diff --git a/.github/workflows/parallel_ci.yml b/.github/workflows/parallel_ci.yml
index 7abb5d2..088f24b 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/parallel_ci.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/parallel_ci.yml
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ jobs:
       fail-fast: true
     services:
       memcached:
-        image: memcached:1.4.31
+        image: memcached:1.6.32
         ports:
           - 11211/udp
     env:
@@ -22,10 +22,10 @@ jobs:
       - name: Checkout Code
         uses: actions/checkout@v3
 
-      - name: Set up Ruby 3.1.6
+      - name: Set up Ruby
         uses: ruby/setup-ruby@v1
         with:
-          ruby-version: "3.1.6"
+          ruby-version: "3.2.9"
           bundler-cache: true
 
       - name: Run Specs
diff --git a/.github/workflows/rubocop.yml b/.github/workflows/rubocop.yml
index 81b1fed..e45057e 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/rubocop.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/rubocop.yml
@@ -9,10 +9,10 @@ jobs:
 
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-      - name: Set up Ruby 3.0
+      - name: Set up Ruby
         uses: ruby/setup-ruby@v1
         with:
-          ruby-version: 3.1.6
+          ruby-version: 3.2.9
       - name: Cache gems
         uses: actions/cache@v4
         with:
diff --git a/.rubocop.yml b/.rubocop.yml
index ed48b0e..49170f3 100644
--- a/.rubocop.yml
+++ b/.rubocop.yml
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ require:
   - rubocop-factory_bot
 
 AllCops:
-  TargetRubyVersion: 3.0
+  TargetRubyVersion: 3.2
   Exclude:
     - "bin/**/*"
     - "log/**/*"
@@ -33,3 +33,10 @@ Layout/SpaceInsideHashLiteralBraces:
 
 RSpec/ExampleLength:
   Enabled: false
+
+Style/FrozenStringLiteralComment:
+  Enabled: false
+
+Rails/SkipsModelValidations:
+  Exclude:
+    - "db/migrate/**/*"
diff --git a/.ruby-version b/.ruby-version
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..df4bdc7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.ruby-version
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+3.2.9
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Dockerfile b/Dockerfile
index 2b5736b..02c361b 100644
--- a/Dockerfile
+++ b/Dockerfile
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
-FROM phusion/passenger-ruby31:3.0.7
+FROM phusion/passenger-ruby32:3.1.4
 
 # Set correct environment variables.
-ENV HOME /home/app
-ENV LC_ALL en_US.UTF-8
-ENV LANG en_US.UTF-8
+ENV HOME=/home/app
+ENV LC_ALL=en_US.UTF-8
+ENV LANG=en_US.UTF-8
 
 # Allow app user to read /etc/container_environment
 RUN usermod -a -G docker_env app
@@ -11,8 +11,8 @@ RUN usermod -a -G docker_env app
 # Use baseimage-docker's init process.
 CMD ["/sbin/my_init"]
 
-#  Use Ruby 3.1.6
-RUN bash -lc 'rvm --default use ruby-3.1.6'
+#  Use Ruby
+RUN bash -lc 'rvm --default use ruby-3.2.9'
 
 # Update installed APT packages
 RUN apt-get update && apt-get upgrade -y -o Dpkg::Options::="--force-confold" && \
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ RUN mkdir -p vendor/bundle && \
     chown -R app:app . && \
     chmod -R 755 . && \
     gem install rubygems-update -v 3.5.6 && \
-    gem install bundler:2.5.6 && \
+    gem install bundler:2.6.9 && \
     /sbin/setuser app bundle config set --local path 'vendor/bundle' && \
     /sbin/setuser app bundle install
 
diff --git a/Gemfile b/Gemfile
index bb9d4db..a802c92 100644
--- a/Gemfile
+++ b/Gemfile
@@ -1,13 +1,11 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
 source "https://rubygems.org"
 
-ruby "3.1.6"
+ruby "3.2.9"
 
