more than 30 minutes late.\n\nflight_data.arr_delay.value_counts().rename(n=\"arr_delay_count\").mutate(\n    prop=ibis._.n / ibis._.n.sum()\n)\n\n┏━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━┓\n┃ arr_delay ┃ n      ┃ prop     ┃\n┡━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━┩\n│ int8      │ int64  │ float64  │\n├───────────┼────────┼──────────┤\n│         0 │ 273279 │ 0.838745 │\n│         1 │  52540 │ 0.161255 │\n└───────────┴────────┴──────────┘"
+    "text": "The New York City flight data\nLet’s use the nycflights13 data to predict whether a plane arrives more than 30 minutes late. This dataset contains information on 325,819 flights departing near New York City in 2013. Let’s start by loading the data and making a few changes to the variables:\n\nimport ibis\n\ncon = ibis.connect(\"duckdb://nycflights13.ddb\")\ncon.create_table(\n    \"flights\", ibis.examples.nycflights13_flights.fetch().to_pyarrow(), overwrite=True\n)\ncon.create_table(\n    \"weather\", ibis.examples.nycflights13_weather.fetch().to_pyarrow(), overwrite=True\n)\n\nYou can now see the example dataset copied over to the database:\n\ncon = ibis.connect(\"duckdb://nycflights13.ddb\")\ncon.list_tables()\n\n['flights', 'weather']\n\n\nWe’ll turn on interactive mode, which partially executes queries to give users a preview of the results.\n\nibis.options.interactive = True\n\n\nflights = con.table(\"flights\")\nflights = flights.mutate(\n    dep_time=(\n        flights.dep_time.lpad(4, \"0\").substr(0, 2)\n        + \":\"\n        + flights.dep_time.substr(-2, 2)\n        + \":00\"\n    ).try_cast(\"time\"),\n    arr_delay=flights.arr_delay.try_cast(int),\n    air_time=flights.air_time.try_cast(int),\n)\nflights\n\n┏━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓\n┃ year  ┃ month ┃ day   ┃ dep_time ┃ sched_dep_time ┃ dep_delay ┃ arr_time ┃ sched_arr_time ┃ arr_delay ┃ carrier ┃ flight ┃ tailnum ┃ origin ┃ dest   ┃ air_time ┃ distance ┃ hour  ┃ minute ┃ time_hour           ┃\n┡━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┩\n│ int64 │ int64 │ int64 │ time     │ int64          │ string    │ string   │ int64          │ int64     │ string  │ int64  │ string  │ string │ string │ int64    │ int64    │ int64 │ int64  │ timestamp(6)        │\n├───────┼───────┼───────┼──────────┼────────────────┼───────────┼──────────┼────────────────┼───────────┼─────────┼────────┼─────────┼────────┼────────┼──────────┼──────────┼───────┼────────┼─────────────────────┤\n│  2013 │     1 │     1 │ 05:17:00 │            515 │ 2         │ 830      │            819 │        11 │ UA      │   1545 │ N14228  │ EWR    │ IAH    │      227 │     1400 │     5 │     15 │ 2013-01-01 10:00:00 │\n│  2013 │     1 │     1 │ 05:33:00 │            529 │ 4         │ 850      │            830 │        20 │ UA      │   1714 │ N24211  │ LGA    │ IAH    │      227 │     1416 │     5 │     29 │ 2013-01-01 10:00:00 │\n│  2013 │     1 │     1 │ 05:42:00 │            540 │ 2         │ 923      │            850 │        33 │ AA      │   1141 │ N619AA  │ JFK    │ MIA    │      160 │     1089 │     5 │     40 │ 2013-01-01 10:00:00 │\n│  2013 │     1 │     1 │ 05:44:00 │            545 │ -1        │ 1004     │           1022 │       -18 │ B6      │    725 │ N804JB  │ JFK    │ BQN    │      183 │     1576 │     5 │     45 │ 2013-01-01 10:00:00 │\n│  2013 │     1 │     1 │ 05:54:00 │            600 │ -6        │ 812      │            837 │       -25 │ DL      │    461 │ N668DN  │ LGA    │ ATL    │      116 │      762 │     6 │      0 │ 2013-01-01 11:00:00 │\n│  2013 │     1 │     1 │ 05:54:00 │            558 │ -4        │ 740      │            728 │        12 │ UA      │   1696 │ N39463  │ EWR    │ ORD    │      150 │      719 │     5 │     58 │ 2013-01-01 10:00:00 │\n│  2013 │     1 │     1 │ 05:55:00 │            600 │ -5        │ 913      │            854 │        19 │ B6      │    507 │ N516JB  │ EWR    │ FLL    │      158 │     1065 │     6 │      0 │ 2013-01-01 11:00:00 │\n│  2013 │     1 │     1 │ 05:57:00 │            600 │ -3        │ 709      │            723 │       -14 │ EV      │   5708 │ N829AS  │ LGA    │ IAD    │       53 │      229 │     6 │      0 │ 2013-01-01 11:00:00 │\n│  2013 │     1 │     1 │ 05:57:00 │            600 │ -3        │ 838      │            846 │        -8 │ B6      │     79 │ N593JB  │ JFK    │ MCO    │      140 │      944 │     6 │      0 │ 2013-01-01 11:00:00 │\n│  2013 │     1 │     1 │ 05:58:00 │            600 │ -2        │ 753      │            745 │         8 │ AA      │    301 │ N3ALAA  │ LGA    │ ORD    │      138 │      733 │     6 │      0 │ 2013-01-01 11:00:00 │\n│     … │     … │     … │ …        │              … │ …         │ …        │              … │         … │ …       │      … │ …       │ …      │ …      │        … │        … │     … │      … │ …                   │\n└───────┴───────┴───────┴──────────┴────────────────┴───────────┴──────────┴────────────────┴───────────┴─────────┴────────┴─────────┴────────┴────────┴──────────┴──────────┴───────┴────────┴─────────────────────┘\n\n\n\n\nweather = con.table(\"weather\")\nweather\n\n┏━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓\n┃ origin ┃ year  ┃ month ┃ day   ┃ hour  ┃ temp   ┃ dewp   ┃ humid  ┃ wind_dir ┃ wind_speed         ┃ wind_gust ┃ precip  ┃ pressure ┃ visib   ┃ time_hour           ┃\n┡━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┩\n│ string │ int64 │ int64 │ int64 │ int64 │ string │ string │ string │ string   │ string             │ string    │ float64 │ string   │ float64 │ timestamp(6)        │\n├────────┼───────┼───────┼───────┼───────┼────────┼────────┼────────┼──────────┼────────────────────┼───────────┼─────────┼──────────┼─────────┼─────────────────────┤\n│ EWR    │  2013 │     1 │     1 │     1 │ 39.02  │ 26.06  │ 59.37  │ 270      │ 10.357019999999999 │ NA        │     0.0 │ 1012     │    10.0 │ 2013-01-01 06:00:00 │\n│ EWR    │  2013 │     1 │     1 │     2 │ 39.02  │ 26.96  │ 61.63  │ 250      │ 8.05546            │ NA        │     0.0 │ 1012.3   │    10.0 │ 2013-01-01 07:00:00 │\n│ EWR    │  2013 │     1 │     1 │     3 │ 39.02  │ 28.04  │ 64.43  │ 240      │ 11.5078            │ NA        │     0.0 │ 1012.5   │    10.0 │ 2013-01-01 08:00:00 │\n│ EWR    │  2013 │     1 │     1 │     4 │ 39.92  │ 28.04  │ 62.21  │ 250      │ 12.658579999999999 │ NA        │     0.0 │ 1012.2   │    10.0 │ 2013-01-01 09:00:00 │\n│ EWR    │  2013 │     1 │     1 │     5 │ 39.02  │ 28.04  │ 64.43  │ 260      │ 12.658579999999999 │ NA        │     0.0 │ 1011.9   │    10.0 │ 2013-01-01 10:00:00 │\n│ EWR    │  2013 │     1 │     1 │     6 │ 37.94  │ 28.04  │ 67.21  │ 240      │ 11.5078            │ NA        │     0.0 │ 1012.4   │    10.0 │ 2013-01-01 11:00:00 │\n│ EWR    │  2013 │     1 │     1 │     7 │ 39.02  │ 28.04  │ 64.43  │ 240      │ 14.960139999999999 │ NA        │     0.0 │ 1012.2   │    10.0 │ 2013-01-01 12:00:00 │\n│ EWR    │  2013 │     1 │     1 │     8 │ 39.92  │ 28.04  │ 62.21  │ 250      │ 10.357019999999999 │ NA        │     0.0 │ 1012.2   │    10.0 │ 2013-01-01 13:00:00 │\n│ EWR    │  2013 │     1 │     1 │     9 │ 39.92  │ 28.04  │ 62.21  │ 260      │ 14.960139999999999 │ NA        │     0.0 │ 1012.7   │    10.0 │ 2013-01-01 14:00:00 │\n│ EWR    │  2013 │     1 │     1 │    10 │ 41     │ 28.04  │ 59.65  │ 260      │ 13.809359999999998 │ NA        │     0.0 │ 1012.4   │    10.0 │ 2013-01-01 15:00:00 │\n│ …      │     … │     … │     … │     … │ …      │ …      │ …      │ …        │ …                  │ …         │       … │ …        │       … │ …                   │\n└────────┴───────┴───────┴───────┴───────┴────────┴────────┴────────┴──────────┴────────────────────┴───────────┴─────────┴──────────┴─────────┴─────────────────────┘\n\n\n\n\nflight_data = (\n    flights.mutate(\n        # Convert the arrival delay to a factor\n        arr_delay=ibis.ifelse(flights.arr_delay &gt;= 30, 1, 0),\n        # We will use the date (not date-time) in the recipe below\n        date=flights.time_hour.date(),\n    )\n    # Include the weather data\n    .inner_join(weather, [\"origin\", \"time_hour\"])\n    # Only retain the specific columns we will use\n    .select(\n        \"dep_time\",\n        \"flight\",\n        \"origin\",\n        \"dest\",\n        \"air_time\",\n        \"distance\",\n        \"carrier\",\n        \"date\",\n        \"arr_delay\",\n        \"time_hour\",\n    )\n    # Exclude missing data\n    .dropna()\n)\nflight_data\n\n/tmp/ipykernel_2330/1355661947.py:24: FutureWarning: `Table.dropna` is deprecated as of v9.1; use drop_null instead\n  .dropna()\n\n\n┏━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓\n┃ dep_time ┃ flight ┃ origin ┃ dest   ┃ air_time ┃ distance ┃ carrier ┃ date       ┃ arr_delay ┃ time_hour           ┃\n┡━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┩\n│ time     │ int64  │ string │ string │ int64    │ int64    │ string  │ date       │ int8      │ timestamp(6)        │\n├──────────┼────────┼────────┼────────┼──────────┼──────────┼─────────┼────────────┼───────────┼─────────────────────┤\n│ 05:57:00 │    461 │ LGA    │ ATL    │      100 │      762 │ DL      │ 2013-06-26 │         0 │ 2013-06-26 10:00:00 │\n│ 05:58:00 │   4424 │ EWR    │ RDU    │       63 │      416 │ EV      │ 2013-06-26 │         0 │ 2013-06-26 10:00:00 │\n│ 05:58:00 │   6177 │ EWR    │ IAD    │       45 │      212 │ EV      │ 2013-06-26 │         0 │ 2013-06-26 10:00:00 │\n│ 06:00:00 │    731 │ LGA    │ DTW    │       78 │      502 │ DL      │ 2013-06-26 │         0 │ 2013-06-26 10:00:00 │\n│ 06:01:00 │    684 │ EWR    │ LAX    │      316 │     2454 │ UA      │ 2013-06-26 │         0 │ 2013-06-26 10:00:00 │\n│ 06:01:00 │    301 │ LGA    │ ORD    │      164 │      733 │ AA      │ 2013-06-26 │         1 │ 2013-06-26 10:00:00 │\n│ 06:01:00 │   1837 │ LGA    │ MIA    │      148 │     1096 │ AA      │ 2013-06-26 │         0 │ 2013-06-26 10:00:00 │\n│ 06:01:00 │   1279 │ LGA    │ MEM    │      128 │      963 │ DL      │ 2013-06-26 │         0 │ 2013-06-26 10:00:00 │\n│ 06:02:00 │   1691 │ JFK    │ LAX    │      309 │     2475 │ UA      │ 2013-06-26 │         0 │ 2013-06-26 10:00:00 │\n│ 06:04:00 │   1447 │ JFK    │ CLT    │       75 │      541 │ US      │ 2013-06-26 │         0 │ 2013-06-26 10:00:00 │\n│ …        │      … │ …      │ …      │        … │        … │ …       │ …          │         … │ …                   │\n└──────────┴────────┴────────┴────────┴──────────┴──────────┴─────────┴────────────┴───────────┴─────────────────────┘\n\n\n\nWe can see that about 16% of the flights in this dataset arrived more than 30 minutes late.\n\nflight_data.arr_delay.value_counts().rename(n=\"arr_delay_count\").mutate(\n    prop=ibis._.n / ibis._.n.sum()\n)\n\n┏━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━┓\n┃ arr_delay ┃ n      ┃ prop     ┃\n┡━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━┩\n│ int8      │ int64  │ float64  │\n├───────────┼────────┼──────────┤\n│         0 │ 273279 │ 0.838745 │\n│         1 │  52540 │ 0.161255 │\n└───────────┴────────┴──────────┘"
   },
   {
     "objectID": "tutorial/scikit-learn.html#data-splitting",
     "href": "tutorial/scikit-learn.html#data-splitting",
     "title": "Preprocess your data with recipes",
     "section": "Data splitting",
-    "text": "Data splitting\nTo get started, let’s split this single dataset into two: a training set and a testing set. We’ll keep most of the rows in the original dataset (subset chosen randomly) in the training set. The training data will be used to fit the model, and the testing set will be used to measure model performance.\nBecause the order of rows in an Ibis table is undefined, we need a unique key to split the data reproducibly. It is permissible for airlines to use the same flight number for different routes, as long as the flights do not operate on the same day. This means that the combination of the flight number and the date of travel is always unique.\n\nflight_data_with_unique_key = flight_data.mutate(\n    unique_key=ibis.literal(\",\").join(\n        [flight_data.carrier, flight_data.flight.cast(str), flight_data.date.cast(str)]\n    )\n)\nflight_data_with_unique_key\n\n┏━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓\n┃ dep_time ┃ flight ┃ origin ┃ dest   ┃ air_time ┃ distance ┃ carrier ┃ date       ┃ arr_delay ┃ time_hour           ┃ unique_key         ┃\n┡━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┩\n│ time     │ int64  │ string │ string │ int64    │ int64    │ string  │ date       │ int8      │ timestamp(6)        │ string             │\n├──────────┼────────┼────────┼────────┼──────────┼──────────┼─────────┼────────────┼───────────┼─────────────────────┼────────────────────┤\n│ 05:17:00 │   1545 │ EWR    │ IAH    │      227 │     1400 │ UA      │ 2013-01-01 │         0 │ 2013-01-01 10:00:00 │ UA,1545,2013-01-01 │\n│ 05:33:00 │   1714 │ LGA    │ IAH    │      227 │     1416 │ UA      │ 2013-01-01 │         0 │ 2013-01-01 10:00:00 │ UA,1714,2013-01-01 │\n│ 05:42:00 │   1141 │ JFK    │ MIA    │      160 │     1089 │ AA      │ 2013-01-01 │         1 │ 2013-01-01 10:00:00 │ AA,1141,2013-01-01 │\n│ 05:44:00 │    725 │ JFK    │ BQN    │      183 │     1576 │ B6      │ 2013-01-01 │         0 │ 2013-01-01 10:00:00 │ B6,725,2013-01-01  │\n│ 05:54:00 │    461 │ LGA    │ ATL    │      116 │      762 │ DL      │ 2013-01-01 │         0 │ 2013-01-01 11:00:00 │ DL,461,2013-01-01  │\n│ 05:54:00 │   1696 │ EWR    │ ORD    │      150 │      719 │ UA      │ 2013-01-01 │         0 │ 2013-01-01 10:00:00 │ UA,1696,2013-01-01 │\n│ 05:55:00 │    507 │ EWR    │ FLL    │      158 │     1065 │ B6      │ 2013-01-01 │         0 │ 2013-01-01 11:00:00 │ B6,507,2013-01-01  │\n│ 05:57:00 │   5708 │ LGA    │ IAD    │       53 │      229 │ EV      │ 2013-01-01 │         0 │ 2013-01-01 11:00:00 │ EV,5708,2013-01-01 │\n│ 05:57:00 │     79 │ JFK    │ MCO    │      140 │      944 │ B6      │ 2013-01-01 │         0 │ 2013-01-01 11:00:00 │ B6,79,2013-01-01   │\n│ 05:58:00 │    301 │ LGA    │ ORD    │      138 │      733 │ AA      │ 2013-01-01 │         0 │ 2013-01-01 11:00:00 │ AA,301,2013-01-01  │\n│ …        │      … │ …      │ …      │        … │        … │ …       │ …          │         … │ …                   │ …                  │\n└──────────┴────────┴────────┴────────┴──────────┴──────────┴─────────┴────────────┴───────────┴─────────────────────┴────────────────────┘\n\n\n\n\n# FIXME(deepyaman): Proposed key isn't unique for actual departure date.\nflight_data_with_unique_key.group_by(\"unique_key\").mutate(\n    cnt=flight_data_with_unique_key.count()\n)[ibis._.cnt &gt; 1]\n\n/opt/hostedtoolcache/Python/3.11.8/x64/lib/python3.11/site-packages/ibis/expr/types/relations.py:685: FutureWarning: Selecting/filtering arbitrary expressions in `Table.__getitem__` is deprecated and will be removed in version 10.0. Please use `Table.select` or `Table.filter` instead.\n  warnings.warn(\n\n\n┏━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┓\n┃ dep_time ┃ flight ┃ origin ┃ dest   ┃ air_time ┃ distance ┃ carrier ┃ date       ┃ arr_delay ┃ time_hour           ┃ unique_key         ┃ cnt   ┃\n┡━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━┩\n│ time     │ int64  │ string │ string │ int64    │ int64    │ string  │ date       │ int8      │ timestamp(6)        │ string             │ int64 │\n├──────────┼────────┼────────┼────────┼──────────┼──────────┼─────────┼────────────┼───────────┼─────────────────────┼────────────────────┼───────┤\n│ 19:59:00 │   1022 │ EWR    │ IAH    │      167 │     1400 │ UA      │ 2013-09-14 │         0 │ 2013-09-14 23:00:00 │ UA,1022,2013-09-14 │     2 │\n│ 20:00:00 │   1022 │ EWR    │ IAH    │      186 │     1400 │ UA      │ 2013-09-14 │         0 │ 2013-09-14 00:00:00 │ UA,1022,2013-09-14 │     2 │\n│ 21:16:00 │   1023 │ EWR    │ IAH    │      175 │     1400 │ UA      │ 2013-05-29 │         0 │ 2013-05-29 01:00:00 │ UA,1023,2013-05-29 │     2 │\n│ 19:12:00 │   1023 │ LGA    │ ORD    │      112 │      733 │ UA      │ 2013-05-29 │         0 │ 2013-05-29 23:00:00 │ UA,1023,2013-05-29 │     2 │\n│ 15:18:00 │   1052 │ EWR    │ IAH    │      174 │     1400 │ UA      │ 2013-08-27 │         0 │ 2013-08-27 19:00:00 │ UA,1052,2013-08-27 │     2 │\n│ 21:22:00 │   1052 │ EWR    │ IAH    │      173 │     1400 │ UA      │ 2013-08-27 │         0 │ 2013-08-27 01:00:00 │ UA,1052,2013-08-27 │     2 │\n│ 19:27:00 │   1053 │ EWR    │ CLE    │       69 │      404 │ UA      │ 2013-12-20 │         0 │ 2013-12-20 00:00:00 │ UA,1053,2013-12-20 │     2 │\n│ 18:39:00 │   1053 │ EWR    │ CLE    │       72 │      404 │ UA      │ 2013-12-20 │         0 │ 2013-12-20 23:00:00 │ UA,1053,2013-12-20 │     2 │\n│ 20:16:00 │   1071 │ EWR    │ BQN    │      196 │     1585 │ UA      │ 2013-02-26 │         0 │ 2013-02-26 01:00:00 │ UA,1071,2013-02-26 │     2 │\n│ 17:20:00 │   1071 │ EWR    │ PHX    │      281 │     2133 │ UA      │ 2013-02-26 │         0 │ 2013-02-26 22:00:00 │ UA,1071,2013-02-26 │     2 │\n│ …        │      … │ …      │ …      │        … │        … │ …       │ …          │         … │ …                   │ …                  │     … │\n└──────────┴────────┴────────┴────────┴──────────┴──────────┴─────────┴────────────┴───────────┴─────────────────────┴────────────────────┴───────┘\n\n\n\n\nimport random\n\n# Fix the random numbers by setting the seed\n# This enables the analysis to be reproducible when random numbers are used\nrandom.seed(222)\n\n# Put 3/4 of the data into the training set\nrandom_key = str(random.getrandbits(256))\ndata_split = flight_data_with_unique_key.mutate(\n    train=(flight_data_with_unique_key.unique_key + random_key).hash().abs() % 4 &lt; 3\n)\n\n# Create data frames for the two sets:\ntrain_data = data_split[data_split.train].drop(\"unique_key\", \"train\")\ntest_data = data_split[~data_split.train].drop(\"unique_key\", \"train\")"
+    "text": "Data splitting\nTo get started, let’s split this single dataset into two: a training set and a testing set. We’ll keep most of the rows in the original dataset (subset chosen randomly) in the training set. The training data will be used to fit the model, and the testing set will be used to measure model performance.\nBecause the order of rows in an Ibis table is undefined, we need a unique key to split the data reproducibly. It is permissible for airlines to use the same flight number for different routes, as long as the flights do not operate on the same day. This means that the combination of the flight number and the date of travel is always unique.\n\nflight_data_with_unique_key = flight_data.mutate(\n    unique_key=ibis.literal(\",\").join(\n        [flight_data.carrier, flight_data.flight.cast(str), flight_data.date.cast(str)]\n    )\n)\nflight_data_with_unique_key\n\n┏━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓\n┃ dep_time ┃ flight ┃ origin ┃ dest   ┃ air_time ┃ distance ┃ carrier ┃ date       ┃ arr_delay ┃ time_hour           ┃ unique_key         ┃\n┡━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┩\n│ time     │ int64  │ string │ string │ int64    │ int64    │ string  │ date       │ int8      │ timestamp(6)        │ string             │\n├──────────┼────────┼────────┼────────┼──────────┼──────────┼─────────┼────────────┼───────────┼─────────────────────┼────────────────────┤\n│ 10:45:00 │     67 │ EWR    │ ORD    │      120 │      719 │ UA      │ 2013-02-14 │         0 │ 2013-02-14 15:00:00 │ UA,67,2013-02-14   │\n│ 10:48:00 │    373 │ LGA    │ FLL    │      179 │     1076 │ B6      │ 2013-02-14 │         0 │ 2013-02-14 15:00:00 │ B6,373,2013-02-14  │\n│ 10:48:00 │    764 │ EWR    │ IAH    │      207 │     1400 │ UA      │ 2013-02-14 │         0 │ 2013-02-14 15:00:00 │ UA,764,2013-02-14  │\n│ 10:51:00 │   2044 │ LGA    │ MIA    │      171 │     1096 │ DL      │ 2013-02-14 │         0 │ 2013-02-14 16:00:00 │ DL,2044,2013-02-14 │\n│ 10:51:00 │   2171 │ LGA    │ DCA    │       40 │      214 │ US      │ 2013-02-14 │         0 │ 2013-02-14 16:00:00 │ US,2171,2013-02-14 │\n│ 10:57:00 │   1275 │ JFK    │ SLC    │      286 │     1990 │ DL      │ 2013-02-14 │         0 │ 2013-02-14 16:00:00 │ DL,1275,2013-02-14 │\n│ 10:57:00 │    366 │ LGA    │ STL    │      135 │      888 │ WN      │ 2013-02-14 │         0 │ 2013-02-14 16:00:00 │ WN,366,2013-02-14  │\n│ 10:57:00 │   1550 │ EWR    │ SFO    │      338 │     2565 │ UA      │ 2013-02-14 │         0 │ 2013-02-14 15:00:00 │ UA,1550,2013-02-14 │\n│ 10:58:00 │   4694 │ EWR    │ MKE    │      113 │      725 │ EV      │ 2013-02-14 │         0 │ 2013-02-14 15:00:00 │ EV,4694,2013-02-14 │\n│ 10:58:00 │   1647 │ LGA    │ ATL    │      117 │      762 │ DL      │ 2013-02-14 │         0 │ 2013-02-14 16:00:00 │ DL,1647,2013-02-14 │\n│ …        │      … │ …      │ …      │        … │        … │ …       │ …          │         … │ …                   │ …                  │\n└──────────┴────────┴────────┴────────┴──────────┴──────────┴─────────┴────────────┴───────────┴─────────────────────┴────────────────────┘\n\n\n\n\n# FIXME(deepyaman): Proposed key isn't unique for actual departure date.\nflight_data_with_unique_key.group_by(\"unique_key\").mutate(\n    cnt=flight_data_with_unique_key.count()\n)[ibis._.cnt &gt; 1]\n\n/opt/hostedtoolcache/Python/3.11.8/x64/lib/python3.11/site-packages/ibis/expr/types/relations.py:685: FutureWarning: Selecting/filtering arbitrary expressions in `Table.__getitem__` is deprecated and will be removed in version 10.0. Please use `Table.select` or `Table.filter` instead.\n  warnings.warn(\n\n\n┏━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┓\n┃ dep_time ┃ flight ┃ origin ┃ dest   ┃ air_time ┃ distance ┃ carrier ┃ date       ┃ arr_delay ┃ time_hour           ┃ unique_key         ┃ cnt   ┃\n┡━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━┩\n│ time     │ int64  │ string │ string │ int64    │ int64    │ string  │ date       │ int8      │ timestamp(6)        │ string             │ int64 │\n├──────────┼────────┼────────┼────────┼──────────┼──────────┼─────────┼────────────┼───────────┼─────────────────────┼────────────────────┼───────┤\n│ 20:00:00 │   1022 │ EWR    │ IAH    │      186 │     1400 │ UA      │ 2013-09-14 │         0 │ 2013-09-14 00:00:00 │ UA,1022,2013-09-14 │     2 │\n│ 19:59:00 │   1022 │ EWR    │ IAH    │      167 │     1400 │ UA      │ 2013-09-14 │         0 │ 2013-09-14 23:00:00 │ UA,1022,2013-09-14 │     2 │\n│ 19:12:00 │   1023 │ LGA    │ ORD    │      112 │      733 │ UA      │ 2013-05-29 │         0 │ 2013-05-29 23:00:00 │ UA,1023,2013-05-29 │     2 │\n│ 21:16:00 │   1023 │ EWR    │ IAH    │      175 │     1400 │ UA      │ 2013-05-29 │         0 │ 2013-05-29 01:00:00 │ UA,1023,2013-05-29 │     2 │\n│ 21:22:00 │   1052 │ EWR    │ IAH    │      173 │     1400 │ UA      │ 2013-08-27 │         0 │ 2013-08-27 01:00:00 │ UA,1052,2013-08-27 │     2 │\n│ 15:18:00 │   1052 │ EWR    │ IAH    │      174 │     1400 │ UA      │ 2013-08-27 │         0 │ 2013-08-27 19:00:00 │ UA,1052,2013-08-27 │     2 │\n│ 18:39:00 │   1053 │ EWR    │ CLE    │       72 │      404 │ UA      │ 2013-12-20 │         0 │ 2013-12-20 23:00:00 │ UA,1053,2013-12-20 │     2 │\n│ 19:27:00 │   1053 │ EWR    │ CLE    │       69 │      404 │ UA      │ 2013-12-20 │         0 │ 2013-12-20 00:00:00 │ UA,1053,2013-12-20 │     2 │\n│ 20:16:00 │   1071 │ EWR    │ BQN    │      196 │     1585 │ UA      │ 2013-02-26 │         0 │ 2013-02-26 01:00:00 │ UA,1071,2013-02-26 │     2 │\n│ 17:20:00 │   1071 │ EWR    │ PHX    │      281 │     2133 │ UA      │ 2013-02-26 │         0 │ 2013-02-26 22:00:00 │ UA,1071,2013-02-26 │     2 │\n│ …        │      … │ …      │ …      │        … │        … │ …       │ …          │         … │ …                   │ …                  │     … │\n└──────────┴────────┴────────┴────────┴──────────┴──────────┴─────────┴────────────┴───────────┴─────────────────────┴────────────────────┴───────┘\n\n\n\n\nimport random\n\n# Fix the random numbers by setting the seed\n# This enables the analysis to be reproducible when random numbers are used\nrandom.seed(222)\n\n# Put 3/4 of the data into the training set\nrandom_key = str(random.getrandbits(256))\ndata_split = flight_data_with_unique_key.mutate(\n    train=(flight_data_with_unique_key.unique_key + random_key).hash().abs() % 4 &lt; 3\n)\n\n# Create data frames for the two sets:\ntrain_data = data_split[data_split.train].drop(\"unique_key\", \"train\")\ntest_data = data_split[~data_split.train].drop(\"unique_key\", \"train\")"
   },
   {
     "objectID": "tutorial/scikit-learn.html#create-features",
@@ -898,14 +898,14 @@
     "href": "tutorial/pytorch.html#the-new-york-city-flight-data",
     "title": "Preprocess your data with recipes",
     "section": "The New York City flight data",
