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How-to:

nvidia-smi error after system update

Sometimes, there is nvidia-smi error after system update:

Failed to initialize NVML: Driver/library version mismatch
NVML library version: 550.120

Troubleshooting

nvidia-smi
# Failed to initialize NVML: Driver/library version mismatch

# Check the kernel version used by the graphics card driver
cat /proc/driver/nvidia/version
# Remove the Nvidia Driver
sudo apt purge nvidia-*
sudo apt purge libnvidia-*
# The output of the following command should be empty
dpkg -l | grep -i nvidia

# Find available driver versions
ubuntu-drivers devices
# Reinstall the correct (recommended) driver
sudo apt install nvidia-driver-550
# Or automatically install the recommended version driver
#sudo ubuntu-drivers autoinstall

# Restart the system
sudo reboot
# Verify the issue is fixed
nvidia-smi

Deprecated info:

Add directory to the $PATH

# For the local current user
nano ~/.profile
# export PATH="/path/to/dir:$PATH"
source ~/.profile

# For the local current user
nano ~/.bashrc
# Add the following line to the bashrc file:
# export PATH="/path/to/dir:$PATH"
# Run bashrc file to effect changes.
source ~/.bashrc

# Temporary addition
export PATH="/path/to/dir:$PATH"

# Permanently add to PATH for ALL users
sudo nano /etc/environment
# Edit the file. Make sure that the path is something like this:
# PATH="/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/games:/usr/local/games:/opt/ASAP/bin"
# Run environment file to effect changes.
. /etc/environment

Allow IP-address

It is possible, that your IP-addres get into black list of /etc/hosts.deny file.

Check log file for failed attempts and delete all logs with user attempts:

cat /var/log/auth.log | grep -n username
cat /var/log/auth.log | grep -n ip-address
sudo nano -c /var/log/auth.log

Add IP-mask to the /etc/hosts.allow file. Secondly delete you IP-address from /etc/hosts.deny file.

# Edit /etc/hosts.allow file
sudo nano /etc/hosts.allow

Add the something like this:

# Use this address to calculate the mask:
# http://jodies.de/ipcalc?host=80.94.164.1&mask1=24
ALL : 80.94.164.0/24
ALL : 80.94.162.0/24
ALL : 80.94.171.0/24

Make sure that your IP-addres is not in the blacklist of /etc/hosts.deny file. Actually IP-address can re-appear after several minutes, but if it was excepted in /etc/hosts.allow file, then SSH connection should work anyway.

To search in the nano editor. Ctrl + W is the shortcut for searching. The same effect can be achieved by pressing the F6 key. After entering the search term, press Enter. To repeat the search, issue Alt + W. In this menu, you can select earlier searches using the arrow up/down keys. To toggle backwards searching, you need to press Alt + B in the search dialog. For more shortcuts, press F1.

cat /etc/hosts.deny | grep -n "80.94."  # -n - show line numbers
# Delete IP-address if necessary
sudo nano -c /etc/hosts.deny  # -c - show line numbers

Allow sudo commands and write permissions

How-to allow sudo commands and write permission into system directories

Set default group upon file modification and creation. Make sure new files are owned by the default group, set g+s and set the default permissions to read, write and execute.

sudo chgrp -R mygroup /dir/path       # 1st option
#sudo chown -R :mygroup /dir/path     # 2nd option
sudo chmod -R g+s /dir/path           # set default group
sudo chmod -R g+rwx /dir/path         # 1st option
#sudo setfacl -d -m g::rwx /dir/path  # 2nd option

# check it
ls -hal

Calculator

gnome-calculator &> /dev/null

Clear out Git history

Steps to clear out the history of a git/github repository.

# Remove history from Git directory
rm -rf .git

# Recreate the repos from the current content only
git init
git add .
git commit -m "Initial commit"

# Push to the github remote repos ensuring you overwrite history
git remote add origin https://github.com/foobar167/articles
# Or try this: git remote add origin [email protected]:<YOUR ACCOUNT>/<YOUR REPOS>.git
# Or try this: git remote add origin https://github.com/USERNAME/REPOSITORY.git
# But try it from the beginning (rm -rf .git, etc.)
git push -u --force origin master

Create user

  • Create user with GUI

Press <Super> (<Win>) key and type Users. Users and groups window with Users Settings will open

Users Settings window

Click Add button to add new user.