-gem "rails", "~> 7.1.3", ">= 7.1.3.2"
+gem "rails", "~> 7.2", ">= 7.2.3"
 gem "bootsnap", require: false
 gem "rack-cors"
-gem "shoryuken", "~> 4.0"
+gem "shoryuken", "~> 7.0"
 gem "aws-sdk-sqs", "~> 1.3"
 gem "lograge", "~> 0.11.2"
 gem "logstash-event", "~> 1.2", ">= 1.2.02"
diff --git a/Gemfile.lock b/Gemfile.lock
index 3effb52..cc6f643 100644
--- a/Gemfile.lock
+++ b/Gemfile.lock
@@ -1,104 +1,102 @@
 GEM
   remote: https://rubygems.org/
   specs:
-    actioncable (7.1.5.1)
-      actionpack (= 7.1.5.1)
-      activesupport (= 7.1.5.1)
+    actioncable (7.2.3)
+      actionpack (= 7.2.3)
+      activesupport (= 7.2.3)
       nio4r (~> 2.0)
       websocket-driver (>= 0.6.1)
       zeitwerk (~> 2.6)
-    actionmailbox (7.1.5.1)
-      actionpack (= 7.1.5.1)
-      activejob (= 7.1.5.1)
-      activerecord (= 7.1.5.1)
-      activestorage (= 7.1.5.1)
-      activesupport (= 7.1.5.1)
-      mail (>= 2.7.1)
-      net-imap
-      net-pop
-      net-smtp
-    actionmailer (7.1.5.1)
-      actionpack (= 7.1.5.1)
-      actionview (= 7.1.5.1)
-      activejob (= 7.1.5.1)
-      activesupport (= 7.1.5.1)
-      mail (~> 2.5, >= 2.5.4)
-      net-imap
-      net-pop
-      net-smtp
+    actionmailbox (7.2.3)
+      actionpack (= 7.2.3)
+      activejob (= 7.2.3)
+      activerecord (= 7.2.3)
+      activestorage (= 7.2.3)
+      activesupport (= 7.2.3)
+      mail (>= 2.8.0)
+    actionmailer (7.2.3)
+      actionpack (= 7.2.3)
+      actionview (= 7.2.3)
+      activejob (= 7.2.3)
+      activesupport (= 7.2.3)
+      mail (>= 2.8.0)
       rails-dom-testing (~> 2.2)
-    actionpack (7.1.5.1)
-      actionview (= 7.1.5.1)
-      activesupport (= 7.1.5.1)
+    actionpack (7.2.3)
+      actionview (= 7.2.3)
+      activesupport (= 7.2.3)
+      cgi
       nokogiri (>= 1.8.5)
       racc
-      rack (>= 2.2.4)
+      rack (>= 2.2.4, < 3.3)
       rack-session (>= 1.0.1)
       rack-test (>= 0.6.3)
       rails-dom-testing (~> 2.2)
       rails-html-sanitizer (~> 1.6)
-    actiontext (7.1.5.1)
-      actionpack (= 7.1.5.1)
-      activerecord (= 7.1.5.1)
-      activestorage (= 7.1.5.1)
-      activesupport (= 7.1.5.1)
+      useragent (~> 0.16)
+    actiontext (7.2.3)
+      actionpack (= 7.2.3)
+      activerecord (= 7.2.3)
+      activestorage (= 7.2.3)
+      activesupport (= 7.2.3)
       globalid (>= 0.6.0)
       nokogiri (>= 1.8.5)
-    actionview (7.1.5.1)
-      activesupport (= 7.1.5.1)
+    actionview (7.2.3)
+      activesupport (= 7.2.3)
       builder (~> 3.1)
+      cgi
       erubi (~> 1.11)
       rails-dom-testing (~> 2.2)
       rails-html-sanitizer (~> 1.6)
-    activejob (7.1.5.1)
-      activesupport (= 7.1.5.1)