-    "text": "The New York City flight data\nLet’s use the nycflights13 data to predict whether a plane arrives more than 30 minutes late. This dataset contains information on 325,819 flights departing near New York City in 2013. Let’s start by loading the data and making a few changes to the variables:\n\nimport ibis\n\ncon = ibis.connect(\"duckdb://nycflights13.ddb\")\ncon.create_table(\n    \"flights\", ibis.examples.nycflights13_flights.fetch().to_pyarrow(), overwrite=True\n)\ncon.create_table(\n    \"weather\", ibis.examples.nycflights13_weather.fetch().to_pyarrow(), overwrite=True\n)\n\nYou can now see the example dataset copied over to the database:\n\ncon = ibis.connect(\"duckdb://nycflights13.ddb\")\ncon.list_tables()\n\n['flights', 'weather']\n\n\nWe’ll turn on interactive mode, which partially executes queries to give users a preview of the results.\n\nibis.options.interactive = True\n\n\nflights = con.table(\"flights\")\nflights = flights.mutate(\n    dep_time=(\n        flights.dep_time.lpad(4, \"0\").substr(0, 2)\n        + \":\"\n        + flights.dep_time.substr(-2, 2)\n        + \":00\"\n    ).try_cast(\"time\"),\n    arr_delay=flights.arr_delay.try_cast(int),\n    air_time=flights.air_time.try_cast(int),\n)\nflights\n\n┏━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓\n┃ year  ┃ month ┃ day   ┃ dep_time ┃ sched_dep_time ┃ dep_delay ┃ arr_time ┃ sched_arr_time ┃ arr_delay ┃ carrier ┃ flight ┃ tailnum ┃ origin ┃ dest   ┃ air_time ┃ distance ┃ hour  ┃ minute ┃ time_hour           ┃\n┡━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┩\n│ int64 │ int64 │ int64 │ time     │ int64          │ string    │ string   │ int64          │ int64     │ string  │ int64  │ string  │ string │ string │ int64    │ int64    │ int64 │ int64  │ timestamp(6)        │\n├───────┼───────┼───────┼──────────┼────────────────┼───────────┼──────────┼────────────────┼───────────┼─────────┼────────┼─────────┼────────┼────────┼──────────┼──────────┼───────┼────────┼─────────────────────┤\n│  2013 │     1 │     1 │ 05:17:00 │            515 │ 2         │ 830      │            819 │        11 │ UA      │   1545 │ N14228  │ EWR    │ IAH    │      227 │     1400 │     5 │     15 │ 2013-01-01 10:00:00 │\n│  2013 │     1 │     1 │ 05:33:00 │            529 │ 4         │ 850      │            830 │        20 │ UA      │   1714 │ N24211  │ LGA    │ IAH    │      227 │     1416 │     5 │     29 │ 2013-01-01 10:00:00 │\n│  2013 │     1 │     1 │ 05:42:00 │            540 │ 2         │ 923      │            850 │        33 │ AA      │   1141 │ N619AA  │ JFK    │ MIA    │      160 │     1089 │     5 │     40 │ 2013-01-01 10:00:00 │\n│  2013 │     1 │     1 │ 05:44:00 │            545 │ -1        │ 1004     │           1022 │       -18 │ B6      │    725 │ N804JB  │ JFK    │ BQN    │      183 │     1576 │     5 │     45 │ 2013-01-01 10:00:00 │\n│  2013 │     1 │     1 │ 05:54:00 │            600 │ -6        │ 812      │            837 │       -25 │ DL      │    461 │ N668DN  │ LGA    │ ATL    │      116 │      762 │     6 │      0 │ 2013-01-01 11:00:00 │\n│  2013 │     1 │     1 │ 05:54:00 │            558 │ -4        │ 740      │            728 │        12 │ UA      │   1696 │ N39463  │ EWR    │ ORD    │      150 │      719 │     5 │     58 │ 2013-01-01 10:00:00 │\n│  2013 │     1 │     1 │ 05:55:00 │            600 │ -5        │ 913      │            854 │        19 │ B6      │    507 │ N516JB  │ EWR    │ FLL    │      158 │     1065 │     6 │      0 │ 2013-01-01 11:00:00 │\n│  2013 │     1 │     1 │ 05:57:00 │            600 │ -3        │ 709      │            723 │       -14 │ EV      │   5708 │ N829AS  │ LGA    │ IAD    │       53 │      229 │     6 │      0 │ 2013-01-01 11:00:00 │\n│  2013 │     1 │     1 │ 05:57:00 │            600 │ -3        │ 838      │            846 │        -8 │ B6      │     79 │ N593JB  │ JFK    │ MCO    │      140 │      944 │     6 │      0 │ 2013-01-01 11:00:00 │\n│  2013 │     1 │     1 │ 05:58:00 │            600 │ -2        │ 753      │            745 │         8 │ AA      │    301 │ N3ALAA  │ LGA    │ ORD    │      138 │      733 │     6 │      0 │ 2013-01-01 11:00:00 │\n│     … │     … │     … │ …        │              … │ …         │ …        │              … │         … │ …       │      … │ …       │ …      │ …      │        … │        … │     … │      … │ …                   │\n└───────┴───────┴───────┴──────────┴────────────────┴───────────┴──────────┴────────────────┴───────────┴─────────┴────────┴─────────┴────────┴────────┴──────────┴──────────┴───────┴────────┴─────────────────────┘\n\n\n\n\nweather = con.table(\"weather\")\nweather\n\n┏━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓\n┃ origin ┃ year  ┃ month ┃ day   ┃ hour  ┃ temp   ┃ dewp   ┃ humid  ┃ wind_dir ┃ wind_speed         ┃ wind_gust ┃ precip  ┃ pressure ┃ visib   ┃ time_hour           ┃\n┡━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┩\n│ string │ int64 │ int64 │ int64 │ int64 │ string │ string │ string │ string   │ string             │ string    │ float64 │ string   │ float64 │ timestamp(6)        │\n├────────┼───────┼───────┼───────┼───────┼────────┼────────┼────────┼──────────┼────────────────────┼───────────┼─────────┼──────────┼─────────┼─────────────────────┤\n│ EWR    │  2013 │     1 │     1 │     1 │ 39.02  │ 26.06  │ 59.37  │ 270      │ 10.357019999999999 │ NA        │     0.0 │ 1012     │    10.0 │ 2013-01-01 06:00:00 │\n│ EWR    │  2013 │     1 │     1 │     2 │ 39.02  │ 26.96  │ 61.63  │ 250      │ 8.05546            │ NA        │     0.0 │ 1012.3   │    10.0 │ 2013-01-01 07:00:00 │\n│ EWR    │  2013 │     1 │     1 │     3 │ 39.02  │ 28.04  │ 64.43  │ 240      │ 11.5078            │ NA        │     0.0 │ 1012.5   │    10.0 │ 2013-01-01 08:00:00 │\n│ EWR    │  2013 │     1 │     1 │     4 │ 39.92  │ 28.04  │ 62.21  │ 250      │ 12.658579999999999 │ NA        │     0.0 │ 1012.2   │    10.0 │ 2013-01-01 09:00:00 │\n│ EWR    │  2013 │     1 │     1 │     5 │ 39.02  │ 28.04  │ 64.43  │ 260      │ 12.658579999999999 │ NA        │     0.0 │ 1011.9   │    10.0 │ 2013-01-01 10:00:00 │\n│ EWR    │  2013 │     1 │     1 │     6 │ 37.94  │ 28.04  │ 67.21  │ 240      │ 11.5078            │ NA        │     0.0 │ 1012.4   │    10.0 │ 2013-01-01 11:00:00 │\n│ EWR    │  2013 │     1 │     1 │     7 │ 39.02  │ 28.04  │ 64.43  │ 240      │ 14.960139999999999 │ NA        │     0.0 │ 1012.2   │    10.0 │ 2013-01-01 12:00:00 │\n│ EWR    │  2013 │     1 │     1 │     8 │ 39.92  │ 28.04  │ 62.21  │ 250      │ 10.357019999999999 │ NA        │     0.0 │ 1012.2   │    10.0 │ 2013-01-01 13:00:00 │\n│ EWR    │  2013 │     1 │     1 │     9 │ 39.92  │ 28.04  │ 62.21  │ 260      │ 14.960139999999999 │ NA        │     0.0 │ 1012.7   │    10.0 │ 2013-01-01 14:00:00 │\n│ EWR    │  2013 │     1 │     1 │    10 │ 41     │ 28.04  │ 59.65  │ 260      │ 13.809359999999998 │ NA        │     0.0 │ 1012.4   │    10.0 │ 2013-01-01 15:00:00 │\n│ …      │     … │     … │     … │     … │ …      │ …      │ …      │ …        │ …                  │ …         │       … │ …        │       … │ …                   │\n└────────┴───────┴───────┴───────┴───────┴────────┴────────┴────────┴──────────┴────────────────────┴───────────┴─────────┴──────────┴─────────┴─────────────────────┘\n\n\n\n\nflight_data = (\n    flights.mutate(\n        # Convert the arrival delay to a factor\n        # By default, PyTorch expects the target to have a Long datatype\n        arr_delay=ibis.ifelse(flights.arr_delay &gt;= 30, 1, 0).cast(\"int64\"),\n        # We will use the date (not date-time) in the recipe below\n        date=flights.time_hour.date(),\n    )\n    # Include the weather data\n    .inner_join(weather, [\"origin\", \"time_hour\"])\n    # Only retain the specific columns we will use\n    .select(\n        \"dep_time\",\n        \"flight\",\n        \"origin\",\n        \"dest\",\n        \"air_time\",\n        \"distance\",\n        \"carrier\",\n        \"date\",\n        \"arr_delay\",\n        \"time_hour\",\n    )\n    # Exclude missing data\n    .dropna()\n)\nflight_data\n\n/tmp/ipykernel_2362/2398233849.py:25: FutureWarning: `Table.dropna` is deprecated as of v9.1; use drop_null instead\n  .dropna()\n\n\n┏━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓\n┃ dep_time ┃ flight ┃ origin ┃ dest   ┃ air_time ┃ distance ┃ carrier ┃ date       ┃ arr_delay ┃ time_hour           ┃\n┡━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┩\n│ time     │ int64  │ string │ string │ int64    │ int64    │ string  │ date       │ int64     │ timestamp(6)        │\n├──────────┼────────┼────────┼────────┼──────────┼──────────┼─────────┼────────────┼───────────┼─────────────────────┤\n│ 05:17:00 │   1545 │ EWR    │ IAH    │      227 │     1400 │ UA      │ 2013-01-01 │         0 │ 2013-01-01 10:00:00 │\n│ 05:33:00 │   1714 │ LGA    │ IAH    │      227 │     1416 │ UA      │ 2013-01-01 │         0 │ 2013-01-01 10:00:00 │\n│ 05:42:00 │   1141 │ JFK    │ MIA    │      160 │     1089 │ AA      │ 2013-01-01 │         1 │ 2013-01-01 10:00:00 │\n│ 05:44:00 │    725 │ JFK    │ BQN    │      183 │     1576 │ B6      │ 2013-01-01 │         0 │ 2013-01-01 10:00:00 │\n│ 05:54:00 │    461 │ LGA    │ ATL    │      116 │      762 │ DL      │ 2013-01-01 │         0 │ 2013-01-01 11:00:00 │\n│ 05:54:00 │   1696 │ EWR    │ ORD    │      150 │      719 │ UA      │ 2013-01-01 │         0 │ 2013-01-01 10:00:00 │\n│ 05:55:00 │    507 │ EWR    │ FLL    │      158 │     1065 │ B6      │ 2013-01-01 │         0 │ 2013-01-01 11:00:00 │\n│ 05:57:00 │   5708 │ LGA    │ IAD    │       53 │      229 │ EV      │ 2013-01-01 │         0 │ 2013-01-01 11:00:00 │\n│ 05:57:00 │     79 │ JFK    │ MCO    │      140 │      944 │ B6      │ 2013-01-01 │         0 │ 2013-01-01 11:00:00 │\n│ 05:58:00 │    301 │ LGA    │ ORD    │      138 │      733 │ AA      │ 2013-01-01 │         0 │ 2013-01-01 11:00:00 │\n│ …        │      … │ …      │ …      │        … │        … │ …       │ …          │         … │ …                   │\n└──────────┴────────┴────────┴────────┴──────────┴──────────┴─────────┴────────────┴───────────┴─────────────────────┘\n\n\n\nWe can see that about 16% of the flights in this dataset arrived more than 30 minutes late.\n\nflight_data.arr_delay.value_counts().rename(n=\"arr_delay_count\").mutate(\n    prop=ibis._.n / ibis._.n.sum()\n)\n\n┏━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━┓\n┃ arr_delay ┃ n      ┃ prop     ┃\n┡━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━┩\n│ int64     │ int64  │ float64  │\n├───────────┼────────┼──────────┤\n│         0 │ 273279 │ 0.838745 │\n│         1 │  52540 │ 0.161255 │\n└───────────┴────────┴──────────┘"
+    "text": "The New York City flight data\nLet’s use the nycflights13 data to predict whether a plane arrives more than 30 minutes late. This dataset contains information on 325,819 flights departing near New York City in 2013. Let’s start by loading the data and making a few changes to the variables:\n\nimport ibis\n\ncon = ibis.connect(\"duckdb://nycflights13.ddb\")\ncon.create_table(\n    \"flights\", ibis.examples.nycflights13_flights.fetch().to_pyarrow(), overwrite=True\n)\ncon.create_table(\n    \"weather\", ibis.examples.nycflights13_weather.fetch().to_pyarrow(), overwrite=True\n)\n\nYou can now see the example dataset copied over to the database:\n\ncon = ibis.connect(\"duckdb://nycflights13.ddb\")\ncon.list_tables()\n\n['flights', 'weather']\n\n\nWe’ll turn on interactive mode, which partially executes queries to give users a preview of the results.\n\nibis.options.interactive = True\n\n\nflights = con.table(\"flights\")\nflights = flights.mutate(\n    dep_time=(\n        flights.dep_time.lpad(4, \"0\").substr(0, 2)\n        + \":\"\n        + flights.dep_time.substr(-2, 2)\n        + \":00\"\n    ).try_cast(\"time\"),\n    arr_delay=flights.arr_delay.try_cast(int),\n    air_time=flights.air_time.try_cast(int),\n)\nflights\n\n┏━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓\n┃ year  ┃ month ┃ day   ┃ dep_time ┃ sched_dep_time ┃ dep_delay ┃ arr_time ┃ sched_arr_time ┃ arr_delay ┃ carrier ┃ flight ┃ tailnum ┃ origin ┃ dest   ┃ air_time ┃ distance ┃ hour  ┃ minute ┃ time_hour           ┃\n┡━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┩\n│ int64 │ int64 │ int64 │ time     │ int64          │ string    │ string   │ int64          │ int64     │ string  │ int64  │ string  │ string │ string │ int64    │ int64    │ int64 │ int64  │ timestamp(6)        │\n├───────┼───────┼───────┼──────────┼────────────────┼───────────┼──────────┼────────────────┼───────────┼─────────┼────────┼─────────┼────────┼────────┼──────────┼──────────┼───────┼────────┼─────────────────────┤\n│  2013 │     1 │     1 │ 05:17:00 │            515 │ 2         │ 830      │            819 │        11 │ UA      │   1545 │ N14228  │ EWR    │ IAH    │      227 │     1400 │     5 │     15 │ 2013-01-01 10:00:00 │\n│  2013 │     1 │     1 │ 05:33:00 │            529 │ 4         │ 850      │            830 │        20 │ UA      │   1714 │ N24211  │ LGA    │ IAH    │      227 │     1416 │     5 │     29 │ 2013-01-01 10:00:00 │\n│  2013 │     1 │     1 │ 05:42:00 │            540 │ 2         │ 923      │            850 │        33 │ AA      │   1141 │ N619AA  │ JFK    │ MIA    │      160 │     1089 │     5 │     40 │ 2013-01-01 10:00:00 │\n│  2013 │     1 │     1 │ 05:44:00 │            545 │ -1        │ 1004     │           1022 │       -18 │ B6      │    725 │ N804JB  │ JFK    │ BQN    │      183 │     1576 │     5 │     45 │ 2013-01-01 10:00:00 │\n│  2013 │     1 │     1 │ 05:54:00 │            600 │ -6        │ 812      │            837 │       -25 │ DL      │    461 │ N668DN  │ LGA    │ ATL    │      116 │      762 │     6 │      0 │ 2013-01-01 11:00:00 │\n│  2013 │     1 │     1 │ 05:54:00 │            558 │ -4        │ 740      │            728 │        12 │ UA      │   1696 │ N39463  │ EWR    │ ORD    │      150 │      719 │     5 │     58 │ 2013-01-01 10:00:00 │\n│  2013 │     1 │     1 │ 05:55:00 │            600 │ -5        │ 913      │            854 │        19 │ B6      │    507 │ N516JB  │ EWR    │ FLL    │      158 │     1065 │     6 │      0 │ 2013-01-01 11:00:00 │\n│  2013 │     1 │     1 │ 05:57:00 │            600 │ -3        │ 709      │            723 │       -14 │ EV      │   5708 │ N829AS  │ LGA    │ IAD    │       53 │      229 │     6 │      0 │ 2013-01-01 11:00:00 │\n│  2013 │     1 │     1 │ 05:57:00 │            600 │ -3        │ 838      │            846 │        -8 │ B6      │     79 │ N593JB  │ JFK    │ MCO    │      140 │      944 │     6 │      0 │ 2013-01-01 11:00:00 │\n│  2013 │     1 │     1 │ 05:58:00 │            600 │ -2        │ 753      │            745 │         8 │ AA      │    301 │ N3ALAA  │ LGA    │ ORD    │      138 │      733 │     6 │      0 │ 2013-01-01 11:00:00 │\n│     … │     … │     … │ …        │              … │ …         │ …        │              … │         … │ …       │      … │ …       │ …      │ …      │        … │        … │     … │      … │ …                   │\n└───────┴───────┴───────┴──────────┴────────────────┴───────────┴──────────┴────────────────┴───────────┴─────────┴────────┴─────────┴────────┴────────┴──────────┴──────────┴───────┴────────┴─────────────────────┘\n\n\n\n\nweather = con.table(\"weather\")\nweather\n\n┏━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓\n┃ origin ┃ year  ┃ month ┃ day   ┃ hour  ┃ temp   ┃ dewp   ┃ humid  ┃ wind_dir ┃ wind_speed         ┃ wind_gust ┃ precip  ┃ pressure ┃ visib   ┃ time_hour           ┃\n┡━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┩\n│ string │ int64 │ int64 │ int64 │ int64 │ string │ string │ string │ string   │ string             │ string    │ float64 │ string   │ float64 │ timestamp(6)        │\n├────────┼───────┼───────┼───────┼───────┼────────┼────────┼────────┼──────────┼────────────────────┼───────────┼─────────┼──────────┼─────────┼─────────────────────┤\n│ EWR    │  2013 │     1 │     1 │     1 │ 39.02  │ 26.06  │ 59.37  │ 270      │ 10.357019999999999 │ NA        │     0.0 │ 1012     │    10.0 │ 2013-01-01 06:00:00 │\n│ EWR    │  2013 │     1 │     1 │     2 │ 39.02  │ 26.96  │ 61.63  │ 250      │ 8.05546            │ NA        │     0.0 │ 1012.3   │    10.0 │ 2013-01-01 07:00:00 │\n│ EWR    │  2013 │     1 │     1 │     3 │ 39.02  │ 28.04  │ 64.43  │ 240      │ 11.5078            │ NA        │     0.0 │ 1012.5   │    10.0 │ 2013-01-01 08:00:00 │\n│ EWR    │  2013 │     1 │     1 │     4 │ 39.92  │ 28.04  │ 62.21  │ 250      │ 12.658579999999999 │ NA        │     0.0 │ 1012.2   │    10.0 │ 2013-01-01 09:00:00 │\n│ EWR    │  2013 │     1 │     1 │     5 │ 39.02  │ 28.04  │ 64.43  │ 260      │ 12.658579999999999 │ NA        │     0.0 │ 1011.9   │    10.0 │ 2013-01-01 10:00:00 │\n│ EWR    │  2013 │     1 │     1 │     6 │ 37.94  │ 28.04  │ 67.21  │ 240      │ 11.5078            │ NA        │     0.0 │ 1012.4   │    10.0 │ 2013-01-01 11:00:00 │\n│ EWR    │  2013 │     1 │     1 │     7 │ 39.02  │ 28.04  │ 64.43  │ 240      │ 14.960139999999999 │ NA        │     0.0 │ 1012.2   │    10.0 │ 2013-01-01 12:00:00 │\n│ EWR    │  2013 │     1 │     1 │     8 │ 39.92  │ 28.04  │ 62.21  │ 250      │ 10.357019999999999 │ NA        │     0.0 │ 1012.2   │    10.0 │ 2013-01-01 13:00:00 │\n│ EWR    │  2013 │     1 │     1 │     9 │ 39.92  │ 28.04  │ 62.21  │ 260      │ 14.960139999999999 │ NA        │     0.0 │ 1012.7   │    10.0 │ 2013-01-01 14:00:00 │\n│ EWR    │  2013 │     1 │     1 │    10 │ 41     │ 28.04  │ 59.65  │ 260      │ 13.809359999999998 │ NA        │     0.0 │ 1012.4   │    10.0 │ 2013-01-01 15:00:00 │\n│ …      │     … │     … │     … │     … │ …      │ …      │ …      │ …        │ …                  │ …         │       … │ …        │       … │ …                   │\n└────────┴───────┴───────┴───────┴───────┴────────┴────────┴────────┴──────────┴────────────────────┴───────────┴─────────┴──────────┴─────────┴─────────────────────┘\n\n\n\n\nflight_data = (\n    flights.mutate(\n        # Convert the arrival delay to a factor\n        # By default, PyTorch expects the target to have a Long datatype\n        arr_delay=ibis.ifelse(flights.arr_delay &gt;= 30, 1, 0).cast(\"int64\"),\n        # We will use the date (not date-time) in the recipe below\n        date=flights.time_hour.date(),\n    )\n    # Include the weather data\n    .inner_join(weather, [\"origin\", \"time_hour\"])\n    # Only retain the specific columns we will use\n    .select(\n        \"dep_time\",\n        \"flight\",\n        \"origin\",\n        \"dest\",\n        \"air_time\",\n        \"distance\",\n        \"carrier\",\n        \"date\",\n        \"arr_delay\",\n        \"time_hour\",\n    )\n    # Exclude missing data\n    .dropna()\n)\nflight_data\n\n/tmp/ipykernel_2449/2398233849.py:25: FutureWarning: `Table.dropna` is deprecated as of v9.1; use drop_null instead\n  .dropna()\n\n\n┏━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓\n┃ dep_time ┃ flight ┃ origin ┃ dest   ┃ air_time ┃ distance ┃ carrier ┃ date       ┃ arr_delay ┃ time_hour           ┃\n┡━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┩\n│ time     │ int64  │ string │ string │ int64    │ int64    │ string  │ date       │ int64     │ timestamp(6)        │\n├──────────┼────────┼────────┼────────┼──────────┼──────────┼─────────┼────────────┼───────────┼─────────────────────┤\n│ 05:57:00 │    461 │ LGA    │ ATL    │      100 │      762 │ DL      │ 2013-06-26 │         0 │ 2013-06-26 10:00:00 │\n│ 05:58:00 │   4424 │ EWR    │ RDU    │       63 │      416 │ EV      │ 2013-06-26 │         0 │ 2013-06-26 10:00:00 │\n│ 05:58:00 │   6177 │ EWR    │ IAD    │       45 │      212 │ EV      │ 2013-06-26 │         0 │ 2013-06-26 10:00:00 │\n│ 06:00:00 │    731 │ LGA    │ DTW    │       78 │      502 │ DL      │ 2013-06-26 │         0 │ 2013-06-26 10:00:00 │\n│ 06:01:00 │    684 │ EWR    │ LAX    │      316 │     2454 │ UA      │ 2013-06-26 │         0 │ 2013-06-26 10:00:00 │\n│ 06:01:00 │    301 │ LGA    │ ORD    │      164 │      733 │ AA      │ 2013-06-26 │         1 │ 2013-06-26 10:00:00 │\n│ 06:01:00 │   1837 │ LGA    │ MIA    │      148 │     1096 │ AA      │ 2013-06-26 │         0 │ 2013-06-26 10:00:00 │\n│ 06:01:00 │   1279 │ LGA    │ MEM    │      128 │      963 │ DL      │ 2013-06-26 │         0 │ 2013-06-26 10:00:00 │\n│ 06:02:00 │   1691 │ JFK    │ LAX    │      309 │     2475 │ UA      │ 2013-06-26 │         0 │ 2013-06-26 10:00:00 │\n│ 06:04:00 │   1447 │ JFK    │ CLT    │       75 │      541 │ US      │ 2013-06-26 │         0 │ 2013-06-26 10:00:00 │\n│ …        │      … │ …      │ …      │        … │        … │ …       │ …          │         … │ …                   │\n└──────────┴────────┴────────┴────────┴──────────┴──────────┴─────────┴────────────┴───────────┴─────────────────────┘\n\n\n\nWe can see that about 16% of the flights in this dataset arrived more than 30 minutes late.\n\nflight_data.arr_delay.value_counts().rename(n=\"arr_delay_count\").mutate(\n    prop=ibis._.n / ibis._.n.sum()\n)\n\n┏━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━┓\n┃ arr_delay ┃ n      ┃ prop     ┃\n┡━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━┩\n│ int64     │ int64  │ float64  │\n├───────────┼────────┼──────────┤\n│         0 │ 273279 │ 0.838745 │\n│         1 │  52540 │ 0.161255 │\n└───────────┴────────┴──────────┘"
   },
   {
     "objectID": "tutorial/pytorch.html#data-splitting",
     "href": "tutorial/pytorch.html#data-splitting",
     "title": "Preprocess your data with recipes",
     "section": "Data splitting",
-    "text": "Data splitting\nTo get started, let’s split this single dataset into two: a training set and a testing set. We’ll keep most of the rows in the original dataset (subset chosen randomly) in the training set. The training data will be used to fit the model, and the testing set will be used to measure model performance.\nBecause the order of rows in an Ibis table is undefined, we need a unique key to split the data reproducibly. It is permissible for airlines to use the same flight number for different routes, as long as the flights do not operate on the same day. This means that the combination of the flight number and the date of travel is always unique.\n\nflight_data_with_unique_key = flight_data.mutate(\n    unique_key=ibis.literal(\",\").join(\n        [flight_data.carrier, flight_data.flight.cast(str), flight_data.date.cast(str)]\n    )\n)\nflight_data_with_unique_key\n\n┏━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓\n┃ dep_time ┃ flight ┃ origin ┃ dest   ┃ air_time ┃ distance ┃ carrier ┃ date       ┃ arr_delay ┃ time_hour           ┃ unique_key         ┃\n┡━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┩\n│ time     │ int64  │ string │ string │ int64    │ int64    │ string  │ date       │ int64     │ timestamp(6)        │ string             │\n├──────────┼────────┼────────┼────────┼──────────┼──────────┼─────────┼────────────┼───────────┼─────────────────────┼────────────────────┤\n│ 05:57:00 │    461 │ LGA    │ ATL    │      100 │      762 │ DL      │ 2013-06-26 │         0 │ 2013-06-26 10:00:00 │ DL,461,2013-06-26  │\n│ 05:58:00 │   4424 │ EWR    │ RDU    │       63 │      416 │ EV      │ 2013-06-26 │         0 │ 2013-06-26 10:00:00 │ EV,4424,2013-06-26 │\n│ 05:58:00 │   6177 │ EWR    │ IAD    │       45 │      212 │ EV      │ 2013-06-26 │         0 │ 2013-06-26 10:00:00 │ EV,6177,2013-06-26 │\n│ 06:00:00 │    731 │ LGA    │ DTW    │       78 │      502 │ DL      │ 2013-06-26 │         0 │ 2013-06-26 10:00:00 │ DL,731,2013-06-26  │\n│ 06:01:00 │    684 │ EWR    │ LAX    │      316 │     2454 │ UA      │ 2013-06-26 │         0 │ 2013-06-26 10:00:00 │ UA,684,2013-06-26  │\n│ 06:01:00 │    301 │ LGA    │ ORD    │      164 │      733 │ AA      │ 2013-06-26 │         1 │ 2013-06-26 10:00:00 │ AA,301,2013-06-26  │\n│ 06:01:00 │   1837 │ LGA    │ MIA    │      148 │     1096 │ AA      │ 2013-06-26 │         0 │ 2013-06-26 10:00:00 │ AA,1837,2013-06-26 │\n│ 06:01:00 │   1279 │ LGA    │ MEM    │      128 │      963 │ DL      │ 2013-06-26 │         0 │ 2013-06-26 10:00:00 │ DL,1279,2013-06-26 │\n│ 06:02:00 │   1691 │ JFK    │ LAX    │      309 │     2475 │ UA      │ 2013-06-26 │         0 │ 2013-06-26 10:00:00 │ UA,1691,2013-06-26 │\n│ 06:04:00 │   1447 │ JFK    │ CLT    │       75 │      541 │ US      │ 2013-06-26 │         0 │ 2013-06-26 10:00:00 │ US,1447,2013-06-26 │\n│ …        │      … │ …      │ …      │        … │        … │ …       │ …          │         … │ …                   │ …                  │\n└──────────┴────────┴────────┴────────┴──────────┴──────────┴─────────┴────────────┴───────────┴─────────────────────┴────────────────────┘\n\n\n\n\n# FIXME(deepyaman): Proposed key isn't unique for actual departure date.\nflight_data_with_unique_key.group_by(\"unique_key\").mutate(\n    cnt=flight_data_with_unique_key.count()\n)[ibis._.cnt &gt; 1]\n\n/opt/hostedtoolcache/Python/3.11.8/x64/lib/python3.11/site-packages/ibis/expr/types/relations.py:685: FutureWarning: Selecting/filtering arbitrary expressions in `Table.__getitem__` is deprecated and will be removed in version 10.0. Please use `Table.select` or `Table.filter` instead.\n  warnings.warn(\n\n\n┏━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┓\n┃ dep_time ┃ flight ┃ origin ┃ dest   ┃ air_time ┃ distance ┃ carrier ┃ date       ┃ arr_delay ┃ time_hour           ┃ unique_key         ┃ cnt   ┃\n┡━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━┩\n│ time     │ int64  │ string │ string │ int64    │ int64    │ string  │ date       │ int64     │ timestamp(6)        │ string             │ int64 │\n├──────────┼────────┼────────┼────────┼──────────┼──────────┼─────────┼────────────┼───────────┼─────────────────────┼────────────────────┼───────┤\n│ 19:59:00 │   1022 │ EWR    │ IAH    │      167 │     1400 │ UA      │ 2013-09-14 │         0 │ 2013-09-14 23:00:00 │ UA,1022,2013-09-14 │     2 │\n│ 20:00:00 │   1022 │ EWR    │ IAH    │      186 │     1400 │ UA      │ 2013-09-14 │         0 │ 2013-09-14 00:00:00 │ UA,1022,2013-09-14 │     2 │\n│ 21:16:00 │   1023 │ EWR    │ IAH    │      175 │     1400 │ UA      │ 2013-05-29 │         0 │ 2013-05-29 01:00:00 │ UA,1023,2013-05-29 │     2 │\n│ 19:12:00 │   1023 │ LGA    │ ORD    │      112 │      733 │ UA      │ 2013-05-29 │         0 │ 2013-05-29 23:00:00 │ UA,1023,2013-05-29 │     2 │\n│ 15:18:00 │   1052 │ EWR    │ IAH    │      174 │     1400 │ UA      │ 2013-08-27 │         0 │ 2013-08-27 19:00:00 │ UA,1052,2013-08-27 │     2 │\n│ 21:22:00 │   1052 │ EWR    │ IAH    │      173 │     1400 │ UA      │ 2013-08-27 │         0 │ 2013-08-27 01:00:00 │ UA,1052,2013-08-27 │     2 │\n│ 19:27:00 │   1053 │ EWR    │ CLE    │       69 │      404 │ UA      │ 2013-12-20 │         0 │ 2013-12-20 00:00:00 │ UA,1053,2013-12-20 │     2 │\n│ 18:39:00 │   1053 │ EWR    │ CLE    │       72 │      404 │ UA      │ 2013-12-20 │         0 │ 2013-12-20 23:00:00 │ UA,1053,2013-12-20 │     2 │\n│ 20:16:00 │   1071 │ EWR    │ BQN    │      196 │     1585 │ UA      │ 2013-02-26 │         0 │ 2013-02-26 01:00:00 │ UA,1071,2013-02-26 │     2 │\n│ 17:20:00 │   1071 │ EWR    │ PHX    │      281 │     2133 │ UA      │ 2013-02-26 │         0 │ 2013-02-26 22:00:00 │ UA,1071,2013-02-26 │     2 │\n│ …        │      … │ …      │ …      │        … │        … │ …       │ …          │         … │ …                   │ …                  │     … │\n└──────────┴────────┴────────┴────────┴──────────┴──────────┴─────────┴────────────┴───────────┴─────────────────────┴────────────────────┴───────┘\n\n\n\n\nimport random\n\n# Fix the random numbers by setting the seed\n# This enables the analysis to be reproducible when random numbers are used\nrandom.seed(222)\n\n# Put 3/4 of the data into the training set\nrandom_key = str(random.getrandbits(256))\ndata_split = flight_data_with_unique_key.mutate(\n    train=(flight_data_with_unique_key.unique_key + random_key).hash().abs() % 4 &lt; 3\n)\n\n# Create data frames for the two sets:\ntrain_data = data_split[data_split.train].drop(\"unique_key\", \"train\")\ntest_data = data_split[~data_split.train].drop(\"unique_key\", \"train\")"
+    "text": "Data splitting\nTo get started, let’s split this single dataset into two: a training set and a testing set. We’ll keep most of the rows in the original dataset (subset chosen randomly) in the training set. The training data will be used to fit the model, and the testing set will be used to measure model performance.\nBecause the order of rows in an Ibis table is undefined, we need a unique key to split the data reproducibly. It is permissible for airlines to use the same flight number for different routes, as long as the flights do not operate on the same day. This means that the combination of the flight number and the date of travel is always unique.\n\nflight_data_with_unique_key = flight_data.mutate(\n    unique_key=ibis.literal(\",\").join(\n        [flight_data.carrier, flight_data.flight.cast(str), flight_data.date.cast(str)]\n    )\n)\nflight_data_with_unique_key\n\n┏━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓\n┃ dep_time ┃ flight ┃ origin ┃ dest   ┃ air_time ┃ distance ┃ carrier ┃ date       ┃ arr_delay ┃ time_hour           ┃ unique_key         ┃\n┡━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┩\n│ time     │ int64  │ string │ string │ int64    │ int64    │ string  │ date       │ int64     │ timestamp(6)        │ string             │\n├──────────┼────────┼────────┼────────┼──────────┼──────────┼─────────┼────────────┼───────────┼─────────────────────┼────────────────────┤\n│ 05:17:00 │   1545 │ EWR    │ IAH    │      227 │     1400 │ UA      │ 2013-01-01 │         0 │ 2013-01-01 10:00:00 │ UA,1545,2013-01-01 │\n│ 05:33:00 │   1714 │ LGA    │ IAH    │      227 │     1416 │ UA      │ 2013-01-01 │         0 │ 2013-01-01 10:00:00 │ UA,1714,2013-01-01 │\n│ 05:42:00 │   1141 │ JFK    │ MIA    │      160 │     1089 │ AA      │ 2013-01-01 │         1 │ 2013-01-01 10:00:00 │ AA,1141,2013-01-01 │\n│ 05:44:00 │    725 │ JFK    │ BQN    │      183 │     1576 │ B6      │ 2013-01-01 │         0 │ 2013-01-01 10:00:00 │ B6,725,2013-01-01  │\n│ 05:54:00 │    461 │ LGA    │ ATL    │      116 │      762 │ DL      │ 2013-01-01 │         0 │ 2013-01-01 11:00:00 │ DL,461,2013-01-01  │\n│ 05:54:00 │   1696 │ EWR    │ ORD    │      150 │      719 │ UA      │ 2013-01-01 │         0 │ 2013-01-01 10:00:00 │ UA,1696,2013-01-01 │\n│ 05:55:00 │    507 │ EWR    │ FLL    │      158 │     1065 │ B6      │ 2013-01-01 │         0 │ 2013-01-01 11:00:00 │ B6,507,2013-01-01  │\n│ 05:57:00 │   5708 │ LGA    │ IAD    │       53 │      229 │ EV      │ 2013-01-01 │         0 │ 2013-01-01 11:00:00 │ EV,5708,2013-01-01 │\n│ 05:57:00 │     79 │ JFK    │ MCO    │      140 │      944 │ B6      │ 2013-01-01 │         0 │ 2013-01-01 11:00:00 │ B6,79,2013-01-01   │\n│ 05:58:00 │    301 │ LGA    │ ORD    │      138 │      733 │ AA      │ 2013-01-01 │         0 │ 2013-01-01 11:00:00 │ AA,301,2013-01-01  │\n│ …        │      … │ …      │ …      │        … │        … │ …       │ …          │         … │ …                   │ …                  │\n└──────────┴────────┴────────┴────────┴──────────┴──────────┴─────────┴────────────┴───────────┴─────────────────────┴────────────────────┘\n\n\n\n\n# FIXME(deepyaman): Proposed key isn't unique for actual departure date.\nflight_data_with_unique_key.group_by(\"unique_key\").mutate(\n    cnt=flight_data_with_unique_key.count()\n)[ibis._.cnt &gt; 1]\n\n/opt/hostedtoolcache/Python/3.11.8/x64/lib/python3.11/site-packages/ibis/expr/types/relations.py:685: FutureWarning: Selecting/filtering arbitrary expressions in `Table.__getitem__` is deprecated and will be removed in version 10.0. Please use `Table.select` or `Table.filter` instead.\n  warnings.warn(\n\n\n┏━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┓\n┃ dep_time ┃ flight ┃ origin ┃ dest   ┃ air_time ┃ distance ┃ carrier ┃ date       ┃ arr_delay ┃ time_hour           ┃ unique_key         ┃ cnt   ┃\n┡━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━┩\n│ time     │ int64  │ string │ string │ int64    │ int64    │ string  │ date       │ int64     │ timestamp(6)        │ string             │ int64 │\n├──────────┼────────┼────────┼────────┼──────────┼──────────┼─────────┼────────────┼───────────┼─────────────────────┼────────────────────┼───────┤\n│ 19:59:00 │   1022 │ EWR    │ IAH    │      167 │     1400 │ UA      │ 2013-09-14 │         0 │ 2013-09-14 23:00:00 │ UA,1022,2013-09-14 │     2 │\n│ 20:00:00 │   1022 │ EWR    │ IAH    │      186 │     1400 │ UA      │ 2013-09-14 │         0 │ 2013-09-14 00:00:00 │ UA,1022,2013-09-14 │     2 │\n│ 21:16:00 │   1023 │ EWR    │ IAH    │      175 │     1400 │ UA      │ 2013-05-29 │         0 │ 2013-05-29 01:00:00 │ UA,1023,2013-05-29 │     2 │\n│ 19:12:00 │   1023 │ LGA    │ ORD    │      112 │      733 │ UA      │ 2013-05-29 │         0 │ 2013-05-29 23:00:00 │ UA,1023,2013-05-29 │     2 │\n│ 15:18:00 │   1052 │ EWR    │ IAH    │      174 │     1400 │ UA      │ 2013-08-27 │         0 │ 2013-08-27 19:00:00 │ UA,1052,2013-08-27 │     2 │\n│ 21:22:00 │   1052 │ EWR    │ IAH    │      173 │     1400 │ UA      │ 2013-08-27 │         0 │ 2013-08-27 01:00:00 │ UA,1052,2013-08-27 │     2 │\n│ 19:27:00 │   1053 │ EWR    │ CLE    │       69 │      404 │ UA      │ 2013-12-20 │         0 │ 2013-12-20 00:00:00 │ UA,1053,2013-12-20 │     2 │\n│ 18:39:00 │   1053 │ EWR    │ CLE    │       72 │      404 │ UA      │ 2013-12-20 │         0 │ 2013-12-20 23:00:00 │ UA,1053,2013-12-20 │     2 │\n│ 20:16:00 │   1071 │ EWR    │ BQN    │      196 │     1585 │ UA      │ 2013-02-26 │         0 │ 2013-02-26 01:00:00 │ UA,1071,2013-02-26 │     2 │\n│ 17:20:00 │   1071 │ EWR    │ PHX    │      281 │     2133 │ UA      │ 2013-02-26 │         0 │ 2013-02-26 22:00:00 │ UA,1071,2013-02-26 │     2 │\n│ …        │      … │ …      │ …      │        … │        … │ …       │ …          │         … │ …                   │ …                  │     … │\n└──────────┴────────┴────────┴────────┴──────────┴──────────┴─────────┴────────────┴───────────┴─────────────────────┴────────────────────┴───────┘\n\n\n\n\nimport random\n\n# Fix the random numbers by setting the seed\n# This enables the analysis to be reproducible when random numbers are used\nrandom.seed(222)\n\n# Put 3/4 of the data into the training set\nrandom_key = str(random.getrandbits(256))\ndata_split = flight_data_with_unique_key.mutate(\n    train=(flight_data_with_unique_key.unique_key + random_key).hash().abs() % 4 &lt; 3\n)\n\n# Create data frames for the two sets:\ntrain_data = data_split[data_split.train].drop(\"unique_key\", \"train\")\ntest_data = data_split[~data_split.train].drop(\"unique_key\", \"train\")"