  • Create user via console

Press <Ctrl>+<Alt>+<T> and open console window.

# Show list of all users
cat /etc/passwd
# or
cut -d: -f1 /etc/passwd

# Show list of all goups
cat /etc/group

# To create user with questions, directory and sceleton files
sudo adduser username
# Add existing user to the group
sudo adduser username groupname
# or without questions, dir and files (not recommended)
#sudo useradd username

# To delete user
sudo deluser username
# or (not recommended)
#sudo userdel username
# Delete directory
#sudo rm -r /home/username  # use with caution!

# To delete user from a group
sudo deluser username groupname

# Change user name
usermod -l new_username old_username

# Change user password
sudo passwd username

# Change shell for a user
sudo chsh username

# Change user detailes (name, phone, etc.)
sudo chfn username

# Create group
sudo addgroup groupname
# Add existing user to the group
sudo usermod -a -G groupname username

Enable or disable the user account:

sudo adduser tempuser       # create temporal user
sudo usermod -L tempuser    # disable user account
sudo usermod -U tempuser    # enable user account
sudo deluser tempuser       # delete user
sudo rm -r /home/tempuser   # use with caution!
cat /etc/group | grep temp  # check
ls /home | grep temp        # check
# If error: "userdel: user tempuser is currently used by process 1864"
sudo kill -9 1864           # kill the process
sudo deluser -f tempuser    # try again

More info on how to backup and delete deprecated user accounts.

Change Desktop and Login managers

Links:

Set LXDE desktop and LXDM login manager.

sudo apt install lxde
sudo apt install lxdm
sudo dpkg-reconfigure lxdm
sudo reboot now

# After reboot terminal login by default. To change on GUI press:
#     <Ctrl>+<Alt>+<F7>

Change password

Change Password from GUI

Click the system menu at the top right corner, select your user name and click on Account Settings menu.

Account Settings menu

Users window will open.

Account Settings window

On the Users window select Password.

Account Settings window

Enter current password. Enter new password, verify new password once again and click on Change button.

Change Password from Command Line

Open console and enter passwd. Type current password, type new password and retype new password.

passwd
Changing password for lab225.
(current) UNIX password: 
Enter new UNIX password: 
Retype new UNIX password: 
passwd: password updated successfully
lab225@deeplab3:~$

# To change other users password
sudo passwd username

Change SSH Port

How to Change SSH Port in Ubuntu 24.04

Changing the SSH port on Ubuntu 24.04 differs from that on Ubuntu 22.04 and older.

Since Ubuntu 22.10, the SSH daemon (sshd) uses socket-based activation, which means that the traditional method of changing the port in /etc/ssh/sshd_config is no longer sufficient. In addition, you need to modify the socket configuration to specify the new port using the ListenStream directive.

sudo apt install -y openssh-server  # install SSH
sudo systemctl status ssh  # verify
#sudo systemctl enable ssh
#sudo systemctl start ssh
#sudo ufw allow ssh
#sudo ufw enable
#sudo ufw status

sudo ss -tuln  # show sockets
#sudo ss -tuln | grep ':2222'

# Change the SSH socket port
sudo nano /lib/systemd/system/ssh.socket
# Change ListenStream from 22 to 2222
ListenStream=2222

sudo systemctl daemon-reload  # reload the systemd daemon

# For Ubuntu < 22.10
sudo nano /etc/ssh/sshd_config
# Change #Port 22 to 2222
Port 2222

sudo systemctl restart ssh  # restart the SSH service


sudo ufw allow 2222/tcp  # enable 2222 port
sudo ufw delete allow 22/tcp  # desable 22 port

sudo iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 2222 -j ACCEPT
sudo iptables -D INPUT -p tcp --dport 22 -j ACCEPT
#sudo iptables-save > /etc/iptables/rules.v4