+    activejob (7.2.3)
+      activesupport (= 7.2.3)
       globalid (>= 0.3.6)
-    activemodel (7.1.5.1)
-      activesupport (= 7.1.5.1)
-    activerecord (7.1.5.1)
-      activemodel (= 7.1.5.1)
-      activesupport (= 7.1.5.1)
+    activemodel (7.2.3)
+      activesupport (= 7.2.3)
+    activerecord (7.2.3)
+      activemodel (= 7.2.3)
+      activesupport (= 7.2.3)
       timeout (>= 0.4.0)
     activerecord-nulldb-adapter (1.1.1)
       activerecord (>= 6.0, < 8.1)
-    activestorage (7.1.5.1)
-      actionpack (= 7.1.5.1)
-      activejob (= 7.1.5.1)
-      activerecord (= 7.1.5.1)
-      activesupport (= 7.1.5.1)
+    activestorage (7.2.3)
+      actionpack (= 7.2.3)
+      activejob (= 7.2.3)
+      activerecord (= 7.2.3)
+      activesupport (= 7.2.3)
       marcel (~> 1.0)
-    activesupport (7.1.5.1)
+    activesupport (7.2.3)
       base64
       benchmark (>= 0.3)
       bigdecimal
-      concurrent-ruby (~> 1.0, >= 1.0.2)
+      concurrent-ruby (~> 1.0, >= 1.3.1)
       connection_pool (>= 2.2.5)
       drb
       i18n (>= 1.6, < 2)
       logger (>= 1.4.2)
       minitest (>= 5.1)
-      mutex_m
       securerandom (>= 0.3)
-      tzinfo (~> 2.0)
+      tzinfo (~> 2.0, >= 2.0.5)
     addressable (2.8.7)
       public_suffix (>= 2.0.2, < 7.0)
     ast (2.4.2)
-    aws-eventstream (1.3.1)
-    aws-partitions (1.1060.0)
-    aws-sdk-core (3.220.0)
+    aws-eventstream (1.4.0)
+    aws-partitions (1.1206.0)
+    aws-sdk-core (3.241.4)
       aws-eventstream (~> 1, >= 1.3.0)
       aws-partitions (~> 1, >= 1.992.0)
       aws-sigv4 (~> 1.9)
       base64
+      bigdecimal
       jmespath (~> 1, >= 1.6.1)
+      logger
     aws-sdk-sqs (1.93.0)
       aws-sdk-core (~> 3, >= 3.216.0)
       aws-sigv4 (~> 1.5)
-    aws-sigv4 (1.11.0)
+    aws-sigv4 (1.12.1)
       aws-eventstream (~> 1, >= 1.0.2)
-    base64 (0.2.0)
-    benchmark (0.4.0)
-    bigdecimal (3.1.9)
+    base64 (0.3.0)
+    benchmark (0.5.0)
+    bigdecimal (4.0.1)
     bootsnap (1.18.4)
       msgpack (~> 1.2)
     brakeman (7.0.0)
@@ -107,22 +105,23 @@ GEM
     bundler-audit (0.9.2)
       bundler (>= 1.2.0, < 3)
       thor (~> 1.0)
-    concurrent-ruby (1.3.5)
-    connection_pool (2.5.0)
+    cgi (0.5.1)
+    concurrent-ruby (1.3.6)
+    connection_pool (3.0.2)
     coveralls_reborn (0.28.0)
       simplecov (~> 0.22.0)
       term-ansicolor (~> 1.7)
       thor (~> 1.2)
       tins (~> 1.32)
     crass (1.0.6)
-    date (3.4.1)
+    date (3.5.1)
     debug (1.10.0)
       irb (~> 1.10)
       reline (>= 0.3.8)
     diff-lcs (1.6.0)
     docile (1.4.1)
     dotenv (3.1.7)
-    drb (2.2.1)
+    drb (2.2.3)
     elasticsearch (7.17.11)
       elasticsearch-api (= 7.17.11)