   },
   {
     "objectID": "tutorial/pytorch.html#create-features",
@@ -919,14 +919,14 @@
     "href": "tutorial/pytorch.html#fit-a-model-with-a-recipe",
     "title": "Preprocess your data with recipes",
     "section": "Fit a model with a recipe",
-    "text": "Fit a model with a recipe\nLet’s model the flight data. We can use any scikit-learn-compatible estimator.\nWe will want to use our recipe across several steps as we train and test our model. We will:\n\nProcess the recipe using the training set: This involves any estimation or calculations based on the training set. For our recipe, the training set will be used to determine which predictors should be converted to dummy variables and which predictors will have zero-variance in the training set, and should be slated for removal.\nApply the recipe to the training set: We create the final predictor set on the training set.\nApply the recipe to the test set: We create the final predictor set on the test set. Nothing is recomputed and no information from the test set is used here; the dummy variable and zero-variance results from the training set are applied to the test set.\n\nTo simplify this process, we can use a scikit-learn Pipeline.\n\nfrom sklearn.pipeline import Pipeline\nfrom skorch import NeuralNetClassifier\nfrom torch import nn\n\n\nclass MyModule(nn.Module):\n    def __init__(self, num_units=10, nonlin=nn.ReLU()):\n        super().__init__()\n\n        self.dense0 = nn.Linear(10, num_units)\n        self.nonlin = nonlin\n        self.dropout = nn.Dropout(0.5)\n        self.dense1 = nn.Linear(num_units, num_units)\n        self.output = nn.Linear(num_units, 2)\n        self.softmax = nn.Softmax(dim=-1)\n\n    def forward(self, X, **kwargs):\n        X = self.nonlin(self.dense0(X))\n        X = self.dropout(X)\n        X = self.nonlin(self.dense1(X))\n        X = self.softmax(self.output(X))\n        return X\n\n\nnet = NeuralNetClassifier(\n    MyModule,\n    max_epochs=10,\n    lr=0.1,\n    # Shuffle training data on each epoch\n    iterator_train__shuffle=True,\n)\n\npipe = Pipeline([(\"flights_rec\", flights_rec), (\"net\", net)])\n\nNow, there is a single function that can be used to prepare the recipe and train the model from the resulting predictors:\n\nX_train = train_data.drop(\"arr_delay\")\ny_train = train_data.arr_delay\npipe.fit(X_train, y_train)\n\n  epoch    train_loss    valid_acc    valid_loss     dur\n-------  ------------  -----------  ------------  ------\n      1       12.7487       0.1614       13.3699  2.2440\n      2       12.6193       0.1614       13.3699  2.2613\n      3       12.6205       0.1614       13.3699  2.2588\n      4       12.6297       0.1614       13.3699  2.2415\n      5       12.6231       0.1614       13.3699  2.2655\n      6       12.6253       0.1614       13.3699  2.2499\n      7       12.6224       0.1614       13.3699  2.2458\n      8       12.6363       0.1614       13.3699  2.2525\n      9       12.6327       0.1614       13.3699  2.2465\n     10       12.6278       0.1614       13.3699  2.2518\n\n\nPipeline(steps=[('flights_rec',\n                 Recipe(ExpandDate(cols(('date',)),\n                                   components=['dow', 'month']),\n                        Drop(cols(('date',))),\n                        TargetEncode(nominal(), smooth=0.0),\n                        DropZeroVariance(everything(), tolerance=0.0001),\n                        MutateAt(cols(('dep_time',)),\n                                 ((_.hour() * 60) + _.minute())),\n                        MutateAt(timestamp(), _.epoch_seconds()),\n                        Cast(numeric(), 'float32'))),\n                ('net',\n                 &lt;class 'skorch.classifier.NeuralNetClassifier'&gt;[initialized](\n  module_=MyModule(\n    (dense0): Linear(in_features=10, out_features=10, bias=True)\n    (nonlin): ReLU()\n    (dropout): Dropout(p=0.5, inplace=False)\n    (dense1): Linear(in_features=10, out_features=10, bias=True)\n    (output): Linear(in_features=10, out_features=2, bias=True)\n    (softmax): Softmax(dim=-1)\n  ),\n))])In a Jupyter environment, please rerun this cell to show the HTML representation or trust the notebook. On GitHub, the HTML representation is unable to render, please try loading this page with nbviewer.org.  Pipeline?Documentation for PipelineiFittedPipeline(steps=[('flights_rec',\n                 Recipe(ExpandDate(cols(('date',)),\n                                   components=['dow', 'month']),\n                        Drop(cols(('date',))),\n                        TargetEncode(nominal(), smooth=0.0),\n                        DropZeroVariance(everything(), tolerance=0.0001),\n                        MutateAt(cols(('dep_time',)),\n                                 ((_.hour() * 60) + _.minute())),\n                        MutateAt(timestamp(), _.epoch_seconds()),\n                        Cast(numeric(), 'float32'))),\n                ('net',\n                 &lt;class 'skorch.classifier.NeuralNetClassifier'&gt;[initialized](\n  module_=MyModule(\n    (dense0): Linear(in_features=10, out_features=10, bias=True)\n    (nonlin): ReLU()\n    (dropout): Dropout(p=0.5, inplace=False)\n    (dense1): Linear(in_features=10, out_features=10, bias=True)\n    (output): Linear(in_features=10, out_features=2, bias=True)\n    (softmax): Softmax(dim=-1)\n  ),\n))]) flights_rec: RecipeRecipe(ExpandDate(cols(('date',)), components=['dow', 'month']),\n       Drop(cols(('date',))),\n       TargetEncode(nominal(), smooth=0.0),\n       DropZeroVariance(everything(), tolerance=0.0001),\n       MutateAt(cols(('dep_time',)), ((_.hour() * 60) + _.minute())),\n       MutateAt(timestamp(), _.epoch_seconds()),\n       Cast(numeric(), 'float32'))  ExpandDate?Documentation for ExpandDateExpandDate(cols(('date',)), components=['dow', 'month'])  Drop?Documentation for DropDrop(cols(('date',)))  TargetEncode?Documentation for TargetEncodeTargetEncode(nominal(), smooth=0.0)  DropZeroVariance?Documentation for DropZeroVarianceDropZeroVariance(everything(), tolerance=0.0001)  MutateAt?Documentation for MutateAtMutateAt(cols(('dep_time',)), ((_.hour() * 60) + _.minute()))  MutateAt?Documentation for MutateAtMutateAt(timestamp(), _.epoch_seconds())  Cast?Documentation for CastCast(numeric(), 'float32') NeuralNetClassifier&lt;class 'skorch.classifier.NeuralNetClassifier'&gt;[initialized](\n  module_=MyModule(\n    (dense0): Linear(in_features=10, out_features=10, bias=True)\n    (nonlin): ReLU()\n    (dropout): Dropout(p=0.5, inplace=False)\n    (dense1): Linear(in_features=10, out_features=10, bias=True)\n    (output): Linear(in_features=10, out_features=2, bias=True)\n    (softmax): Softmax(dim=-1)\n  ),\n)"
+    "text": "Fit a model with a recipe\nLet’s model the flight data. We can use any scikit-learn-compatible estimator.\nWe will want to use our recipe across several steps as we train and test our model. We will:\n\nProcess the recipe using the training set: This involves any estimation or calculations based on the training set. For our recipe, the training set will be used to determine which predictors should be converted to dummy variables and which predictors will have zero-variance in the training set, and should be slated for removal.\nApply the recipe to the training set: We create the final predictor set on the training set.\nApply the recipe to the test set: We create the final predictor set on the test set. Nothing is recomputed and no information from the test set is used here; the dummy variable and zero-variance results from the training set are applied to the test set.\n\nTo simplify this process, we can use a scikit-learn Pipeline.\n\nfrom sklearn.pipeline import Pipeline\nfrom skorch import NeuralNetClassifier\nfrom torch import nn\n\n\nclass MyModule(nn.Module):\n    def __init__(self, num_units=10, nonlin=nn.ReLU()):\n        super().__init__()\n\n        self.dense0 = nn.Linear(10, num_units)\n        self.nonlin = nonlin\n        self.dropout = nn.Dropout(0.5)\n        self.dense1 = nn.Linear(num_units, num_units)\n        self.output = nn.Linear(num_units, 2)\n        self.softmax = nn.Softmax(dim=-1)\n\n    def forward(self, X, **kwargs):\n        X = self.nonlin(self.dense0(X))\n        X = self.dropout(X)\n        X = self.nonlin(self.dense1(X))\n        X = self.softmax(self.output(X))\n        return X\n\n\nnet = NeuralNetClassifier(\n    MyModule,\n    max_epochs=10,\n    lr=0.1,\n    # Shuffle training data on each epoch\n    iterator_train__shuffle=True,\n)\n\npipe = Pipeline([(\"flights_rec\", flights_rec), (\"net\", net)])\n\nNow, there is a single function that can be used to prepare the recipe and train the model from the resulting predictors:\n\nX_train = train_data.drop(\"arr_delay\")\ny_train = train_data.arr_delay\npipe.fit(X_train, y_train)\n\n  epoch    train_loss    valid_acc    valid_loss     dur\n-------  ------------  -----------  ------------  ------\n      1        2.4361       0.8386        2.5725  2.2275\n      2        2.4430       0.8386        2.5725  2.2309\n      3        2.4351       0.8386        2.5725  2.2241\n      4        2.4398       0.8386        2.5725  2.2403\n      5        2.4412       0.8386        2.5725  2.2479\n      6        2.4392       0.8386        2.5725  2.2221\n      7        2.4402       0.8386        2.5725  2.2583\n      8        2.4369       0.8386        2.5725  2.2588\n      9        2.4294       0.8386        2.5725  2.2367\n     10        2.4453       0.8386        2.5725  2.2272\n\n\nPipeline(steps=[('flights_rec',\n                 Recipe(ExpandDate(cols(('date',)),\n                                   components=['dow', 'month']),\n                        Drop(cols(('date',))),\n                        TargetEncode(nominal(), smooth=0.0),\n                        DropZeroVariance(everything(), tolerance=0.0001),\n                        MutateAt(cols(('dep_time',)),\n                                 ((_.hour() * 60) + _.minute())),\n                        MutateAt(timestamp(), _.epoch_seconds()),\n                        Cast(numeric(), 'float32'))),\n                ('net',\n                 &lt;class 'skorch.classifier.NeuralNetClassifier'&gt;[initialized](\n  module_=MyModule(\n    (dense0): Linear(in_features=10, out_features=10, bias=True)\n    (nonlin): ReLU()\n    (dropout): Dropout(p=0.5, inplace=False)\n    (dense1): Linear(in_features=10, out_features=10, bias=True)\n    (output): Linear(in_features=10, out_features=2, bias=True)\n    (softmax): Softmax(dim=-1)\n  ),\n))])In a Jupyter environment, please rerun this cell to show the HTML representation or trust the notebook. On GitHub, the HTML representation is unable to render, please try loading this page with nbviewer.org.  Pipeline?Documentation for PipelineiFittedPipeline(steps=[('flights_rec',\n                 Recipe(ExpandDate(cols(('date',)),\n                                   components=['dow', 'month']),\n                        Drop(cols(('date',))),\n                        TargetEncode(nominal(), smooth=0.0),\n                        DropZeroVariance(everything(), tolerance=0.0001),\n                        MutateAt(cols(('dep_time',)),\n                                 ((_.hour() * 60) + _.minute())),\n                        MutateAt(timestamp(), _.epoch_seconds()),\n                        Cast(numeric(), 'float32'))),\n                ('net',\n                 &lt;class 'skorch.classifier.NeuralNetClassifier'&gt;[initialized](\n  module_=MyModule(\n    (dense0): Linear(in_features=10, out_features=10, bias=True)\n    (nonlin): ReLU()\n    (dropout): Dropout(p=0.5, inplace=False)\n    (dense1): Linear(in_features=10, out_features=10, bias=True)\n    (output): Linear(in_features=10, out_features=2, bias=True)\n    (softmax): Softmax(dim=-1)\n  ),\n))]) flights_rec: RecipeRecipe(ExpandDate(cols(('date',)), components=['dow', 'month']),\n       Drop(cols(('date',))),\n       TargetEncode(nominal(), smooth=0.0),\n       DropZeroVariance(everything(), tolerance=0.0001),\n       MutateAt(cols(('dep_time',)), ((_.hour() * 60) + _.minute())),\n       MutateAt(timestamp(), _.epoch_seconds()),\n       Cast(numeric(), 'float32'))  ExpandDate?Documentation for ExpandDateExpandDate(cols(('date',)), components=['dow', 'month'])  Drop?Documentation for DropDrop(cols(('date',)))  TargetEncode?Documentation for TargetEncodeTargetEncode(nominal(), smooth=0.0)  DropZeroVariance?Documentation for DropZeroVarianceDropZeroVariance(everything(), tolerance=0.0001)  MutateAt?Documentation for MutateAtMutateAt(cols(('dep_time',)), ((_.hour() * 60) + _.minute()))  MutateAt?Documentation for MutateAtMutateAt(timestamp(), _.epoch_seconds())  Cast?Documentation for CastCast(numeric(), 'float32') NeuralNetClassifier&lt;class 'skorch.classifier.NeuralNetClassifier'&gt;[initialized](\n  module_=MyModule(\n    (dense0): Linear(in_features=10, out_features=10, bias=True)\n    (nonlin): ReLU()\n    (dropout): Dropout(p=0.5, inplace=False)\n    (dense1): Linear(in_features=10, out_features=10, bias=True)\n    (output): Linear(in_features=10, out_features=2, bias=True)\n    (softmax): Softmax(dim=-1)\n  ),\n)"
   },
   {
     "objectID": "tutorial/pytorch.html#use-a-trained-workflow-to-predict",
     "href": "tutorial/pytorch.html#use-a-trained-workflow-to-predict",
     "title": "Preprocess your data with recipes",
     "section": "Use a trained workflow to predict",
-    "text": "Use a trained workflow to predict\n…\n\nX_test = test_data.drop(\"arr_delay\")\ny_test = test_data.arr_delay\npipe.score(X_test, y_test)\n\n0.16091501660312385"
+    "text": "Use a trained workflow to predict\n…\n\nX_test = test_data.drop(\"arr_delay\")\ny_test = test_data.arr_delay\npipe.score(X_test, y_test)\n\n0.8390849833968762"
   },
   {
     "objectID": "tutorial/pytorch.html#acknowledgments",
diff --git a/tutorial/pytorch.html b/tutorial/pytorch.html
index 4791c60..4d6eabf 100644
--- a/tutorial/pytorch.html
+++ b/tutorial/pytorch.html
@@ -331,7 +331,7 @@ <h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="introduction">Introduction</h2>
 <section id="the-new-york-city-flight-data" class="level2">
 <h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="the-new-york-city-flight-data">The New York City flight data</h2>
 <p>Let’s use the <a href="https://github.com/hadley/nycflights13">nycflights13 data</a> to predict whether a plane arrives more than 30 minutes late. This dataset contains information on 325,819 flights departing near New York City in 2013. Let’s start by loading the data and making a few changes to the variables:</p>
-<div id="31bf3a1f" class="cell" data-execution_count="1">
+<div id="933f620f" class="cell" data-execution_count="1">
 <div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb2"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb2-1"><a href="#cb2-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="im">import</span> ibis</span>
 <span id="cb2-2"><a href="#cb2-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
 <span id="cb2-3"><a href="#cb2-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>con <span class="op">=</span> ibis.<span class="ex">connect</span>(<span class="st">"duckdb://nycflights13.ddb"</span>)</span>
@@ -343,7 +343,7 @@ <h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="the-new-york-city-flight-data">The New York
 <span id="cb2-9"><a href="#cb2-9" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
 </div>
 <p>You can now see the example dataset copied over to the database:</p>
-<div id="7b548465" class="cell" data-execution_count="2">
+<div id="24e15adf" class="cell" data-execution_count="2">
 <div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb3"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb3-1"><a href="#cb3-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>con <span class="op">=</span> ibis.<span class="ex">connect</span>(<span class="st">"duckdb://nycflights13.ddb"</span>)</span>
 <span id="cb3-2"><a href="#cb3-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>con.list_tables()</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
 <div class="cell-output cell-output-display" data-execution_count="2">
@@ -351,10 +351,10 @@ <h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="the-new-york-city-flight-data">The New York
 </div>
 </div>
 <p>We’ll turn on interactive mode, which partially executes queries to give users a preview of the results.</p>
-<div id="cdfcc57a" class="cell" data-execution_count="3">
+<div id="e29510b2" class="cell" data-execution_count="3">
 <div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb5"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb5-1"><a href="#cb5-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>ibis.options.interactive <span class="op">=</span> <span class="va">True</span></span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
 </div>
-<div id="c9f6591c" class="cell" data-execution_count="4">
+<div id="9f2a53d8" class="cell" data-execution_count="4">
 <div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb6"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb6-1"><a href="#cb6-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>flights <span class="op">=</span> con.table(<span class="st">"flights"</span>)</span>
 <span id="cb6-2"><a href="#cb6-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>flights <span class="op">=</span> flights.mutate(</span>
 <span id="cb6-3"><a href="#cb6-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>    dep_time<span class="op">=</span>(</span>
@@ -388,7 +388,7 @@ <h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="the-new-york-city-flight-data">The New York
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
-<div id="2772a1f5" class="cell" data-execution_count="5">
+<div id="8f67cf1a" class="cell" data-execution_count="5">
 <div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb7"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb7-1"><a href="#cb7-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>weather <span class="op">=</span> con.table(<span class="st">"weather"</span>)</span>
 <span id="cb7-2"><a href="#cb7-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>weather</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
 <div class="cell-output cell-output-display" data-execution_count="5">
@@ -412,7 +412,7 @@ <h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="the-new-york-city-flight-data">The New York
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
-<div id="608556b8" class="cell" data-execution_count="6">
+<div id="8fca0164" class="cell" data-execution_count="6">
 <div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb8"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb8-1"><a href="#cb8-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>flight_data <span class="op">=</span> (</span>
 <span id="cb8-2"><a href="#cb8-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>    flights.mutate(</span>
 <span id="cb8-3"><a href="#cb8-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>        <span class="co"># Convert the arrival delay to a factor</span></span>
@@ -441,7 +441,7 @@ <h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="the-new-york-city-flight-data">The New York
 <span id="cb8-26"><a href="#cb8-26" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>)</span>
 <span id="cb8-27"><a href="#cb8-27" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>flight_data</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
 <div class="cell-output cell-output-stderr">
-<pre><code>/tmp/ipykernel_2362/2398233849.py:25: FutureWarning: `Table.dropna` is deprecated as of v9.1; use drop_null instead
+<pre><code>/tmp/ipykernel_2449/2398233849.py:25: FutureWarning: `Table.dropna` is deprecated as of v9.1; use drop_null instead
   .dropna()</code></pre>
 </div>
 <div class="cell-output cell-output-display" data-execution_count="6">
@@ -450,23 +450,23 @@ <h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="the-new-york-city-flight-data">The New York
 ┡━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┩
 │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">time</span>     │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">int64</span>  │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">string</span> │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">string</span> │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">int64</span>    │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">int64</span>    │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">string</span>  │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">date</span>       │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">int64</span>     │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">timestamp(6)</span>        │
 ├──────────┼────────┼────────┼────────┼──────────┼──────────┼─────────┼────────────┼───────────┼─────────────────────┤
-│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">05:17:00</span> │   <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1545</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">EWR   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">IAH   </span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">227</span> │     <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1400</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">UA     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-01-01</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-01-01 10:00:00</span> │
-│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">05:33:00</span> │   <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1714</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">LGA   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">IAH   </span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">227</span> │     <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1416</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">UA     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-01-01</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-01-01 10:00:00</span> │
-│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">05:42:00</span> │   <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1141</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">JFK   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">MIA   </span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">160</span> │     <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1089</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">AA     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-01-01</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-01-01 10:00:00</span> │
-│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">05:44:00</span> │    <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">725</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">JFK   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">BQN   </span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">183</span> │     <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1576</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">B6     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-01-01</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-01-01 10:00:00</span> │
-│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">05:54:00</span> │    <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">461</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">LGA   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">ATL   </span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">116</span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">762</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">DL     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-01-01</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-01-01 11:00:00</span> │
-│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">05:54:00</span> │   <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1696</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">EWR   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">ORD   </span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">150</span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">719</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">UA     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-01-01</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-01-01 10:00:00</span> │
-│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">05:55:00</span> │    <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">507</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">EWR   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">FLL   </span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">158</span> │     <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1065</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">B6     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-01-01</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-01-01 11:00:00</span> │
-│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">05:57:00</span> │   <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">5708</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">LGA   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">IAD   </span> │       <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">53</span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">229</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">EV     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-01-01</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-01-01 11:00:00</span> │
-│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">05:57:00</span> │     <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">79</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">JFK   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">MCO   </span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">140</span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">944</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">B6     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-01-01</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-01-01 11:00:00</span> │
-│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">05:58:00</span> │    <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">301</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">LGA   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">ORD   </span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">138</span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">733</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">AA     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-01-01</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-01-01 11:00:00</span> │