# Use `-p` flag to specify SSH port number
ssh [email protected] -p 2222

Check Linux version

How to check operating system version in Linux command line

# Find OS name and version
cat /etc/os-release
lsb_release -a
hostnamectl

# Find kernel version
uname -r
# Find Linux distribution
lsb_release -cs

# Even more options
cat /proc/version
cat /etc/issue

Coral USB Accelerator

Get started with the USB Accelerator

For Ubuntu 22.04 with system Python 3.10 use instruction below:

# Add package repository to the Ubuntu 22.04:
echo "deb https://packages.cloud.google.com/apt coral-edgetpu-stable main" | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/coral-edgetpu.list
curl https://packages.cloud.google.com/apt/doc/apt-key.gpg | sudo apt-key add -
sudo apt update

# Install the Edge TPU runtime (standard, not maximum package):
sudo apt install libedgetpu1-std

# Reconnect the USB Accelerator to your computer using the provided USB 3.0 cable.

# This command doesn't work for Ubuntu 22.04:
#     sudo apt-get install python3-pycoral

# Use Conda virtual environment with Python 3.9. Download and install wheel files:
wget https://github.com/google-coral/pycoral/releases/download/v2.0.0/pycoral-2.0.0-cp39-cp39-linux_aarch64.whl
wget https://github.com/google-coral/pycoral/releases/download/v2.0.0/tflite_runtime-2.5.0.post1-cp39-cp39-linux_aarch64.whl
pip install tflite_runtime-2.5.0.post1-cp39-cp39-linux_aarch64.whl
pip install pycoral-2.0.0-cp39-cp39-linux_aarch64.whl

# Download the example code from GitHub:
mkdir coral && cd coral
git clone https://github.com/google-coral/pycoral.git
cd pycoral

# Download the model, labels, and bird photo:
bash examples/install_requirements.sh classify_image.py

# Run the image classifier with the bird photo:
python examples/classify_image.py \
--model test_data/mobilenet_v2_1.0_224_inat_bird_quant_edgetpu.tflite \
--labels test_data/inat_bird_labels.txt \
--input test_data/parrot.jpg \
--top_k 3  \
--count 15

# In the file `classify_image.py` change `Image.ANTIALIAS` on `Image.LANCZOS`.

# Results should be like this:
#    ----INFERENCE TIME----
#    Note: The first inference on Edge TPU is slow because it includes loading the model into Edge TPU memory.
#    11.8ms
#    3.0ms
#    2.8ms
#    2.9ms
#    2.9ms
#    -------RESULTS--------
#    Ara macao (Scarlet Macaw): 0.75781

Delete package

# Remove package
sudo apt remove packagename
# Remove user data and configuration files
sudo apt purge packagename

# Remove unused dependences
sudo apt autoremove
# Clean
sudo apt clean

# Or do this
sudo apt purge --auto-remove packagename

Delete user account

See Backup and delete deprecated user accounts in the web-site section.

End user session

killall -user username  # end all processes for the user
pkill -u username
kill -9 -1 # end all processes you can

Errors

Various errors on Ubuntu system.

  • The following upgrades have been deferred due to phasing:

This is not an error. Ignore it. Or explicitly install them with sudo apt install command.

  • libdvd-pkg: apt-get check failed, you may have broken packages. Aborting...
# Reinstall and re-run the package
sudo apt install libdvd-pkg
sudo dpkg-reconfigure libdvd-pkg

Exclude packages from sudo apt upgrade

Read how to exclude packages from apt-get upgrade

# Using apt
sudo apt-mark hold package_name
sudo apt-mark unhold package_name
# Using dpkg
echo "package_name hold" | sudo dpkg --set-selections
echo "package_name install" | sudo dpkg --set-selections
# Using aptitude
sudo aptitude hold package_name
sudo aptitude unhold package_name

# List packages on hold
sudo dpkg --get-selections | grep "hold"

Find file by name

How to search files from the terminal on Linux 14 Practical Examples of Linux Find Command for Beginners

locate command

The reason for this unmatched speed is that the locate command isn't actually searching your local hard disks for the files or directories that you need to find, but more like reads through the mlocate.db database file which contains all file paths in your system.

sudo apt install locate  # install locate tool
sudo updatedb  # update the mlocate.db database before first use
locate $HOME/*.py  # search for Python files in the $HOME dir
locate -c $HOME/*.py  # count Python files in the $HOME dir
locate -ic $HOME/*.py  # count Python files and ignore case