       elasticsearch-transport (= 7.17.11)
@@ -137,6 +136,7 @@ GEM
       base64
       faraday (>= 1, < 3)
       multi_json
+    erb (6.0.1)
     erubi (1.13.1)
     excon (1.2.5)
       logger
@@ -160,13 +160,13 @@ GEM
     git (1.19.1)
       addressable (~> 2.8)
       rchardet (~> 1.8)
-    globalid (1.2.1)
+    globalid (1.3.0)
       activesupport (>= 6.1)
     hashie (5.0.0)
-    i18n (1.14.7)
+    i18n (1.14.8)
       concurrent-ruby (~> 1.0)
-    io-console (0.8.0)
-    irb (1.15.1)
+    io-console (0.8.2)
+    irb (1.16.0)
       pp (>= 0.6.0)
       rdoc (>= 4.0.0)
       reline (>= 0.4.2)
@@ -183,26 +183,27 @@ GEM
     logstash-event (1.2.02)
     logstash-logger (0.26.1)
       logstash-event (~> 1.2)
-    loofah (2.24.0)
+    loofah (2.25.0)
       crass (~> 1.0.2)
       nokogiri (>= 1.12.0)
     macaddr (1.7.2)
       systemu (~> 2.6.5)
-    mail (2.8.1)
+    mail (2.9.0)
+      logger
       mini_mime (>= 0.1.1)
       net-imap
       net-pop
       net-smtp
-    marcel (1.0.4)
+    marcel (1.1.0)
     mini_mime (1.1.5)
-    minitest (5.25.4)
+    minitest (6.0.1)
+      prism (~> 1.5)
     msgpack (1.8.0)
     multi_json (1.15.0)
-    mutex_m (0.3.0)
     mysql2 (0.5.6)
     net-http (0.6.0)
       uri
-    net-imap (0.5.6)
+    net-imap (0.6.2)
       date
       net-protocol
     net-pop (0.1.2)
@@ -211,12 +212,12 @@ GEM
       timeout
     net-smtp (0.5.1)
       net-protocol
-    nio4r (2.7.4)
-    nokogiri (1.18.3-aarch64-linux-gnu)
+    nio4r (2.7.5)
+    nokogiri (1.19.0-aarch64-linux-gnu)
       racc (~> 1.4)
-    nokogiri (1.18.3-arm64-darwin)
+    nokogiri (1.19.0-arm64-darwin)
       racc (~> 1.4)
-    nokogiri (1.18.3-x86_64-linux-gnu)
+    nokogiri (1.19.0-x86_64-linux-gnu)
       racc (~> 1.4)
     oj (3.16.11)
       bigdecimal (>= 3.0)
@@ -226,60 +227,65 @@ GEM
     parser (3.3.7.1)
       ast (~> 2.4.1)
       racc
-    pp (0.6.2)
+    pp (0.6.3)
       prettyprint
     prettyprint (0.2.0)
-    psych (5.2.3)
+    prism (1.8.0)
+    psych (5.3.1)
       date
       stringio
     public_suffix (6.0.1)
     racc (1.8.1)
-    rack (3.1.11)
+    rack (3.2.4)
     rack-cors (2.0.2)
       rack (>= 2.0.0)
-    rack-session (2.1.0)
+    rack-session (2.1.1)
       base64 (>= 0.1.0)
       rack (>= 3.0.0)
     rack-test (2.2.0)
       rack (>= 1.3)
-    rackup (2.2.1)
+    rackup (2.3.1)
       rack (>= 3)
-    rails (7.1.5.1)
-      actioncable (= 7.1.5.1)
-      actionmailbox (= 7.1.5.1)
-      actionmailer (= 7.1.5.1)
-      actionpack (= 7.1.5.1)
-      actiontext (= 7.1.5.1)
-      actionview (= 7.1.5.1)
-      activejob (= 7.1.5.1)
-      activemodel (= 7.1.5.1)
-      activerecord (= 7.1.5.1)