+│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">05:57:00</span> │    <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">461</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">LGA   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">ATL   </span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">100</span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">762</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">DL     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-06-26</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-06-26 10:00:00</span> │
+│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">05:58:00</span> │   <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">4424</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">EWR   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">RDU   </span> │       <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">63</span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">416</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">EV     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-06-26</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-06-26 10:00:00</span> │
+│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">05:58:00</span> │   <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">6177</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">EWR   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">IAD   </span> │       <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">45</span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">212</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">EV     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-06-26</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-06-26 10:00:00</span> │
+│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">06:00:00</span> │    <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">731</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">LGA   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">DTW   </span> │       <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">78</span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">502</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">DL     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-06-26</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-06-26 10:00:00</span> │
+│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">06:01:00</span> │    <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">684</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">EWR   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">LAX   </span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">316</span> │     <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">2454</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">UA     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-06-26</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-06-26 10:00:00</span> │
+│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">06:01:00</span> │    <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">301</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">LGA   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">ORD   </span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">164</span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">733</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">AA     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-06-26</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-06-26 10:00:00</span> │
+│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">06:01:00</span> │   <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1837</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">LGA   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">MIA   </span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">148</span> │     <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1096</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">AA     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-06-26</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-06-26 10:00:00</span> │
+│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">06:01:00</span> │   <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1279</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">LGA   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">MEM   </span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">128</span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">963</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">DL     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-06-26</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-06-26 10:00:00</span> │
+│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">06:02:00</span> │   <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1691</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">JFK   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">LAX   </span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">309</span> │     <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">2475</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">UA     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-06-26</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-06-26 10:00:00</span> │
+│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">06:04:00</span> │   <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1447</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">JFK   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">CLT   </span> │       <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">75</span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">541</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">US     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-06-26</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-06-26 10:00:00</span> │
 │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">…</span>        │      <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">…</span> │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">…</span>      │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">…</span>      │        <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">…</span> │        <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">…</span> │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">…</span>       │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">…</span>          │         <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">…</span> │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">…</span>                   │
 └──────────┴────────┴────────┴────────┴──────────┴──────────┴─────────┴────────────┴───────────┴─────────────────────┘
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 <p>We can see that about 16% of the flights in this dataset arrived more than 30 minutes late.</p>
-<div id="65922a9d" class="cell" data-execution_count="7">
+<div id="a23790df" class="cell" data-execution_count="7">
 <div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb10"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb10-1"><a href="#cb10-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>flight_data.arr_delay.value_counts().rename(n<span class="op">=</span><span class="st">"arr_delay_count"</span>).mutate(</span>
 <span id="cb10-2"><a href="#cb10-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>    prop<span class="op">=</span>ibis._.n <span class="op">/</span> ibis._.n.<span class="bu">sum</span>()</span>
 <span id="cb10-3"><a href="#cb10-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
@@ -487,7 +487,7 @@ <h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="the-new-york-city-flight-data">The New York
 <h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="data-splitting">Data splitting</h2>
 <p>To get started, let’s split this single dataset into two: a <em>training</em> set and a <em>testing</em> set. We’ll keep most of the rows in the original dataset (subset chosen randomly) in the <em>training</em> set. The training data will be used to <em>fit</em> the model, and the <em>testing</em> set will be used to measure model performance.</p>
 <p>Because the order of rows in an Ibis table is undefined, we need a unique key to split the data reproducibly. <a href="https://www.euclaim.com/blog/flight-numbers-explained#:~:text=Can%20flight%20numbers%20be%20reused,of%20travel%20is%20always%20unique.">It is permissible for airlines to use the same flight number for different routes, as long as the flights do not operate on the same day. This means that the combination of the flight number and the date of travel is always unique.</a></p>
-<div id="1dad20d2" class="cell" data-execution_count="8">
+<div id="6cf92e93" class="cell" data-execution_count="8">
 <div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb11"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb11-1"><a href="#cb11-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>flight_data_with_unique_key <span class="op">=</span> flight_data.mutate(</span>
 <span id="cb11-2"><a href="#cb11-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>    unique_key<span class="op">=</span>ibis.literal(<span class="st">","</span>).join(</span>
 <span id="cb11-3"><a href="#cb11-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>        [flight_data.carrier, flight_data.flight.cast(<span class="bu">str</span>), flight_data.date.cast(<span class="bu">str</span>)]</span>
@@ -500,22 +500,22 @@ <h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="data-splitting">Data splitting</h2>
 ┡━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┩
 │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">time</span>     │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">int64</span>  │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">string</span> │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">string</span> │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">int64</span>    │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">int64</span>    │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">string</span>  │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">date</span>       │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">int64</span>     │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">timestamp(6)</span>        │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">string</span>             │
 ├──────────┼────────┼────────┼────────┼──────────┼──────────┼─────────┼────────────┼───────────┼─────────────────────┼────────────────────┤
-│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">05:57:00</span> │    <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">461</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">LGA   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">ATL   </span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">100</span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">762</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">DL     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-06-26</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-06-26 10:00:00</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">DL,461,2013-06-26 </span> │
-│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">05:58:00</span> │   <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">4424</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">EWR   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">RDU   </span> │       <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">63</span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">416</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">EV     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-06-26</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-06-26 10:00:00</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">EV,4424,2013-06-26</span> │
-│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">05:58:00</span> │   <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">6177</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">EWR   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">IAD   </span> │       <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">45</span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">212</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">EV     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-06-26</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-06-26 10:00:00</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">EV,6177,2013-06-26</span> │
-│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">06:00:00</span> │    <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">731</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">LGA   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">DTW   </span> │       <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">78</span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">502</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">DL     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-06-26</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-06-26 10:00:00</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">DL,731,2013-06-26 </span> │
-│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">06:01:00</span> │    <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">684</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">EWR   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">LAX   </span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">316</span> │     <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">2454</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">UA     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-06-26</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-06-26 10:00:00</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">UA,684,2013-06-26 </span> │
-│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">06:01:00</span> │    <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">301</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">LGA   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">ORD   </span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">164</span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">733</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">AA     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-06-26</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-06-26 10:00:00</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">AA,301,2013-06-26 </span> │
-│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">06:01:00</span> │   <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1837</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">LGA   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">MIA   </span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">148</span> │     <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1096</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">AA     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-06-26</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-06-26 10:00:00</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">AA,1837,2013-06-26</span> │
-│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">06:01:00</span> │   <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1279</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">LGA   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">MEM   </span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">128</span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">963</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">DL     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-06-26</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-06-26 10:00:00</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">DL,1279,2013-06-26</span> │
-│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">06:02:00</span> │   <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1691</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">JFK   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">LAX   </span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">309</span> │     <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">2475</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">UA     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-06-26</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-06-26 10:00:00</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">UA,1691,2013-06-26</span> │
-│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">06:04:00</span> │   <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1447</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">JFK   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">CLT   </span> │       <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">75</span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">541</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">US     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-06-26</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-06-26 10:00:00</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">US,1447,2013-06-26</span> │
+│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">05:17:00</span> │   <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1545</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">EWR   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">IAH   </span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">227</span> │     <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1400</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">UA     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-01-01</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-01-01 10:00:00</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">UA,1545,2013-01-01</span> │
+│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">05:33:00</span> │   <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1714</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">LGA   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">IAH   </span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">227</span> │     <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1416</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">UA     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-01-01</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-01-01 10:00:00</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">UA,1714,2013-01-01</span> │
+│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">05:42:00</span> │   <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1141</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">JFK   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">MIA   </span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">160</span> │     <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1089</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">AA     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-01-01</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-01-01 10:00:00</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">AA,1141,2013-01-01</span> │
+│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">05:44:00</span> │    <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">725</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">JFK   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">BQN   </span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">183</span> │     <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1576</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">B6     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-01-01</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-01-01 10:00:00</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">B6,725,2013-01-01 </span> │
+│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">05:54:00</span> │    <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">461</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">LGA   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">ATL   </span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">116</span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">762</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">DL     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-01-01</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-01-01 11:00:00</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">DL,461,2013-01-01 </span> │
+│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">05:54:00</span> │   <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1696</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">EWR   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">ORD   </span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">150</span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">719</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">UA     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-01-01</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-01-01 10:00:00</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">UA,1696,2013-01-01</span> │
+│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">05:55:00</span> │    <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">507</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">EWR   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">FLL   </span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">158</span> │     <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1065</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">B6     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-01-01</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-01-01 11:00:00</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">B6,507,2013-01-01 </span> │
+│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">05:57:00</span> │   <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">5708</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">LGA   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">IAD   </span> │       <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">53</span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">229</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">EV     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-01-01</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-01-01 11:00:00</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">EV,5708,2013-01-01</span> │
+│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">05:57:00</span> │     <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">79</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">JFK   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">MCO   </span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">140</span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">944</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">B6     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-01-01</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-01-01 11:00:00</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">B6,79,2013-01-01  </span> │
+│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">05:58:00</span> │    <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">301</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">LGA   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">ORD   </span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">138</span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">733</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">AA     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-01-01</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-01-01 11:00:00</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">AA,301,2013-01-01 </span> │
 │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">…</span>        │      <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">…</span> │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">…</span>      │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">…</span>      │        <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">…</span> │        <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">…</span> │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">…</span>       │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">…</span>          │         <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">…</span> │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">…</span>                   │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">…</span>                  │
 └──────────┴────────┴────────┴────────┴──────────┴──────────┴─────────┴────────────┴───────────┴─────────────────────┴────────────────────┘
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
-<div id="900a1d93" class="cell" data-execution_count="9">
+<div id="245867e1" class="cell" data-execution_count="9">
 <div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb12"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb12-1"><a href="#cb12-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># </span><span class="al">FIXME</span><span class="co">(deepyaman): Proposed key isn't unique for actual departure date.</span></span>
 <span id="cb12-2"><a href="#cb12-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>flight_data_with_unique_key.group_by(<span class="st">"unique_key"</span>).mutate(</span>
 <span id="cb12-3"><a href="#cb12-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>    cnt<span class="op">=</span>flight_data_with_unique_key.count()</span>
@@ -545,7 +545,7 @@ <h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="data-splitting">Data splitting</h2>
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
-<div id="374958a0" class="cell" data-execution_count="10">
+<div id="4742565f" class="cell" data-execution_count="10">
 <div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb14"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb14-1"><a href="#cb14-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="im">import</span> random</span>
 <span id="cb14-2"><a href="#cb14-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
 <span id="cb14-3"><a href="#cb14-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># Fix the random numbers by setting the seed</span></span>
@@ -565,7 +565,7 @@ <h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="data-splitting">Data splitting</h2>
 </section>
 <section id="create-features" class="level2">
 <h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="create-features">Create features</h2>
-<div id="f39956d8" class="cell" data-execution_count="11">
+<div id="f665f57c" class="cell" data-execution_count="11">
 <div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb15"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb15-1"><a href="#cb15-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="im">import</span> ibis_ml <span class="im">as</span> ml</span>
 <span id="cb15-2"><a href="#cb15-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
 <span id="cb15-3"><a href="#cb15-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>flights_rec <span class="op">=</span> ml.Recipe(</span>
@@ -591,7 +591,7 @@ <h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="fit-a-model-with-a-recipe">Fit a model with
 <li><p><strong>Apply the recipe to the test set</strong>: We create the final predictor set on the test set. Nothing is recomputed and no information from the test set is used here; the dummy variable and zero-variance results from the training set are applied to the test set.</p></li>
 </ol>
 <p>To simplify this process, we can use a <a href="https://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/generated/sklearn.pipeline.Pipeline.html">scikit-learn <code>Pipeline</code></a>.</p>
-<div id="a6d62353" class="cell" data-execution_count="12">
+<div id="e8e44a0b" class="cell" data-execution_count="12">
 <div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb16"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb16-1"><a href="#cb16-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="im">from</span> sklearn.pipeline <span class="im">import</span> Pipeline</span>
 <span id="cb16-2"><a href="#cb16-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="im">from</span> skorch <span class="im">import</span> NeuralNetClassifier</span>
 <span id="cb16-3"><a href="#cb16-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="im">from</span> torch <span class="im">import</span> nn</span>