# Example
sudo updatedb
locate -ic Home
1491350
locate -c Home
3
locate Home
/etc/gufw/Home.profile
/usr/share/man/man3/FcConfigEnableHome.3.gz
/usr/share/man/man3/FcConfigHome.3.gz

find command

The “find” command is a much more powerful but also slower searching utility. Contrary to the locate command, find actually searching your disks for the files and directories that the user is after. find can search for files that belong to a certain user or group of users, files that were modified or accessed recently, files that of a specific size range, hidden files, executables, read-only files, and files with certain permissions.

find / -name "*name*" 2> /dev/null  # search in / root directory (everything)
find / -iname "*name*" 2> /dev/null  # ignore case
# Search in $HOME dir for Python files bigger than 1MB of size.
find ~/ -size +1M -iname "*.py" 2> /dev/null
# Search for Python files bigger than 700 kB of size.
find / -iname "*.py" -and -size +700k 2> /dev/null

# This does not work and I donot why: find / -iname "*.py" -and -size +700k -and -size -1M 2> /dev/null
# BUT this works for Ubuntu 18.04 :-) Note: 1M vs 1000k
find / -iname '*.py' -and -size +700k -and -size -1000k 2> /dev/null

find ~/ -cmin  -3 2> /dev/null  # changed  less than 3 minutes ago
find ~/ -ctime -3 -iname "*.png" 2> /dev/null  # changed less than 3 days ago
find ~/ -amin  -3 2> /dev/null  # accessed less than 3 minutes ago
find ~/ -atime -3 -iname "*.png" 2> /dev/null  # accessed less than 3 days ago

find . -iname "*.jpg" | wc -l    2>/dev/null  # count JPG files in the local dir

Find files owned by the user

Find all the files owned by a particular user / group

How to find files by users vivek and wendy

# Match files only
find / -type f -user vivek -o -user wendy
# Match dirs only
find / -type d -user vivek -o -user wendy

Install deb file

sudo dpkg -i my.deb

If there are broken dependences:

sudo apt --fix-broken install
# and then
sudo dpkg -i my.deb

Jupyter clear output

When you open a large Jupyter Notebook, the browser crashes link.

jupyter nbconvert --clear-output --inplace filename.ipynb

Jupyter notebook via remote server

Open 2 console terminals

# In the 1st terminal: login to the server,
# start your virtual environment, and run jupyter notebook
ssh [email protected] -p 22  # login
conda activate python3.12   # activate virtual env
jupyter notebook            # default port 8888
# or
jupyter notebook --no-browser --port=8892

# In the 2nd terminal: 8891 - local port, 8892 - server port
ssh -NL localhost:8891:localhost:8892 [email protected] -p 22
# Enter URL in the local browser
localhost:8891
# or copy-paste the URL with token from the 1st console if required
http://localhost:8891/tree?token=23969122fd30a51a7b210dde6255313ed425e8af6aa42a6d
# but with local port 8891 instead of 8892

Note: better use the default port 8888 everywhere.

Kill the tty

# Show who is logged in
who
username :1           2018-12-22 17:11 (:1)
username pts/7        2018-12-24 10:54 (178.120.33.235)
username pts/9        2018-12-24 12:17 (178.120.33.235)

# Get the PIDs
ps -ft pts/7
UID        PID  PPID  C STIME TTY          TIME CMD
username 25058 25057  0 10:54 pts/7    00:00:00 -bash
root     26850 25058  0 11:09 pts/7    00:00:00 su admin
admin    26859 26850  0 11:09 pts/7    00:00:00 bash
admin    26878 26859  0 11:09 pts/7    00:00:00 mc

# Use the PIDs to kill the processes
kill 25058 26850 26859 26878
-bash: kill: (26859) - Operation not permitted
-bash: kill: (26878) - Operation not permitted

# If the process doesn't gracefully terminate,
# forcefully kill it by sending a SIGKILL
kill -9 26859 26878
# or
kill -SIGKILL 26859 26878

List all environment variables

printenv  # list all or part of environment
env  # list all or run a program in a modified environment
# or
printenv | less
# or
printenv | more

A list of the commonly used variables in Linux

List installed packages

List installed packages

sudo apt list --installed
sudo apt list --installed | less
sudo apt list --installed | grep -i nvidia
sudo dpkg -l
sudo dpkg -l | grep -i nvidia

Lock screen

To lock your screen press keys <Ctrl>+<Alt>+<L>. If it does n't work then press keys <Win>+<L> or (<Super>+<L>).