-      activestorage (= 7.1.5.1)
-      activesupport (= 7.1.5.1)
+    rails (7.2.3)
+      actioncable (= 7.2.3)
+      actionmailbox (= 7.2.3)
+      actionmailer (= 7.2.3)
+      actionpack (= 7.2.3)
+      actiontext (= 7.2.3)
+      actionview (= 7.2.3)
+      activejob (= 7.2.3)
+      activemodel (= 7.2.3)
+      activerecord (= 7.2.3)
+      activestorage (= 7.2.3)
+      activesupport (= 7.2.3)
       bundler (>= 1.15.0)
-      railties (= 7.1.5.1)
-    rails-dom-testing (2.2.0)
+      railties (= 7.2.3)
+    rails-dom-testing (2.3.0)
       activesupport (>= 5.0.0)
       minitest
       nokogiri (>= 1.6)
     rails-html-sanitizer (1.6.2)
       loofah (~> 2.21)
       nokogiri (>= 1.15.7, != 1.16.7, != 1.16.6, != 1.16.5, != 1.16.4, != 1.16.3, != 1.16.2, != 1.16.1, != 1.16.0.rc1, != 1.16.0)
-    railties (7.1.5.1)
-      actionpack (= 7.1.5.1)
-      activesupport (= 7.1.5.1)
-      irb
+    railties (7.2.3)
+      actionpack (= 7.2.3)
+      activesupport (= 7.2.3)
+      cgi
+      irb (~> 1.13)
       rackup (>= 1.0.0)
       rake (>= 12.2)
       thor (~> 1.0, >= 1.2.2)
+      tsort (>= 0.2)
       zeitwerk (~> 2.6)
     rainbow (3.1.1)
-    rake (13.2.1)
+    rake (13.3.1)
     rchardet (1.9.0)
-    rdoc (6.12.0)
+    rdoc (7.1.0)
+      erb
       psych (>= 4.0.0)
+      tsort
     regexp_parser (2.10.0)
-    reline (0.6.0)
+    reline (0.6.3)
       io-console (~> 0.5)
     request_store (1.7.0)
       rack (>= 1.4)
@@ -342,10 +348,11 @@ GEM
     sentry-ruby (5.23.0)
       bigdecimal
       concurrent-ruby (~> 1.0, >= 1.0.2)
-    shoryuken (4.0.3)
-      aws-sdk-core (>= 2)
+    shoryuken (7.0.0)
+      aws-sdk-sqs (>= 1.66.0)
       concurrent-ruby
       thor
+      zeitwerk (~> 2.6)
     shoulda-matchers (6.5.0)
       activesupport (>= 5.2.0)
     simplecov (0.22.0)
@@ -354,29 +361,31 @@ GEM
       simplecov_json_formatter (~> 0.1)
     simplecov-html (0.13.1)
     simplecov_json_formatter (0.1.4)
-    stringio (3.1.5)
+    stringio (3.2.0)
     sync (0.5.0)
     systemu (2.6.5)
     term-ansicolor (1.11.2)
       tins (~> 1.0)
-    thor (1.3.2)
-    timeout (0.4.3)
+    thor (1.5.0)
+    timeout (0.6.0)
     tins (1.38.0)
       bigdecimal
       sync
+    tsort (0.2.0)
     tzinfo (2.0.6)
       concurrent-ruby (~> 1.0)
     unicode-display_width (3.1.4)
       unicode-emoji (~> 4.0, >= 4.0.4)
     unicode-emoji (4.0.4)
     uri (1.0.3)
+    useragent (0.16.11)
     uuid (2.3.9)
       macaddr (~> 1.0)
-    websocket-driver (0.7.7)
+    websocket-driver (0.8.0)
       base64
       websocket-extensions (>= 0.1.0)
     websocket-extensions (0.1.5)
-    zeitwerk (2.6.18)
+    zeitwerk (2.7.4)
 