@@ -627,23 +627,23 @@ <h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="fit-a-model-with-a-recipe">Fit a model with
 <span id="cb16-33"><a href="#cb16-33" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>pipe <span class="op">=</span> Pipeline([(<span class="st">"flights_rec"</span>, flights_rec), (<span class="st">"net"</span>, net)])</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
 </div>
 <p>Now, there is a single function that can be used to prepare the recipe and train the model from the resulting predictors:</p>
-<div id="1b66a4a1" class="cell" data-execution_count="13">
+<div id="a96caa61" class="cell" data-execution_count="13">
 <div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb17"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb17-1"><a href="#cb17-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>X_train <span class="op">=</span> train_data.drop(<span class="st">"arr_delay"</span>)</span>
 <span id="cb17-2"><a href="#cb17-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>y_train <span class="op">=</span> train_data.arr_delay</span>
 <span id="cb17-3"><a href="#cb17-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>pipe.fit(X_train, y_train)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
 <div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
 <pre><code>  epoch    train_loss    valid_acc    valid_loss     dur
 -------  ------------  -----------  ------------  ------
-      1       12.7487       0.1614       13.3699  2.2440
-      2       12.6193       0.1614       13.3699  2.2613
-      3       12.6205       0.1614       13.3699  2.2588
-      4       12.6297       0.1614       13.3699  2.2415
-      5       12.6231       0.1614       13.3699  2.2655
-      6       12.6253       0.1614       13.3699  2.2499
-      7       12.6224       0.1614       13.3699  2.2458
-      8       12.6363       0.1614       13.3699  2.2525
-      9       12.6327       0.1614       13.3699  2.2465
-     10       12.6278       0.1614       13.3699  2.2518</code></pre>
+      1        2.4361       0.8386        2.5725  2.2275
+      2        2.4430       0.8386        2.5725  2.2309
+      3        2.4351       0.8386        2.5725  2.2241
+      4        2.4398       0.8386        2.5725  2.2403
+      5        2.4412       0.8386        2.5725  2.2479
+      6        2.4392       0.8386        2.5725  2.2221
+      7        2.4402       0.8386        2.5725  2.2583
+      8        2.4369       0.8386        2.5725  2.2588
+      9        2.4294       0.8386        2.5725  2.2367
+     10        2.4453       0.8386        2.5725  2.2272</code></pre>
 </div>
 <div class="cell-output cell-output-display" data-execution_count="13">
 <style>#sk-container-id-1 {
@@ -1112,12 +1112,12 @@ <h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="fit-a-model-with-a-recipe">Fit a model with
 <section id="use-a-trained-workflow-to-predict" class="level2">
 <h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="use-a-trained-workflow-to-predict">Use a trained workflow to predict</h2>
 <p>…</p>
-<div id="acd98236" class="cell" data-execution_count="14">
+<div id="52236928" class="cell" data-execution_count="14">
 <div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb19"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb19-1"><a href="#cb19-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>X_test <span class="op">=</span> test_data.drop(<span class="st">"arr_delay"</span>)</span>
 <span id="cb19-2"><a href="#cb19-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>y_test <span class="op">=</span> test_data.arr_delay</span>
 <span id="cb19-3"><a href="#cb19-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>pipe.score(X_test, y_test)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
 <div class="cell-output cell-output-display" data-execution_count="14">
-<pre><code>0.16091501660312385</code></pre>
+<pre><code>0.8390849833968762</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 </section>
diff --git a/tutorial/scikit-learn.html b/tutorial/scikit-learn.html
index 26f28b3..f06e8b9 100644
--- a/tutorial/scikit-learn.html
+++ b/tutorial/scikit-learn.html
@@ -331,7 +331,7 @@ <h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="introduction">Introduction</h2>
 <section id="the-new-york-city-flight-data" class="level2">
 <h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="the-new-york-city-flight-data">The New York City flight data</h2>
 <p>Let’s use the <a href="https://github.com/hadley/nycflights13">nycflights13 data</a> to predict whether a plane arrives more than 30 minutes late. This dataset contains information on 325,819 flights departing near New York City in 2013. Let’s start by loading the data and making a few changes to the variables:</p>
-<div id="5ac92d6a" class="cell" data-execution_count="1">
+<div id="a10f67c8" class="cell" data-execution_count="1">
 <div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb2"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb2-1"><a href="#cb2-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="im">import</span> ibis</span>
 <span id="cb2-2"><a href="#cb2-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
 <span id="cb2-3"><a href="#cb2-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>con <span class="op">=</span> ibis.<span class="ex">connect</span>(<span class="st">"duckdb://nycflights13.ddb"</span>)</span>
@@ -343,7 +343,7 @@ <h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="the-new-york-city-flight-data">The New York
 <span id="cb2-9"><a href="#cb2-9" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
 </div>
 <p>You can now see the example dataset copied over to the database:</p>
-<div id="e5d1591b" class="cell" data-execution_count="2">
+<div id="37969b58" class="cell" data-execution_count="2">
 <div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb3"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb3-1"><a href="#cb3-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>con <span class="op">=</span> ibis.<span class="ex">connect</span>(<span class="st">"duckdb://nycflights13.ddb"</span>)</span>
 <span id="cb3-2"><a href="#cb3-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>con.list_tables()</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
 <div class="cell-output cell-output-display" data-execution_count="2">
@@ -351,10 +351,10 @@ <h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="the-new-york-city-flight-data">The New York
 </div>
 </div>
 <p>We’ll turn on interactive mode, which partially executes queries to give users a preview of the results.</p>
-<div id="63946b5c" class="cell" data-execution_count="3">
+<div id="1c925adc" class="cell" data-execution_count="3">
 <div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb5"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb5-1"><a href="#cb5-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>ibis.options.interactive <span class="op">=</span> <span class="va">True</span></span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
 </div>
-<div id="f52483b2" class="cell" data-execution_count="4">
+<div id="88cac04a" class="cell" data-execution_count="4">
 <div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb6"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb6-1"><a href="#cb6-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>flights <span class="op">=</span> con.table(<span class="st">"flights"</span>)</span>
 <span id="cb6-2"><a href="#cb6-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>flights <span class="op">=</span> flights.mutate(</span>
 <span id="cb6-3"><a href="#cb6-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>    dep_time<span class="op">=</span>(</span>
@@ -388,7 +388,7 @@ <h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="the-new-york-city-flight-data">The New York
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
-<div id="0143387f" class="cell" data-execution_count="5">
+<div id="b8cc036c" class="cell" data-execution_count="5">
 <div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb7"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb7-1"><a href="#cb7-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>weather <span class="op">=</span> con.table(<span class="st">"weather"</span>)</span>
 <span id="cb7-2"><a href="#cb7-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>weather</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
 <div class="cell-output cell-output-display" data-execution_count="5">
@@ -412,7 +412,7 @@ <h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="the-new-york-city-flight-data">The New York
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
-<div id="d2fc2296" class="cell" data-execution_count="6">
+<div id="853861e7" class="cell" data-execution_count="6">
 <div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb8"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb8-1"><a href="#cb8-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>flight_data <span class="op">=</span> (</span>
 <span id="cb8-2"><a href="#cb8-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>    flights.mutate(</span>
 <span id="cb8-3"><a href="#cb8-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>        <span class="co"># Convert the arrival delay to a factor</span></span>
@@ -440,7 +440,7 @@ <h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="the-new-york-city-flight-data">The New York
 <span id="cb8-25"><a href="#cb8-25" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>)</span>
 <span id="cb8-26"><a href="#cb8-26" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>flight_data</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
 <div class="cell-output cell-output-stderr">
-<pre><code>/tmp/ipykernel_2246/1355661947.py:24: FutureWarning: `Table.dropna` is deprecated as of v9.1; use drop_null instead
+<pre><code>/tmp/ipykernel_2330/1355661947.py:24: FutureWarning: `Table.dropna` is deprecated as of v9.1; use drop_null instead
   .dropna()</code></pre>
 </div>
 <div class="cell-output cell-output-display" data-execution_count="6">
@@ -449,23 +449,23 @@ <h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="the-new-york-city-flight-data">The New York
 ┡━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┩
 │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">time</span>     │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">int64</span>  │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">string</span> │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">string</span> │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">int64</span>    │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">int64</span>    │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">string</span>  │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">date</span>       │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">int8</span>      │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">timestamp(6)</span>        │
 ├──────────┼────────┼────────┼────────┼──────────┼──────────┼─────────┼────────────┼───────────┼─────────────────────┤
-│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">05:17:00</span> │   <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1545</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">EWR   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">IAH   </span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">227</span> │     <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1400</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">UA     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-01-01</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-01-01 10:00:00</span> │
-│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">05:33:00</span> │   <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1714</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">LGA   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">IAH   </span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">227</span> │     <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1416</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">UA     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-01-01</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-01-01 10:00:00</span> │
-│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">05:42:00</span> │   <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1141</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">JFK   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">MIA   </span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">160</span> │     <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1089</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">AA     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-01-01</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-01-01 10:00:00</span> │
-│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">05:44:00</span> │    <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">725</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">JFK   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">BQN   </span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">183</span> │     <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1576</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">B6     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-01-01</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-01-01 10:00:00</span> │
-│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">05:54:00</span> │    <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">461</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">LGA   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">ATL   </span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">116</span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">762</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">DL     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-01-01</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-01-01 11:00:00</span> │
-│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">05:54:00</span> │   <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1696</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">EWR   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">ORD   </span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">150</span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">719</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">UA     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-01-01</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-01-01 10:00:00</span> │
-│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">05:55:00</span> │    <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">507</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">EWR   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">FLL   </span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">158</span> │     <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1065</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">B6     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-01-01</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-01-01 11:00:00</span> │
-│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">05:57:00</span> │   <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">5708</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">LGA   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">IAD   </span> │       <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">53</span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">229</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">EV     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-01-01</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-01-01 11:00:00</span> │
-│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">05:57:00</span> │     <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">79</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">JFK   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">MCO   </span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">140</span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">944</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">B6     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-01-01</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-01-01 11:00:00</span> │
-│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">05:58:00</span> │    <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">301</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">LGA   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">ORD   </span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">138</span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">733</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">AA     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-01-01</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-01-01 11:00:00</span> │
+│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">05:57:00</span> │    <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">461</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">LGA   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">ATL   </span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">100</span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">762</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">DL     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-06-26</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-06-26 10:00:00</span> │
+│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">05:58:00</span> │   <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">4424</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">EWR   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">RDU   </span> │       <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">63</span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">416</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">EV     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-06-26</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-06-26 10:00:00</span> │
+│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">05:58:00</span> │   <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">6177</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">EWR   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">IAD   </span> │       <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">45</span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">212</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">EV     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-06-26</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-06-26 10:00:00</span> │
+│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">06:00:00</span> │    <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">731</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">LGA   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">DTW   </span> │       <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">78</span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">502</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">DL     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-06-26</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-06-26 10:00:00</span> │
+│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">06:01:00</span> │    <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">684</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">EWR   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">LAX   </span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">316</span> │     <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">2454</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">UA     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-06-26</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-06-26 10:00:00</span> │
+│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">06:01:00</span> │    <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">301</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">LGA   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">ORD   </span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">164</span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">733</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">AA     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-06-26</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-06-26 10:00:00</span> │
+│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">06:01:00</span> │   <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1837</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">LGA   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">MIA   </span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">148</span> │     <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1096</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">AA     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-06-26</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-06-26 10:00:00</span> │
+│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">06:01:00</span> │   <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1279</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">LGA   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">MEM   </span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">128</span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">963</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">DL     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-06-26</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-06-26 10:00:00</span> │
+│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">06:02:00</span> │   <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1691</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">JFK   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">LAX   </span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">309</span> │     <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">2475</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">UA     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-06-26</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-06-26 10:00:00</span> │
+│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">06:04:00</span> │   <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1447</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">JFK   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">CLT   </span> │       <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">75</span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">541</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">US     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-06-26</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-06-26 10:00:00</span> │
 │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">…</span>        │      <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">…</span> │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">…</span>      │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">…</span>      │        <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">…</span> │        <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">…</span> │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">…</span>       │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">…</span>          │         <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">…</span> │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">…</span>                   │
 └──────────┴────────┴────────┴────────┴──────────┴──────────┴─────────┴────────────┴───────────┴─────────────────────┘
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 <p>We can see that about 16% of the flights in this dataset arrived more than 30 minutes late.</p>
-<div id="866ed47c" class="cell" data-execution_count="7">
+<div id="c94124a5" class="cell" data-execution_count="7">
 <div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb10"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb10-1"><a href="#cb10-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>flight_data.arr_delay.value_counts().rename(n<span class="op">=</span><span class="st">"arr_delay_count"</span>).mutate(</span>
 <span id="cb10-2"><a href="#cb10-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>    prop<span class="op">=</span>ibis._.n <span class="op">/</span> ibis._.n.<span class="bu">sum</span>()</span>
 <span id="cb10-3"><a href="#cb10-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
@@ -486,7 +486,7 @@ <h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="the-new-york-city-flight-data">The New York
 <h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="data-splitting">Data splitting</h2>
 <p>To get started, let’s split this single dataset into two: a <em>training</em> set and a <em>testing</em> set. We’ll keep most of the rows in the original dataset (subset chosen randomly) in the <em>training</em> set. The training data will be used to <em>fit</em> the model, and the <em>testing</em> set will be used to measure model performance.</p>
 <p>Because the order of rows in an Ibis table is undefined, we need a unique key to split the data reproducibly. <a href="https://www.euclaim.com/blog/flight-numbers-explained#:~:text=Can%20flight%20numbers%20be%20reused,of%20travel%20is%20always%20unique.">It is permissible for airlines to use the same flight number for different routes, as long as the flights do not operate on the same day. This means that the combination of the flight number and the date of travel is always unique.</a></p>
-<div id="589b1082" class="cell" data-execution_count="8">
+<div id="da7bbc00" class="cell" data-execution_count="8">
 <div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb11"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb11-1"><a href="#cb11-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>flight_data_with_unique_key <span class="op">=</span> flight_data.mutate(</span>
 <span id="cb11-2"><a href="#cb11-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>    unique_key<span class="op">=</span>ibis.literal(<span class="st">","</span>).join(</span>
 <span id="cb11-3"><a href="#cb11-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>        [flight_data.carrier, flight_data.flight.cast(<span class="bu">str</span>), flight_data.date.cast(<span class="bu">str</span>)]</span>
@@ -499,22 +499,22 @@ <h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="data-splitting">Data splitting</h2>
 ┡━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┩
 │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">time</span>     │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">int64</span>  │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">string</span> │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">string</span> │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">int64</span>    │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">int64</span>    │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">string</span>  │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">date</span>       │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">int8</span>      │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">timestamp(6)</span>        │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">string</span>             │
 ├──────────┼────────┼────────┼────────┼──────────┼──────────┼─────────┼────────────┼───────────┼─────────────────────┼────────────────────┤
-│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">05:17:00</span> │   <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1545</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">EWR   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">IAH   </span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">227</span> │     <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1400</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">UA     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-01-01</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-01-01 10:00:00</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">UA,1545,2013-01-01</span> │