Also click on the System icon in the top right corner of the screen and select Lock Screen icon/menu.

From console type:

# Lock the screen
gnome-screensaver-command -l

When your screen is locked, and you want to unlock it, press <Esc>, or swipe up from the bottom of the screen with your mouse. Then enter your password, and press <Enter> or click Unlock. Alternatively, just start typing your password and the lock curtain will be automatically raised as you type.

Lock screen time

Set screen lock time

Open Settings → Privacy → Screen Lock: Screen lock time

Manage software updates

Launch Menu --> Preferences --> Software & Updates

Software & Updates

Use sheet "Other Software" to manage repositories for updates. Use sheet "Updates" to manage updates check.

Also check file /etc/apt/sources.list and directory /etc/apt/sources.list.d which containes list of sources to update Ubuntu 18.04.

Manage PPA via console. When update with command sudo apt update, some PPA has been removed and no longer exist and ther is an error:

Err:5 https://dl.yarnpkg.com/debian stable InRelease
  The following signatures were invalid: EXPKEYSIG 23E7166788B63E1E Yarn Packaging <[email protected]>

# Delete the expired key
sudo apt-key del 23E7166788B63E1E
# Delete the PPA for yarn
sudo rm yarn.list
# Clean the local repository and remove unnecessary packages
sudo apt clean
sudo apt autoclean
sudo apt autoremove
# Update the packages again
sudo apt update

Mount USB

By default, storage devices that are plugged into the system mount automatically in the /media/<username> directory.

Open console

Press <CTRL>+<ALT>+<T> keys or press <Win> key and enter terminal.

Open image in Midnight Commander

Set ImageMagick as default Jpeg viewer for Midnight Commander.

Edit ~/.config/mc/mc.ext file.

Note that editing /etc/mc/mc.ext sets the system-wide configuration.

In MC press F9 -> Command -> Edit extension file.

The View command is used when F3 is pressed.

The Open command is used when Enter is pressed.

To use geeqie as Jpeg viewer for MC set Open=geeqie %f.

type/^JPEG
        Open=geeqie %f
        #Open=display %f
        View=%view{ascii} /usr/lib/mc/ext.d/image.sh view jpeg
        Include=image

Restart system

sudo reboot now

# force reboot
sudo reboot -f

sudo systemctl reboot

Run scripts on start up

There are several ways to run scripts on start up:

  1. systemd (man systemd.service)
  2. SysV (man update-rc.d). System V init (also known as classic init).
  3. Add script to /etc/rc.local file.
  4. cron (man cron)
  5. Use ~/.config/systemd/ or /.config/autostart/ directories for user sessions. Only after user login.

For Ubuntu 14.04 and older one can use Upstart.

1. Create systemd unit files. Links:

Create /etc/systemd/system/slide_analysis_api.service containing:

[Unit]
Description=uWSGI instance to serve slide_analysis_api
After=network.target

[Service]
User=malyshevvalery
Group=www-data
WorkingDirectory=/home/malyshevvalery/Slide_Analysis
Environment="PATH=/home/malyshevvalery/Slide_Analysis"
ExecStart=/home/malyshevvalery/Slide_Analysis/venv/bin/uwsgi --ini /home/malyshevvalery/Slide_Analysis/slide_analysis_api.ini

[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target

Then run:

# Add slide_analysis_api to autorun
sudo systemctl daemon-reload
sudo systemctl enable slide_analysis_api.service

You can run multiple commands from the same service file, using multiple ExecStart lines:

[Service]
ExecStart=/some/command
ExecStart=/another/command some args
ExecStart=-/a/third/command ignore failure

The command must always be given with the full path. If any command fails, the rest aren't run. A - before the path tells systemd to ignore a non-zero exit status (instead of considering it a failure).

