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      <span class="kicker">Dartmouth Brain Imaging Center (DBIC)</span>
      <h1>Dual fNIRS</h1>
      <p class="lede">Two wearable Kernel Flow2 time-domain fNIRS systems — whole-head, naturalistic imaging of cortical hemodynamics, with a second unit for two-person hyperscanning and dyadic social neuroscience.</p>
      <span class="maintainer">Maintained by the Chang Lab &amp; DBIC · Consortium for Interacting Minds · Shared</span>
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          <span class="eyebrow">The systems</span>
          <h2>Two wearable Kernel Flow2 helmets</h2>
          <p class="prose" style="color:var(--text-soft)">The lab operates a pair of Kernel Flow2 time-domain functional near-infrared spectroscopy (TD-fNIRS) systems, housed in the Consortium for Interacting Minds (CIM). Each is a lightweight, wearable whole-head helmet with distributed source–detector modules that pulse dual-wavelength near-infrared light into the cortex and time the returning photons. Because the measurement is optical rather than magnetic, participants can move, speak, and interact freely — no scanner bore, no fixed table, and a fast, cap-free setup.</p>
          <p class="prose" style="color:var(--text-soft)">Running two units at once is the defining capability: two people can be recorded simultaneously during live interaction, opening the door to hyperscanning and dyadic study designs that are difficult or impossible inside the MRI scanner.</p>
          <ul class="spec-list" style="margin-top:1.5rem;">
            <li><strong>Modality:</strong> Time-domain fNIRS (TD-fNIRS)</li>
            <li><strong>Form factor:</strong> Wearable whole-head helmet, portable</li>
            <li><strong>Measures:</strong> Oxy- &amp; deoxy-hemoglobin (HbO / HbR) hemodynamics</li>
            <li><strong>Units:</strong> Two systems — enables two-person hyperscanning</li>
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            <img src="images/fnirs-kernel.jpg" alt="A Kernel Flow wearable time-domain fNIRS helmet" />
            <figcaption>A Kernel Flow TD-fNIRS system. Representative image. (Kernel, CC BY 4.0.)</figcaption>
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  <!-- ============ HOW TD-fNIRS WORKS ============ -->
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        <span class="eyebrow" data-reveal>How it works</span>
        <h2 data-reveal data-reveal-delay="1">Inside time-domain fNIRS</h2>
        <p class="lede" data-reveal data-reveal-delay="2">TD-fNIRS times individual photons as they scatter through tissue, adding depth sensitivity that separates deep cortical signal from surface blood flow.</p>
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          <h4>Photon timing</h4>
          <p>Pulsed lasers and time-resolved single-photon detectors record the full time-of-flight distribution, not just light intensity — the core of the time-domain method.</p>
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          <h4>Whole-head coverage</h4>
          <p>Distributed source–detector modules span the helmet for broad cortical coverage. Exact module and channel counts to be confirmed.</p>
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          <h4>Hemodynamic mapping</h4>
          <p>Dual-wavelength light resolves oxy- and deoxy-hemoglobin separately, mapping the hemodynamic response across cortex.</p>
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          <h4>Hyperscanning</h4>
          <p>Two synchronized systems record two brains at once during live social interaction — the basis for dyadic and hyperscanning designs.</p>
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          <h4>Wearable &amp; naturalistic</h4>
          <p>Portable and cap-free with no scanner bore, so participants can sit, move, and converse in ecologically valid settings.</p>
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          <h4>Complements fMRI</h4>
          <p>Optical hemodynamics that pair naturally with the DBIC 3T scanner — trade some spatial coverage for mobility, comfort, and free interaction.</p>
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            <img src="images/fnirs-kernel.jpg" alt="Wearable time-domain fNIRS helmet used for naturalistic neuroimaging" />
            <figcaption>Wearable TD-fNIRS supports naturalistic, interactive paradigms. Representative image. (Kernel, CC BY 4.0.)</figcaption>
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          <span class="eyebrow">What it enables</span>
          <h2>Naturalistic &amp; social studies</h2>
          <p class="prose" style="color:var(--text-soft)">The wearable, dual-system design makes the resource especially well suited to research questions that call for real-world interaction and movement.</p>
          <ul class="spec-list" style="margin-top:1.2rem;">
            <li><strong>Two-person hyperscanning:</strong> simultaneous recording of interacting dyads</li>
            <li><strong>Social &amp; affective neuroscience:</strong> face-to-face conversation, cooperation, and shared attention</li>
            <li><strong>Naturalistic paradigms:</strong> tasks that are hard to run inside a scanner bore</li>
            <li><strong>Populations that tolerate imaging poorly:</strong> comfortable, quiet, cap-free setup</li>
            <li><strong>Multimodal designs:</strong> a complement to fMRI, EEG, and psychophysiology on campus</li>
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        <span class="eyebrow" data-reveal>Access</span>
        <h2 data-reveal data-reveal-delay="1">Using the fNIRS systems</h2>
        <p class="lede" data-reveal data-reveal-delay="2">The two Kernel Flow2 systems are maintained jointly by the Chang Lab (Computational Social Affective Neuroscience) and the DBIC, located in the Consortium for Interacting Minds (CIM), and are available as a shared resource. Detailed protocols and current specifications are being finalized and will also be listed on the DBIC website.</p>
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        <strong>Interested in a study?</strong> Reach out to the Chang Lab or the DBIC to discuss study design, training, and scheduling. Full system specifications — including module and channel details — are to be confirmed.
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