-│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">05:33:00</span> │   <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1714</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">LGA   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">IAH   </span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">227</span> │     <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1416</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">UA     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-01-01</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-01-01 10:00:00</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">UA,1714,2013-01-01</span> │
-│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">05:42:00</span> │   <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1141</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">JFK   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">MIA   </span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">160</span> │     <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1089</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">AA     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-01-01</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-01-01 10:00:00</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">AA,1141,2013-01-01</span> │
-│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">05:44:00</span> │    <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">725</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">JFK   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">BQN   </span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">183</span> │     <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1576</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">B6     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-01-01</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-01-01 10:00:00</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">B6,725,2013-01-01 </span> │
-│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">05:54:00</span> │    <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">461</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">LGA   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">ATL   </span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">116</span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">762</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">DL     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-01-01</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-01-01 11:00:00</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">DL,461,2013-01-01 </span> │
-│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">05:54:00</span> │   <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1696</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">EWR   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">ORD   </span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">150</span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">719</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">UA     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-01-01</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-01-01 10:00:00</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">UA,1696,2013-01-01</span> │
-│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">05:55:00</span> │    <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">507</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">EWR   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">FLL   </span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">158</span> │     <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1065</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">B6     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-01-01</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-01-01 11:00:00</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">B6,507,2013-01-01 </span> │
-│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">05:57:00</span> │   <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">5708</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">LGA   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">IAD   </span> │       <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">53</span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">229</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">EV     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-01-01</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-01-01 11:00:00</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">EV,5708,2013-01-01</span> │
-│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">05:57:00</span> │     <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">79</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">JFK   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">MCO   </span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">140</span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">944</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">B6     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-01-01</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-01-01 11:00:00</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">B6,79,2013-01-01  </span> │
-│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">05:58:00</span> │    <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">301</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">LGA   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">ORD   </span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">138</span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">733</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">AA     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-01-01</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-01-01 11:00:00</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">AA,301,2013-01-01 </span> │
+│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">10:45:00</span> │     <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">67</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">EWR   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">ORD   </span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">120</span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">719</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">UA     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-02-14</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-02-14 15:00:00</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">UA,67,2013-02-14  </span> │
+│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">10:48:00</span> │    <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">373</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">LGA   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">FLL   </span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">179</span> │     <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1076</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">B6     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-02-14</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-02-14 15:00:00</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">B6,373,2013-02-14 </span> │
+│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">10:48:00</span> │    <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">764</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">EWR   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">IAH   </span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">207</span> │     <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1400</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">UA     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-02-14</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-02-14 15:00:00</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">UA,764,2013-02-14 </span> │
+│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">10:51:00</span> │   <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">2044</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">LGA   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">MIA   </span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">171</span> │     <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1096</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">DL     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-02-14</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-02-14 16:00:00</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">DL,2044,2013-02-14</span> │
+│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">10:51:00</span> │   <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">2171</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">LGA   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">DCA   </span> │       <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">40</span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">214</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">US     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-02-14</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-02-14 16:00:00</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">US,2171,2013-02-14</span> │
+│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">10:57:00</span> │   <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1275</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">JFK   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">SLC   </span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">286</span> │     <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1990</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">DL     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-02-14</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-02-14 16:00:00</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">DL,1275,2013-02-14</span> │
+│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">10:57:00</span> │    <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">366</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">LGA   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">STL   </span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">135</span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">888</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">WN     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-02-14</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-02-14 16:00:00</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">WN,366,2013-02-14 </span> │
+│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">10:57:00</span> │   <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1550</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">EWR   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">SFO   </span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">338</span> │     <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">2565</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">UA     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-02-14</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-02-14 15:00:00</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">UA,1550,2013-02-14</span> │
+│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">10:58:00</span> │   <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">4694</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">EWR   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">MKE   </span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">113</span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">725</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">EV     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-02-14</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-02-14 15:00:00</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">EV,4694,2013-02-14</span> │
+│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">10:58:00</span> │   <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1647</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">LGA   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">ATL   </span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">117</span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">762</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">DL     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-02-14</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-02-14 16:00:00</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">DL,1647,2013-02-14</span> │
 │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">…</span>        │      <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">…</span> │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">…</span>      │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">…</span>      │        <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">…</span> │        <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">…</span> │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">…</span>       │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">…</span>          │         <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">…</span> │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">…</span>                   │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">…</span>                  │
 └──────────┴────────┴────────┴────────┴──────────┴──────────┴─────────┴────────────┴───────────┴─────────────────────┴────────────────────┘
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
-<div id="45913a7d" class="cell" data-execution_count="9">
+<div id="77f4d40f" class="cell" data-execution_count="9">
 <div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb12"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb12-1"><a href="#cb12-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># </span><span class="al">FIXME</span><span class="co">(deepyaman): Proposed key isn't unique for actual departure date.</span></span>
 <span id="cb12-2"><a href="#cb12-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>flight_data_with_unique_key.group_by(<span class="st">"unique_key"</span>).mutate(</span>
 <span id="cb12-3"><a href="#cb12-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>    cnt<span class="op">=</span>flight_data_with_unique_key.count()</span>
@@ -529,14 +529,14 @@ <h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="data-splitting">Data splitting</h2>
 ┡━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━┩
 │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">time</span>     │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">int64</span>  │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">string</span> │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">string</span> │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">int64</span>    │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">int64</span>    │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">string</span>  │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">date</span>       │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">int8</span>      │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">timestamp(6)</span>        │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">string</span>             │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">int64</span> │
 ├──────────┼────────┼────────┼────────┼──────────┼──────────┼─────────┼────────────┼───────────┼─────────────────────┼────────────────────┼───────┤
-│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">19:59:00</span> │   <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1022</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">EWR   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">IAH   </span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">167</span> │     <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1400</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">UA     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-09-14</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-09-14 23:00:00</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">UA,1022,2013-09-14</span> │     <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">2</span> │
 │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">20:00:00</span> │   <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1022</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">EWR   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">IAH   </span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">186</span> │     <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1400</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">UA     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-09-14</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-09-14 00:00:00</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">UA,1022,2013-09-14</span> │     <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">2</span> │
-│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">21:16:00</span> │   <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1023</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">EWR   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">IAH   </span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">175</span> │     <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1400</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">UA     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-05-29</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-05-29 01:00:00</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">UA,1023,2013-05-29</span> │     <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">2</span> │
+│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">19:59:00</span> │   <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1022</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">EWR   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">IAH   </span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">167</span> │     <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1400</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">UA     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-09-14</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-09-14 23:00:00</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">UA,1022,2013-09-14</span> │     <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">2</span> │
 │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">19:12:00</span> │   <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1023</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">LGA   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">ORD   </span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">112</span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">733</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">UA     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-05-29</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-05-29 23:00:00</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">UA,1023,2013-05-29</span> │     <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">2</span> │
-│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">15:18:00</span> │   <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1052</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">EWR   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">IAH   </span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">174</span> │     <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1400</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">UA     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-08-27</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-08-27 19:00:00</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">UA,1052,2013-08-27</span> │     <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">2</span> │
+│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">21:16:00</span> │   <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1023</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">EWR   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">IAH   </span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">175</span> │     <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1400</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">UA     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-05-29</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-05-29 01:00:00</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">UA,1023,2013-05-29</span> │     <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">2</span> │
 │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">21:22:00</span> │   <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1052</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">EWR   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">IAH   </span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">173</span> │     <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1400</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">UA     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-08-27</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-08-27 01:00:00</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">UA,1052,2013-08-27</span> │     <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">2</span> │
-│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">19:27:00</span> │   <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1053</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">EWR   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">CLE   </span> │       <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">69</span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">404</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">UA     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-12-20</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-12-20 00:00:00</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">UA,1053,2013-12-20</span> │     <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">2</span> │
+│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">15:18:00</span> │   <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1052</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">EWR   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">IAH   </span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">174</span> │     <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1400</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">UA     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-08-27</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-08-27 19:00:00</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">UA,1052,2013-08-27</span> │     <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">2</span> │
 │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">18:39:00</span> │   <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1053</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">EWR   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">CLE   </span> │       <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">72</span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">404</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">UA     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-12-20</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-12-20 23:00:00</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">UA,1053,2013-12-20</span> │     <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">2</span> │
+│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">19:27:00</span> │   <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1053</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">EWR   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">CLE   </span> │       <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">69</span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">404</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">UA     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-12-20</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-12-20 00:00:00</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">UA,1053,2013-12-20</span> │     <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">2</span> │
 │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">20:16:00</span> │   <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1071</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">EWR   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">BQN   </span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">196</span> │     <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1585</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">UA     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-02-26</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-02-26 01:00:00</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">UA,1071,2013-02-26</span> │     <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">2</span> │
 │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">17:20:00</span> │   <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1071</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">EWR   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">PHX   </span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">281</span> │     <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">2133</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">UA     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-02-26</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-02-26 22:00:00</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">UA,1071,2013-02-26</span> │     <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">2</span> │
 │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">…</span>        │      <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">…</span> │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">…</span>      │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">…</span>      │        <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">…</span> │        <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">…</span> │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">…</span>       │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">…</span>          │         <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">…</span> │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">…</span>                   │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">…</span>                  │     <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">…</span> │
@@ -544,7 +544,7 @@ <h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="data-splitting">Data splitting</h2>
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
-<div id="c35627c4" class="cell" data-execution_count="10">
+<div id="4de14b4a" class="cell" data-execution_count="10">
 <div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb14"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb14-1"><a href="#cb14-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="im">import</span> random</span>
 <span id="cb14-2"><a href="#cb14-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
 <span id="cb14-3"><a href="#cb14-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># Fix the random numbers by setting the seed</span></span>
@@ -564,7 +564,7 @@ <h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="data-splitting">Data splitting</h2>
 </section>
 <section id="create-features" class="level2">
 <h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="create-features">Create features</h2>
-<div id="7f8761f4" class="cell" data-execution_count="11">
+<div id="0be66a44" class="cell" data-execution_count="11">
 <div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb15"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb15-1"><a href="#cb15-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="im">import</span> ibis_ml <span class="im">as</span> ml</span>
 <span id="cb15-2"><a href="#cb15-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
 <span id="cb15-3"><a href="#cb15-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>flights_rec <span class="op">=</span> ml.Recipe(</span>
@@ -587,14 +587,14 @@ <h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="fit-a-model-with-a-recipe">Fit a model with
 <li><p><strong>Apply the recipe to the test set</strong>: We create the final predictor set on the test set. Nothing is recomputed and no information from the test set is used here; the dummy variable and zero-variance results from the training set are applied to the test set.</p></li>
 </ol>