2. Create script file /etc/init.d/myscript.sh. Run the commands:

# To add use
sudo update-rc.d myscript.sh defaults  # default run levels are: 2,3,4 and 5
# To remove use
sudo update-rc.d -f myscript.sh remove

More info:

3. Edit the file /etc/rc.local.

sudo nano /etc/rc.local

Add commands, but make sure that the line exit 0 is at the end.

If command runs continuously (in an infinite loop) or is likely not to exit, you must be sure to fork the process by adding an ampersand & to the end of the command, like so:

python3 /home/pi/myscript.py &

❗ Add ampersand & otherwise, the script will not end and the system will not boot. ❗

The ampersand allows the command to run in a separate process and continue booting with the process running.

4. One approach is to add an @reboot cron task:

  1. Running crontab -e will allow you to edit your cron.
  2. Adding a line like this to it: @reboot /path/to/script will execute that script once your computer boots up.

5. For user sessions, you can create the systemd unit in ~/.config/systemd instead. This should work with 16.04 onwards, but not earlier releases of Ubuntu with systemd (since those still used Upstart for user sessions). User session units can be controlled with the same commands as with system services, but with the --user option added:

systemctl --user daemon-reload
systemctl --user status foo.service

A shell script named .gnomerc in your home directory is automatically sourced each time you log in to a GNOME session. You can put arbitrary commands in there; environment variables that you set in this script will be seen by any program that you run in your session.

Note that the session does not start until the .gnomerc script is finished; therefore, if you want to autostart some long-running program, you need to append & to the program invocation, in order to detach it from the running shell.

The menu option System -> Preferences -> Startup Applications allows to define what applications should be started when your graphical session starts (Ubuntu predefines quite some). This has almost the same purpose and scope of the .gnomerc script, except you don't need to know sh syntax (but neither can you use any sh programming construct).

Set environment variable

PYTHONPATH=/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/caffe
export PYTHONPATH

Show the model of the computer

# The first line will be product name.
sudo lshw | grep product
# or
sudo dmidecode -t system

sudo dmidecode -s bios-release-date       # show release date
sudo dmidecode -s baseboard-product-name  # show product name
sudo dmidecode -s baseboard-manufacturer  # show manufacturer

# Install GUI application
sudo apt install xsysinfo
xsysinfo &

Static IP address

Ubuntu Static IP configuration

IP config via GNOME GUI

The simplest approach on how to configure a static IP address on Ubuntu Desktop is via GNOME graphical user interface.

  • Open network settings Ubuntu Desktop.
  • Click on the settings icon to start IP address configuration.
  • Select IPv4 tab.
  • Select manual and enter your desired IP address, netmask, gateway and DNS settings. Once ready click Apply button.
  • Turn OFF and ON switch to apply your new network static IP config settings.
  • Click on the network settings icon once again to confirm your new static IP address settings.

Configure static IP address on Ubuntu server via networkd daemon. Open /etc/netplan/ directory. There is a default netplan configuration file called 50-cloud-init.yaml or 01-network-manager-all.yaml.

# This file is generated from information provided by the datasource. Changes
# to it will not persist across an instance reboot. To disable cloud-init's
# network configuration capabilities, write a file
# /etc/cloud/cloud.cfg.d/99-disable-network-config.cfg with the following:
# network: {config: disabled}
network:
    ethernets:
        ens9f0:
            addresses:
                    - ××.××.×××.××/24
            gateway4: ××.××.×××.1
            nameservers:
                    addresses: [8.8.4.4,8.8.8.8,××.××.×××.2,××.××.×××.3]

# Once ready apply changes with
sudo netplan apply
# In case you run into some issues execute
sudo netplan --debug apply

Switch language hotkey

On Ubuntu 18.04 the default shortcut is <Win>+<Space>. <Win> key is also called <Super> key.

Instructions for Ubuntu 18.04 LTS with Gnome desktop from Gnome Tweaks.

