diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index fdebf0dd..0034ef30 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -148,3 +148,4 @@ src/ezmsg/sigproc/__version__.py
 uv.lock
 *.local.json
 tmp/
+.codegraph/
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/ezmsg/sigproc/adaptive_lnc.py b/src/ezmsg/sigproc/adaptive_lnc.py
index 4a4b6f6d..b2f4761e 100644
--- a/src/ezmsg/sigproc/adaptive_lnc.py
+++ b/src/ezmsg/sigproc/adaptive_lnc.py
@@ -149,6 +149,12 @@ class AdaptiveLNCSettings(ez.Settings):
     loops do not fight. Independent of chunk size (the per-update gain is
     derived from elapsed time). Read live each chunk."""
 
+    max_freq_deviation: float | None = 2.0
+    """Maximum tracked deviation from ``line_freq`` in Hz. The default ±2 Hz
+    range is deliberately generous for mains tracking while preventing a weak
+    or absent line estimate from random-walking the FLL toward DC. ``None``
+    permits unbounded tracking."""
+
     cancel_method: CancelMethod = CancelMethod.NOTCH
     """How to remove the line; see :class:`CancelMethod`. ``NOTCH`` (default)
     applies the SOS notch cascade -- a perfect null that also removes any signal
@@ -170,6 +176,12 @@ class AdaptiveLNCState:
     omega: float = 0.0
     """Current NCO angular frequency in rad/sample (tracked by the FLL)."""
 
+    omega_min: float | None = None
+    """Lower FLL bound in rad/sample, or ``None`` when tracking is unbounded."""
+
+    omega_max: float | None = None
+    """Upper FLL bound in rad/sample, or ``None`` when tracking is unbounded."""
+
     phase: float = 0.0
     """NCO phase (rad) for the first sample of the next chunk; accumulates so
     the demodulation reference is continuous across chunk boundaries."""
@@ -288,6 +300,17 @@ def _reset_state(self, message: AxisArray) -> None:
         fs = 1.0 / message.axes[self.settings.axis].gain
         # Seed the NCO at the nominal normalised frequency; the FLL refines it.
         self._state.omega = 2.0 * np.pi * self.settings.line_freq / fs
+        max_deviation = self.settings.max_freq_deviation
+        if max_deviation is not None:
+            if max_deviation < 0:
+                raise ValueError("max_freq_deviation must be non-negative or None")
+            min_freq = max(0.0, self.settings.line_freq - max_deviation)
+            max_freq = min(fs / 2.0, self.settings.line_freq + max_deviation)
+            self._state.omega_min = 2.0 * np.pi * min_freq / fs
+            self._state.omega_max = 2.0 * np.pi * max_freq / fs
+        else:
+            self._state.omega_min = None
+            self._state.omega_max = None
         self._state.phase = 0.0
 
         # Frequency-update window: one mains period, inferred from line_freq/fs.
@@ -366,7 +389,10 @@ def _fll_step(self, z_fund: np.ndarray, beta: float) -> None:
         if st.z_phasor_prev is not None:
             cross = np.sum(z_fund * np.conj(st.z_phasor_prev))
             if cross != 0:
-                st.omega = st.omega + beta * float(np.angle(cross)) / st.block_len
+                omega = st.omega + beta * float(np.angle(cross)) / st.block_len
+                if st.omega_min is not None and st.omega_max is not None:
+                    omega = float(np.clip(omega, st.omega_min, st.omega_max))
+                st.omega = omega
         st.z_phasor_prev = z_fund
 
     def _freq_update(self, beta: float) -> None:
diff --git a/tests/unit/test_adaptive_lnc.py b/tests/unit/test_adaptive_lnc.py
index 5d8c3900..447cf47e 100644
--- a/tests/unit/test_adaptive_lnc.py
+++ b/tests/unit/test_adaptive_lnc.py
@@ -146,6 +146,7 @@ def adaptive_lnc(
     num_harmonics: int = 1,
     adapt_time_constant: float = 0.1,
     freq_time_constant: float | None = 0.5,
+    max_freq_deviation: float | None = 2.0,
     cancel_method: str = "notch",
     axis: str = "time",
 ) -> AdaptiveLNCTransformer:
@@ -156,6 +157,7 @@ def adaptive_lnc(
             num_harmonics=num_harmonics,
             adapt_time_constant=adapt_time_constant,
             freq_time_constant=freq_time_constant,
+            max_freq_deviation=max_freq_deviation,
             cancel_method=cancel_method,
             axis=axis,
         )
@@ -246,6 +248,28 @@ def test_line_freq_change_reseeds_nco():
     assert omega_50 == pytest.approx(2 * np.pi * 50.0 / FS)
 
 
+def test_frequency_tracking_is_bounded_around_nominal():
+    max_deviation = 0.25
+    proc = adaptive_lnc(
+        line_freq=LINE_FREQ,
+        freq_time_constant=0.1,
+        max_freq_deviation=max_deviation,
+    )
+    proc(_make_axisarray(np.zeros((1, 1), dtype=np.float32)))
+
+    # A quarter-cycle phasor rotation would request a many-Hz correction in a
+    # single FLL step. Both directions must clamp at the configured bounds.
+    proc._state.z_phasor_prev = np.ones(1, dtype=np.complex128)
+    proc._fll_step(np.full(1, 1j, dtype=np.complex128), beta=1.0)
+    freq = proc._state.omega * FS / (2.0 * np.pi)
+    assert freq == pytest.approx(LINE_FREQ + max_deviation)
+
+    proc._state.z_phasor_prev = np.ones(1, dtype=np.complex128)
+    proc._fll_step(np.full(1, -1j, dtype=np.complex128), beta=1.0)
+    freq = proc._state.omega * FS / (2.0 * np.pi)
+    assert freq == pytest.approx(LINE_FREQ - max_deviation)
+
+
 # --------------------------------------------------------------------------- #
 # Frequency tracking (FLL enabled)                                            #
 # --------------------------------------------------------------------------- #