 <p>To simplify this process, we can use a <a href="https://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/generated/sklearn.pipeline.Pipeline.html">scikit-learn <code>Pipeline</code></a>.</p>
-<div id="4a3660cb" class="cell" data-execution_count="12">
+<div id="1daddbb0" class="cell" data-execution_count="12">
 <div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb16"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb16-1"><a href="#cb16-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="im">from</span> sklearn.linear_model <span class="im">import</span> LogisticRegression</span>
 <span id="cb16-2"><a href="#cb16-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="im">from</span> sklearn.pipeline <span class="im">import</span> Pipeline</span>
 <span id="cb16-3"><a href="#cb16-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
 <span id="cb16-4"><a href="#cb16-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>pipe <span class="op">=</span> Pipeline([(<span class="st">"flights_rec"</span>, flights_rec), (<span class="st">"lr_mod"</span>, LogisticRegression())])</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
 </div>
 <p>Now, there is a single function that can be used to prepare the recipe and train the model from the resulting predictors:</p>
-<div id="95c58fe8" class="cell" data-execution_count="13">
+<div id="2b9f2ee4" class="cell" data-execution_count="13">
 <div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb17"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb17-1"><a href="#cb17-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>X_train <span class="op">=</span> train_data.drop(<span class="st">"arr_delay"</span>)</span>
 <span id="cb17-2"><a href="#cb17-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>y_train <span class="op">=</span> train_data.arr_delay</span>
 <span id="cb17-3"><a href="#cb17-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>pipe.fit(X_train, y_train)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
@@ -1033,7 +1033,7 @@ <h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="fit-a-model-with-a-recipe">Fit a model with
 <section id="use-a-trained-workflow-to-predict" class="level2">
 <h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="use-a-trained-workflow-to-predict">Use a trained workflow to predict</h2>
 <p>…</p>
-<div id="823fc79d" class="cell" data-execution_count="14">
+<div id="19530edd" class="cell" data-execution_count="14">
 <div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb18"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb18-1"><a href="#cb18-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>X_test <span class="op">=</span> test_data.drop(<span class="st">"arr_delay"</span>)</span>
 <span id="cb18-2"><a href="#cb18-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>y_test <span class="op">=</span> test_data.arr_delay</span>
 <span id="cb18-3"><a href="#cb18-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>pipe.score(X_test, y_test)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
diff --git a/tutorial/xgboost.html b/tutorial/xgboost.html
index a749f8f..ecd6dca 100644
--- a/tutorial/xgboost.html
+++ b/tutorial/xgboost.html
@@ -331,7 +331,7 @@ <h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="introduction">Introduction</h2>
 <section id="the-new-york-city-flight-data" class="level2">
 <h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="the-new-york-city-flight-data">The New York City flight data</h2>
 <p>Let’s use the <a href="https://github.com/hadley/nycflights13">nycflights13 data</a> to predict whether a plane arrives more than 30 minutes late. This dataset contains information on 325,819 flights departing near New York City in 2013. Let’s start by loading the data and making a few changes to the variables:</p>
-<div id="2770cf27" class="cell" data-execution_count="1">
+<div id="2feb99b4" class="cell" data-execution_count="1">
 <div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb2"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb2-1"><a href="#cb2-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="im">import</span> ibis</span>
 <span id="cb2-2"><a href="#cb2-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
 <span id="cb2-3"><a href="#cb2-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>con <span class="op">=</span> ibis.<span class="ex">connect</span>(<span class="st">"duckdb://nycflights13.ddb"</span>)</span>
@@ -343,7 +343,7 @@ <h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="the-new-york-city-flight-data">The New York
 <span id="cb2-9"><a href="#cb2-9" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
 </div>
 <p>You can now see the example dataset copied over to the database:</p>
-<div id="f8e5182a" class="cell" data-execution_count="2">
+<div id="01fc9540" class="cell" data-execution_count="2">
 <div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb3"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb3-1"><a href="#cb3-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>con <span class="op">=</span> ibis.<span class="ex">connect</span>(<span class="st">"duckdb://nycflights13.ddb"</span>)</span>
 <span id="cb3-2"><a href="#cb3-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>con.list_tables()</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
 <div class="cell-output cell-output-display" data-execution_count="2">
@@ -351,10 +351,10 @@ <h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="the-new-york-city-flight-data">The New York
 </div>
 </div>
 <p>We’ll turn on interactive mode, which partially executes queries to give users a preview of the results.</p>
-<div id="87be13e5" class="cell" data-execution_count="3">
+<div id="11e315c3" class="cell" data-execution_count="3">
 <div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb5"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb5-1"><a href="#cb5-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>ibis.options.interactive <span class="op">=</span> <span class="va">True</span></span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
 </div>
-<div id="883f67a8" class="cell" data-execution_count="4">
+<div id="7d4b513a" class="cell" data-execution_count="4">
 <div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb6"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb6-1"><a href="#cb6-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>flights <span class="op">=</span> con.table(<span class="st">"flights"</span>)</span>
 <span id="cb6-2"><a href="#cb6-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>flights <span class="op">=</span> flights.mutate(</span>
 <span id="cb6-3"><a href="#cb6-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>    dep_time<span class="op">=</span>(</span>
@@ -388,7 +388,7 @@ <h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="the-new-york-city-flight-data">The New York
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
-<div id="efe839d0" class="cell" data-execution_count="5">
+<div id="6a88257f" class="cell" data-execution_count="5">
 <div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb7"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb7-1"><a href="#cb7-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>weather <span class="op">=</span> con.table(<span class="st">"weather"</span>)</span>
 <span id="cb7-2"><a href="#cb7-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>weather</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
 <div class="cell-output cell-output-display" data-execution_count="5">
@@ -412,7 +412,7 @@ <h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="the-new-york-city-flight-data">The New York
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
-<div id="022cc2f9" class="cell" data-execution_count="6">
+<div id="81c0b9c2" class="cell" data-execution_count="6">
 <div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb8"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb8-1"><a href="#cb8-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>flight_data <span class="op">=</span> (</span>
 <span id="cb8-2"><a href="#cb8-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>    flights.mutate(</span>
 <span id="cb8-3"><a href="#cb8-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>        <span class="co"># Convert the arrival delay to a factor</span></span>
@@ -440,7 +440,7 @@ <h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="the-new-york-city-flight-data">The New York
 <span id="cb8-25"><a href="#cb8-25" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>)</span>
 <span id="cb8-26"><a href="#cb8-26" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>flight_data</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
 <div class="cell-output cell-output-stderr">
-<pre><code>/tmp/ipykernel_2305/1355661947.py:24: FutureWarning: `Table.dropna` is deprecated as of v9.1; use drop_null instead
+<pre><code>/tmp/ipykernel_2390/1355661947.py:24: FutureWarning: `Table.dropna` is deprecated as of v9.1; use drop_null instead
   .dropna()</code></pre>
 </div>
 <div class="cell-output cell-output-display" data-execution_count="6">
@@ -449,23 +449,23 @@ <h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="the-new-york-city-flight-data">The New York
 ┡━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┩
 │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">time</span>     │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">int64</span>  │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">string</span> │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">string</span> │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">int64</span>    │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">int64</span>    │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">string</span>  │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">date</span>       │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">int8</span>      │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">timestamp(6)</span>        │
 ├──────────┼────────┼────────┼────────┼──────────┼──────────┼─────────┼────────────┼───────────┼─────────────────────┤
-│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">05:57:00</span> │    <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">461</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">LGA   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">ATL   </span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">100</span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">762</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">DL     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-06-26</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-06-26 10:00:00</span> │
-│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">05:58:00</span> │   <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">4424</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">EWR   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">RDU   </span> │       <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">63</span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">416</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">EV     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-06-26</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-06-26 10:00:00</span> │
-│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">05:58:00</span> │   <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">6177</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">EWR   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">IAD   </span> │       <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">45</span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">212</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">EV     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-06-26</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-06-26 10:00:00</span> │
-│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">06:00:00</span> │    <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">731</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">LGA   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">DTW   </span> │       <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">78</span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">502</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">DL     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-06-26</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-06-26 10:00:00</span> │
-│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">06:01:00</span> │    <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">684</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">EWR   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">LAX   </span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">316</span> │     <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">2454</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">UA     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-06-26</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-06-26 10:00:00</span> │
-│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">06:01:00</span> │    <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">301</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">LGA   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">ORD   </span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">164</span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">733</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">AA     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-06-26</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-06-26 10:00:00</span> │
-│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">06:01:00</span> │   <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1837</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">LGA   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">MIA   </span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">148</span> │     <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1096</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">AA     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-06-26</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-06-26 10:00:00</span> │
-│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">06:01:00</span> │   <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1279</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">LGA   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">MEM   </span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">128</span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">963</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">DL     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-06-26</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-06-26 10:00:00</span> │
-│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">06:02:00</span> │   <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1691</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">JFK   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">LAX   </span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">309</span> │     <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">2475</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">UA     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-06-26</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-06-26 10:00:00</span> │
-│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">06:04:00</span> │   <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1447</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">JFK   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">CLT   </span> │       <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">75</span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">541</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">US     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-06-26</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-06-26 10:00:00</span> │
+│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">10:45:00</span> │     <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">67</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">EWR   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">ORD   </span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">120</span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">719</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">UA     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-02-14</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-02-14 15:00:00</span> │
+│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">10:48:00</span> │    <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">373</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">LGA   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">FLL   </span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">179</span> │     <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1076</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">B6     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-02-14</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-02-14 15:00:00</span> │
+│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">10:48:00</span> │    <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">764</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">EWR   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">IAH   </span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">207</span> │     <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1400</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">UA     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-02-14</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-02-14 15:00:00</span> │
+│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">10:51:00</span> │   <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">2044</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">LGA   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">MIA   </span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">171</span> │     <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1096</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">DL     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-02-14</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-02-14 16:00:00</span> │
+│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">10:51:00</span> │   <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">2171</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">LGA   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">DCA   </span> │       <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">40</span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">214</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">US     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-02-14</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-02-14 16:00:00</span> │
+│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">10:57:00</span> │   <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1275</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">JFK   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">SLC   </span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">286</span> │     <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1990</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">DL     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-02-14</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-02-14 16:00:00</span> │
+│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">10:57:00</span> │    <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">366</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">LGA   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">STL   </span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">135</span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">888</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">WN     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-02-14</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-02-14 16:00:00</span> │
+│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">10:57:00</span> │   <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1550</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">EWR   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">SFO   </span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">338</span> │     <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">2565</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">UA     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-02-14</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-02-14 15:00:00</span> │
+│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">10:58:00</span> │   <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">4694</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">EWR   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">MKE   </span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">113</span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">725</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">EV     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-02-14</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-02-14 15:00:00</span> │
+│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">10:58:00</span> │   <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1647</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">LGA   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">ATL   </span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">117</span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">762</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">DL     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-02-14</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-02-14 16:00:00</span> │
 │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">…</span>        │      <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">…</span> │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">…</span>      │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">…</span>      │        <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">…</span> │        <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">…</span> │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">…</span>       │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">…</span>          │         <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">…</span> │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">…</span>                   │
 └──────────┴────────┴────────┴────────┴──────────┴──────────┴─────────┴────────────┴───────────┴─────────────────────┘
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 <p>We can see that about 16% of the flights in this dataset arrived more than 30 minutes late.</p>
-<div id="0138c013" class="cell" data-execution_count="7">
+<div id="2d958e6a" class="cell" data-execution_count="7">
 <div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb10"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb10-1"><a href="#cb10-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>flight_data.arr_delay.value_counts().rename(n<span class="op">=</span><span class="st">"arr_delay_count"</span>).mutate(</span>
 <span id="cb10-2"><a href="#cb10-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>    prop<span class="op">=</span>ibis._.n <span class="op">/</span> ibis._.n.<span class="bu">sum</span>()</span>
 <span id="cb10-3"><a href="#cb10-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
@@ -486,7 +486,7 @@ <h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="the-new-york-city-flight-data">The New York
 <h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="data-splitting">Data splitting</h2>
 <p>To get started, let’s split this single dataset into two: a <em>training</em> set and a <em>testing</em> set. We’ll keep most of the rows in the original dataset (subset chosen randomly) in the <em>training</em> set. The training data will be used to <em>fit</em> the model, and the <em>testing</em> set will be used to measure model performance.</p>
 <p>Because the order of rows in an Ibis table is undefined, we need a unique key to split the data reproducibly. <a href="https://www.euclaim.com/blog/flight-numbers-explained#:~:text=Can%20flight%20numbers%20be%20reused,of%20travel%20is%20always%20unique.">It is permissible for airlines to use the same flight number for different routes, as long as the flights do not operate on the same day. This means that the combination of the flight number and the date of travel is always unique.</a></p>
-<div id="924c12c7" class="cell" data-execution_count="8">
+<div id="44455a18" class="cell" data-execution_count="8">
 <div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb11"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb11-1"><a href="#cb11-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>flight_data_with_unique_key <span class="op">=</span> flight_data.mutate(</span>
 <span id="cb11-2"><a href="#cb11-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>    unique_key<span class="op">=</span>ibis.literal(<span class="st">","</span>).join(</span>
 <span id="cb11-3"><a href="#cb11-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>        [flight_data.carrier, flight_data.flight.cast(<span class="bu">str</span>), flight_data.date.cast(<span class="bu">str</span>)]</span>
@@ -499,22 +499,22 @@ <h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="data-splitting">Data splitting</h2>
 ┡━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┩
 │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">time</span>     │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">int64</span>  │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">string</span> │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">string</span> │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">int64</span>    │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">int64</span>    │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">string</span>  │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">date</span>       │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">int8</span>      │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">timestamp(6)</span>        │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">string</span>             │
 ├──────────┼────────┼────────┼────────┼──────────┼──────────┼─────────┼────────────┼───────────┼─────────────────────┼────────────────────┤
-│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">05:17:00</span> │   <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1545</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">EWR   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">IAH   </span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">227</span> │     <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1400</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">UA     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-01-01</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-01-01 10:00:00</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">UA,1545,2013-01-01</span> │
-│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">05:33:00</span> │   <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1714</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">LGA   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">IAH   </span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">227</span> │     <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1416</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">UA     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-01-01</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-01-01 10:00:00</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">UA,1714,2013-01-01</span> │
-│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">05:42:00</span> │   <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1141</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">JFK   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">MIA   </span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">160</span> │     <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1089</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">AA     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-01-01</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-01-01 10:00:00</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">AA,1141,2013-01-01</span> │