# Install Gnome Tweaks
sudo apt-get install gnome-tweaks
# Open Gnome Tweaks
sudo gnome-tweaks &
  • Open Gnome Tweaks (gnome-tweaks &).
  • Select Keyboard & Mouse tab
  • Click Additional Layout Options button
  • Expand Switching to another layout menu
  • Select checkbox Alt+Shift there

Gnome Tweaks Keyboard & Mouse

System info and benchmarks

Links:

Show system parameters:

cat /etc/lsb-release 
uname -a
free -mh
df -mh

# Install and run inxi command line tool
# sudo apt install inxi
sudo inxi -Fc0

# Linux monitor
# sudo apt install htop
htop
ps -aux | grep X  # list processes with `X`

View CPU load and temperature sensors here.

Run some Linux console benchmarks:

# CPU default to the performance governor
cat /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu*/cpufreq/scaling_governor

# sbc-bench.sh from Thomas kaiser
# wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ThomasKaiser/sbc-bench/master/sbc-bench.sh
sudo /bin/bash ./sbc-bench.sh -r  # or "-c" for shorter tests

Phoronix Test Suite:

# Install Phoronix Test Suite
# sudo apt install phoronix-test-suite
# or
# wget https://phoronix-test-suite.com/releases/repo/pts.debian/files/phoronix-test-suite_10.8.4_all.deb
# sudo dpkg -i ~/Downloads/phoronix-test-suite_10.8.4_all.deb

# To fix broken dependencies
sudo apt --fix-broken install
# or
# sudo apt install -f

# Install OPTIONAL but recommended extensions
sudo apt install php-gd bzip2 sqlite3 curl

# Check installation
phoronix-test-suite version
phoronix-test-suite
# List tests compatible with your OS
phoronix-test-suite list-recommended-tests
# List all available tests
phoronix-test-suite list-available-tests
# List the tests by group
phoronix-test-suite list-available-suites

# Run the Numpy test suite (or pts/machine-learning)
phoronix-test-suite info numpy 2>&1 | less  # show info in the terminal 
sudo phoronix-test-suite install numpy  # install necessary software
phoronix-test-suite run numpy  # run benchmark suite
# Use `benchmark` to install and run
phoronix-test-suite benchmark numpy  # install and run in 1 command

# Show info about some other tests
phoronix-test-suite info tensorflow-lite stress-ng

Run some stress tests:

sudo apt install stress
stress --help  # show options
stress --cpu 8 --io 4 --vm 4 --vm-bytes 256M --hdd 4 --hdd-bytes 1024M --timeout 10s
# Stress-ng is an updated implementation of Stress tool
sudo apt install stress-ng

Take screenshot

How to take a screenshot on Ubuntu 18.04

Press <Win> key on the keyboard and enter screenshot. Or enter in console gnome-screenshot&, but this works only in Gnome. Screen shot application will appear.

  • Flameshot GUI
sudo apt install flameshot  # install Flameshot
flameshot gui  # start it

There is an icon on the panel menu after flameshot gui is started.

  • Kazam (Flameshot tool is better)
sudo apt install kazam  # install Kazam
kazam &  # start it in background mode

Update system packages

sudo apt update
# sudo apt dist-upgrade
sudo apt upgrade

# If message: `The following packages have been kept back`
sudo apt install <list of packages kept back>

Upgrade Ubuntu from 22.04 to 24.04

Step 1: Back Up Your Important Data

# Copy Home dir
#rsync -a –progress /home/your_username /path_to_backup_location/home_backup

# Backup system config files
sudo rsync -a –progress /etc /path_to_backup_location/etc_backup

# Backup list of all installed packages
dpkg --get-selections > /path_to_backup_location/package_list.txt

# To reinstall all packages type
#sudo dpkg –-set-selections < package_list.txt
#sudo apt-get dselect-upgrade

Step 2: Upgrade All the System Packages

sudo apt update && sudo apt upgrade -y
sudo reboot

Step 3: Prepare TCP Port 1022

During the upgrade process, various services and configurations may be restarted or reloaded, including the SSH daemon. If something goes wrong during these operations, having an additional port configured can help to avoid losing remote access to the server.

sudo ufw allow 1022/tcp
sudo ufw reload  # reload to apply the rule
sudo ufw status