-│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">05:44:00</span> │    <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">725</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">JFK   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">BQN   </span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">183</span> │     <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1576</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">B6     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-01-01</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-01-01 10:00:00</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">B6,725,2013-01-01 </span> │
-│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">05:54:00</span> │    <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">461</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">LGA   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">ATL   </span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">116</span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">762</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">DL     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-01-01</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-01-01 11:00:00</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">DL,461,2013-01-01 </span> │
-│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">05:54:00</span> │   <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1696</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">EWR   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">ORD   </span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">150</span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">719</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">UA     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-01-01</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-01-01 10:00:00</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">UA,1696,2013-01-01</span> │
-│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">05:55:00</span> │    <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">507</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">EWR   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">FLL   </span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">158</span> │     <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1065</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">B6     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-01-01</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-01-01 11:00:00</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">B6,507,2013-01-01 </span> │
-│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">05:57:00</span> │   <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">5708</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">LGA   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">IAD   </span> │       <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">53</span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">229</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">EV     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-01-01</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-01-01 11:00:00</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">EV,5708,2013-01-01</span> │
-│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">05:57:00</span> │     <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">79</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">JFK   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">MCO   </span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">140</span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">944</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">B6     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-01-01</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-01-01 11:00:00</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">B6,79,2013-01-01  </span> │
-│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">05:58:00</span> │    <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">301</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">LGA   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">ORD   </span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">138</span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">733</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">AA     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-01-01</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-01-01 11:00:00</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">AA,301,2013-01-01 </span> │
+│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">05:57:00</span> │    <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">461</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">LGA   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">ATL   </span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">100</span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">762</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">DL     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-06-26</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-06-26 10:00:00</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">DL,461,2013-06-26 </span> │
+│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">05:58:00</span> │   <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">4424</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">EWR   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">RDU   </span> │       <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">63</span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">416</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">EV     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-06-26</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-06-26 10:00:00</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">EV,4424,2013-06-26</span> │
+│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">05:58:00</span> │   <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">6177</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">EWR   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">IAD   </span> │       <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">45</span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">212</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">EV     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-06-26</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-06-26 10:00:00</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">EV,6177,2013-06-26</span> │
+│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">06:00:00</span> │    <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">731</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">LGA   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">DTW   </span> │       <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">78</span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">502</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">DL     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-06-26</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-06-26 10:00:00</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">DL,731,2013-06-26 </span> │
+│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">06:01:00</span> │    <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">684</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">EWR   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">LAX   </span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">316</span> │     <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">2454</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">UA     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-06-26</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-06-26 10:00:00</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">UA,684,2013-06-26 </span> │
+│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">06:01:00</span> │    <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">301</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">LGA   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">ORD   </span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">164</span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">733</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">AA     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-06-26</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-06-26 10:00:00</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">AA,301,2013-06-26 </span> │
+│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">06:01:00</span> │   <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1837</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">LGA   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">MIA   </span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">148</span> │     <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1096</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">AA     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-06-26</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-06-26 10:00:00</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">AA,1837,2013-06-26</span> │
+│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">06:01:00</span> │   <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1279</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">LGA   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">MEM   </span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">128</span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">963</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">DL     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-06-26</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-06-26 10:00:00</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">DL,1279,2013-06-26</span> │
+│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">06:02:00</span> │   <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1691</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">JFK   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">LAX   </span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">309</span> │     <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">2475</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">UA     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-06-26</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-06-26 10:00:00</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">UA,1691,2013-06-26</span> │
+│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">06:04:00</span> │   <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1447</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">JFK   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">CLT   </span> │       <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">75</span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">541</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">US     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-06-26</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-06-26 10:00:00</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">US,1447,2013-06-26</span> │
 │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">…</span>        │      <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">…</span> │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">…</span>      │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">…</span>      │        <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">…</span> │        <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">…</span> │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">…</span>       │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">…</span>          │         <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">…</span> │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">…</span>                   │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">…</span>                  │
 └──────────┴────────┴────────┴────────┴──────────┴──────────┴─────────┴────────────┴───────────┴─────────────────────┴────────────────────┘
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
-<div id="48bf130a" class="cell" data-execution_count="9">
+<div id="aecbeef6" class="cell" data-execution_count="9">
 <div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb12"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb12-1"><a href="#cb12-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># </span><span class="al">FIXME</span><span class="co">(deepyaman): Proposed key isn't unique for actual departure date.</span></span>
 <span id="cb12-2"><a href="#cb12-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>flight_data_with_unique_key.group_by(<span class="st">"unique_key"</span>).mutate(</span>
 <span id="cb12-3"><a href="#cb12-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>    cnt<span class="op">=</span>flight_data_with_unique_key.count()</span>
@@ -531,20 +531,20 @@ <h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="data-splitting">Data splitting</h2>
 ├──────────┼────────┼────────┼────────┼──────────┼──────────┼─────────┼────────────┼───────────┼─────────────────────┼────────────────────┼───────┤
 │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">19:59:00</span> │   <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1022</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">EWR   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">IAH   </span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">167</span> │     <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1400</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">UA     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-09-14</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-09-14 23:00:00</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">UA,1022,2013-09-14</span> │     <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">2</span> │
 │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">20:00:00</span> │   <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1022</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">EWR   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">IAH   </span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">186</span> │     <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1400</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">UA     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-09-14</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-09-14 00:00:00</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">UA,1022,2013-09-14</span> │     <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">2</span> │
-│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">19:12:00</span> │   <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1023</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">LGA   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">ORD   </span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">112</span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">733</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">UA     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-05-29</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-05-29 23:00:00</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">UA,1023,2013-05-29</span> │     <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">2</span> │
 │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">21:16:00</span> │   <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1023</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">EWR   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">IAH   </span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">175</span> │     <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1400</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">UA     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-05-29</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-05-29 01:00:00</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">UA,1023,2013-05-29</span> │     <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">2</span> │
+│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">19:12:00</span> │   <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1023</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">LGA   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">ORD   </span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">112</span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">733</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">UA     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-05-29</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-05-29 23:00:00</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">UA,1023,2013-05-29</span> │     <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">2</span> │
 │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">15:18:00</span> │   <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1052</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">EWR   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">IAH   </span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">174</span> │     <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1400</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">UA     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-08-27</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-08-27 19:00:00</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">UA,1052,2013-08-27</span> │     <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">2</span> │
 │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">21:22:00</span> │   <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1052</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">EWR   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">IAH   </span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">173</span> │     <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1400</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">UA     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-08-27</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-08-27 01:00:00</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">UA,1052,2013-08-27</span> │     <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">2</span> │
 │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">19:27:00</span> │   <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1053</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">EWR   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">CLE   </span> │       <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">69</span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">404</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">UA     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-12-20</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-12-20 00:00:00</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">UA,1053,2013-12-20</span> │     <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">2</span> │
 │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">18:39:00</span> │   <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1053</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">EWR   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">CLE   </span> │       <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">72</span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">404</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">UA     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-12-20</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-12-20 23:00:00</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">UA,1053,2013-12-20</span> │     <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">2</span> │
-│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">17:20:00</span> │   <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1071</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">EWR   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">PHX   </span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">281</span> │     <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">2133</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">UA     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-02-26</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-02-26 22:00:00</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">UA,1071,2013-02-26</span> │     <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">2</span> │
 │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">20:16:00</span> │   <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1071</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">EWR   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">BQN   </span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">196</span> │     <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1585</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">UA     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-02-26</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-02-26 01:00:00</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">UA,1071,2013-02-26</span> │     <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">2</span> │
+│ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">17:20:00</span> │   <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">1071</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">EWR   </span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">PHX   </span> │      <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">281</span> │     <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">2133</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">UA     </span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-02-26</span> │         <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">0</span> │ <span style="color: #800080; text-decoration-color: #800080">2013-02-26 22:00:00</span> │ <span style="color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000">UA,1071,2013-02-26</span> │     <span style="color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold">2</span> │
 │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">…</span>        │      <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">…</span> │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">…</span>      │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">…</span>      │        <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">…</span> │        <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">…</span> │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">…</span>       │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">…</span>          │         <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">…</span> │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">…</span>                   │ <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">…</span>                  │     <span style="color: #7f7f7f; text-decoration-color: #7f7f7f">…</span> │
 └──────────┴────────┴────────┴────────┴──────────┴──────────┴─────────┴────────────┴───────────┴─────────────────────┴────────────────────┴───────┘
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
-<div id="44cf74b9" class="cell" data-execution_count="10">
+<div id="c2da2959" class="cell" data-execution_count="10">
 <div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb14"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb14-1"><a href="#cb14-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="im">import</span> random</span>
 <span id="cb14-2"><a href="#cb14-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
 <span id="cb14-3"><a href="#cb14-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># Fix the random numbers by setting the seed</span></span>
@@ -564,7 +564,7 @@ <h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="data-splitting">Data splitting</h2>
 </section>
 <section id="create-features" class="level2">
 <h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="create-features">Create features</h2>
-<div id="b853652d" class="cell" data-execution_count="11">
+<div id="c0cf42f8" class="cell" data-execution_count="11">
 <div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb15"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb15-1"><a href="#cb15-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="im">import</span> ibis_ml <span class="im">as</span> ml</span>
 <span id="cb15-2"><a href="#cb15-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
 <span id="cb15-3"><a href="#cb15-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>flights_rec <span class="op">=</span> ml.Recipe(</span>
@@ -587,14 +587,14 @@ <h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="fit-a-model-with-a-recipe">Fit a model with
 <li><p><strong>Apply the recipe to the test set</strong>: We create the final predictor set on the test set. Nothing is recomputed and no information from the test set is used here; the dummy variable and zero-variance results from the training set are applied to the test set.</p></li>
 </ol>
 <p>To simplify this process, we can use a <a href="https://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/generated/sklearn.pipeline.Pipeline.html">scikit-learn <code>Pipeline</code></a>.</p>
-<div id="2f4a2c76" class="cell" data-execution_count="12">
+<div id="1a654c0a" class="cell" data-execution_count="12">
 <div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb16"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb16-1"><a href="#cb16-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="im">import</span> xgboost <span class="im">as</span> xgb</span>
 <span id="cb16-2"><a href="#cb16-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="im">from</span> sklearn.pipeline <span class="im">import</span> Pipeline</span>
 <span id="cb16-3"><a href="#cb16-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
 <span id="cb16-4"><a href="#cb16-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>pipe <span class="op">=</span> Pipeline([(<span class="st">"flights_rec"</span>, flights_rec), (<span class="st">"clf"</span>, xgb.XGBClassifier())])</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
 </div>
 <p>Now, there is a single function that can be used to prepare the recipe and train the model from the resulting predictors:</p>
-<div id="b6b082f0" class="cell" data-execution_count="13">
+<div id="8a7b9901" class="cell" data-execution_count="13">
 <div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb17"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb17-1"><a href="#cb17-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>X_train <span class="op">=</span> train_data.drop(<span class="st">"arr_delay"</span>)</span>
 <span id="cb17-2"><a href="#cb17-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>y_train <span class="op">=</span> train_data.arr_delay</span>
 <span id="cb17-3"><a href="#cb17-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>pipe.fit(X_train, y_train)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
@@ -1065,12 +1065,12 @@ <h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="fit-a-model-with-a-recipe">Fit a model with
 <section id="use-a-trained-workflow-to-predict" class="level2">
 <h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="use-a-trained-workflow-to-predict">Use a trained workflow to predict</h2>
 <p>…</p>
-<div id="418bccae" class="cell" data-execution_count="14">
+<div id="baa06b45" class="cell" data-execution_count="14">
 <div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb18"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb18-1"><a href="#cb18-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>X_test <span class="op">=</span> test_data.drop(<span class="st">"arr_delay"</span>)</span>
 <span id="cb18-2"><a href="#cb18-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>y_test <span class="op">=</span> test_data.arr_delay</span>
 <span id="cb18-3"><a href="#cb18-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>pipe.score(X_test, y_test)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
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-<pre><code>0.8325667199606445</code></pre>
+<pre><code>0.8311769770015989</code></pre>
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