Step 4: Upgrade from Ubuntu 22.04 LTS to Ubuntu 24.04 LTS Version

sudo apt-get install ubuntu-release-upgrader-core
sudo do-release-upgrade -d

Step 5: Verify Proper and Finish

# Verify upgrade
lsb_release -a
cat /etc/os-release

# Close 1022 port
sudo ufw delete allow 1022/tcp

# Uncomment and remove the # sign at the beginning
# of each line for each repository
ls -l /etc/apt/sources.list.d/

sudo apt autoremove ––purge

If too many packages are kept back The following packages have been kept back ignore them or try this commands

sudo apt dist-upgrade

sudo apt --fix-broken install
sudo dpkg --configure -a
sudo apt-get -f install

# Install Full Update
sudo apt update
sudo apt full-upgrade

Note: durint update choose N or O : keep your currently-installed version to keep your configuration files.

If error Failed to fetch http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/dists/noble/InRelease Could not resolve 'archive.ubuntu.com'

# Add a DNS server to the system
sudo apt install systemd-resolved
#sudo systemctl start systemd-resolved.service
#sudo systemctl enable systemd-resolved.service
sudo systemctl status systemd-resolved.service

To remove message from sudo apt upgrade Get more security updates through Ubuntu Pro with 'esm-apps' enabled

cd /etc/apt/apt.conf.d/
sudo mkdir -p apt_relocated_backup
sudo mv 20apt-esm-hook.conf apt_relocated_backup/

# Check
sudo apt upgrade

View computer resources

  • GPU
# View NVIDIA resources
nvidia-smi
# or in non-stop mode (exit with Ctrl+C)
watch -n 0.5 nvidia-smi
  • CPU
# Check memory and CPU usage per process
top
  • HTOP

HTOP is a lightweight text-mode process viewer packed with handy features such as killing processes without entering their PID, displaying full command lines, etc with a colour display.

# Install HTOP interactive processes viewer
sudo apt install htop
# Run it
htop
# To quit press F10 or <Q> key.

htop interactive viewer

  • System monitor GUI

Press <Super> or <Win> key, type "system monitor".

Run Gnome System Monitory from command line:

# Run Gnome System Monitor in background
gnome-system-monitor &

System monitor GUI

  • Show system status
systemctl status

Navigate with arrow keys and <Home>, <End>, <Page Up>, <Page Down> keys. Exit with <Q> key.

systemctl status command

  • Memory usage
# Display memory usage in MBs
free -m
# Read /proc/meminfo file
cat /proc/meminfo
# Memory usage statistics
vmstat -s
  • Hardware info
# DMI table decoder
sudo dmidecode
# Show BIOS info
sudo dmidecode -t bios

View disk usage

List Disks on Ubuntu

Show disk usage or directory size

gnome-disks&  # open disks utility in background mode

# Disk Usage Analyzer - view only bootable disk
sudo apt install baobab  # install it
baobab&  # launch it

df -h /home/
sudo du -sh /home 2> /dev/null

# Show directory size
du -sh /home/username 2> /dev/null

# View all account sizes
for ACCOUNT in $(ls /home); do
    du -sh /home/$ACCOUNT 2> /dev/null
done

# Show all partitions usage on disks
df -h $(ls /dev/sd[a-z][1-9])

You can list all the attached disks on your computer from Ubuntu using the lsblk command.

sudo lsblk
# Hide loop (-e7) and CD/DVD (-e11) devices
sudo lsblk -e7 -e11
# List attached disks with their vendor and model information
sudo lsblk --scsi

View screen resolution

xrandr

or open System Settings → Display. There you'll see a Resolution drop-down menu.

View temperature sensors

Links: 01, 02, 03, 04

#Install lm-sensors
sudo apt install lm-sensors 
# After installation type the following in terminal
sudo sensors-detect
# You may also need to run
sudo service kmod start
# It will ask you few questions. Answer Yes for all of them.
watch -n 2 sensors  # press <Ctrl>+<C> to exit

# To see HDD temperature Install hddtemp
sudo apt install hddtemp
sudo hddtemp /dev/sda /dev/sdb /dev/sdc

# Use psensor tool
sudo apt install psensor
psensor

# Use conky tool
sudo apt install conky
conky &

# Use hardinfo
sudo apt install hardinfo
hardinfo &

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