 PLATFORMS
   aarch64-linux
@@ -408,7 +417,7 @@ DEPENDENCIES
   oj (~> 3.16, >= 3.16.11)
   parallel (~> 1.27)
   rack-cors
-  rails (~> 7.1.3, >= 7.1.3.2)
+  rails (~> 7.2, >= 7.2.3)
   rspec-rails (~> 7.0.0)
   rubocop
   rubocop-factory_bot
@@ -419,13 +428,13 @@ DEPENDENCIES
   rubocop-shopify
   sentry-rails
   sentry-ruby
-  shoryuken (~> 4.0)
+  shoryuken (~> 7.0)
   shoulda-matchers
   simplecov
   uuid (~> 2.3, >= 2.3.9)
 
 RUBY VERSION
-   ruby 3.1.6p260
+   ruby 3.2.9p265
 
 BUNDLED WITH
-   2.5.6
+   2.6.9
diff --git a/Rakefile b/Rakefile
index d2a78aa..9a5ea73 100644
--- a/Rakefile
+++ b/Rakefile
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
 # Add your own tasks in files placed in lib/tasks ending in .rake,
 # for example lib/tasks/capistrano.rake, and they will automatically be available to Rake.
 
diff --git a/app/channels/application_cable/channel.rb b/app/channels/application_cable/channel.rb
index 9aec230..d672697 100644
--- a/app/channels/application_cable/channel.rb
+++ b/app/channels/application_cable/channel.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
 module ApplicationCable
   class Channel < ActionCable::Channel::Base
   end
diff --git a/app/channels/application_cable/connection.rb b/app/channels/application_cable/connection.rb
index 8d6c2a1..0ff5442 100644
--- a/app/channels/application_cable/connection.rb
+++ b/app/channels/application_cable/connection.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
 module ApplicationCable
   class Connection < ActionCable::Connection::Base
   end
diff --git a/app/constants/relation_types.rb b/app/constants/relation_types.rb
index 6f380a4..422c523 100644
--- a/app/constants/relation_types.rb
+++ b/app/constants/relation_types.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
 module RelationTypes
   REFERENCE_RELATION_TYPES = [
     "cites", "is-supplemented-by", "references",
diff --git a/app/controllers/application_controller.rb b/app/controllers/application_controller.rb
index 13c271f..4ac8823 100644
--- a/app/controllers/application_controller.rb
+++ b/app/controllers/application_controller.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,2 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
 class ApplicationController < ActionController::API
 end
diff --git a/app/controllers/heartbeat_controller.rb b/app/controllers/heartbeat_controller.rb
index 44a7889..03cda95 100644
--- a/app/controllers/heartbeat_controller.rb
+++ b/app/controllers/heartbeat_controller.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
 class HeartbeatController < ApplicationController
   def index
     render(
diff --git a/app/jobs/application_job.rb b/app/jobs/application_job.rb
index bef3959..d394c3d 100644
--- a/app/jobs/application_job.rb
+++ b/app/jobs/application_job.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
 class ApplicationJob < ActiveJob::Base
   # Automatically retry jobs that encountered a deadlock
   # retry_on ActiveRecord::Deadlocked
diff --git a/app/jobs/event_index_job.rb b/app/jobs/event_index_job.rb
index de3b927..8975109 100644
--- a/app/jobs/event_index_job.rb
+++ b/app/jobs/event_index_job.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
 class EventIndexJob < ApplicationJob
   queue_as :events_index
 
diff --git a/app/mailers/application_mailer.rb b/app/mailers/application_mailer.rb
index 5cc63a0..3c34c81 100644
--- a/app/mailers/application_mailer.rb
+++ b/app/mailers/application_mailer.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
 class ApplicationMailer < ActionMailer::Base
   default from: "from@example.com"
   layout "mailer"
diff --git a/app/models/application_record.rb b/app/models/application_record.rb
index 08dc537..b63caeb 100644
--- a/app/models/application_record.rb
+++ b/app/models/application_record.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
 class ApplicationRecord < ActiveRecord::Base
   primary_abstract_class
 end
diff --git a/app/models/concerns/events/event_from_sqs_creator.rb b/app/models/concerns/events/event_from_sqs_creator.rb
index 59ac424..7037e60 100644
--- a/app/models/concerns/events/event_from_sqs_creator.rb
+++ b/app/models/concerns/events/event_from_sqs_creator.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
 module Events
   module EventFromSqsCreator
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
diff --git a/app/models/concerns/events/event_from_sqs_updater.rb b/app/models/concerns/events/event_from_sqs_updater.rb
index 60ed532..4f4180f 100644
--- a/app/models/concerns/events/event_from_sqs_updater.rb
+++ b/app/models/concerns/events/event_from_sqs_updater.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
 module Events
   module EventFromSqsUpdater
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
diff --git a/app/models/concerns/events/event_index_handler.rb b/app/models/concerns/events/event_index_handler.rb
index 92f259e..a01052d 100644
--- a/app/models/concerns/events/event_index_handler.rb
+++ b/app/models/concerns/events/event_index_handler.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
 module Events
   module EventIndexHandler
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
diff --git a/app/models/concerns/events/relation_type_handler.rb b/app/models/concerns/events/relation_type_handler.rb
index a19ee6d..77d2b70 100644
--- a/app/models/concerns/events/relation_type_handler.rb
+++ b/app/models/concerns/events/relation_type_handler.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
 # Handles setting the source and target doi data of an event when an event is created or updated.
 # Method is only invoked via a before_validation callback in the events model.
 
diff --git a/app/models/doi.rb b/app/models/doi.rb
index c27e9a3..89c440b 100644
--- a/app/models/doi.rb
+++ b/app/models/doi.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
 class Doi
   class << self
     def publication_date(doi)
diff --git a/app/models/event.rb b/app/models/event.rb
index cd6b7d7..f65cece 100644
--- a/app/models/event.rb
+++ b/app/models/event.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
 class Event < ApplicationRecord
   # Included Modules
   include Events::RelationTypeHandler
diff --git a/app/utilities/doi_utilities.rb b/app/utilities/doi_utilities.rb
index dab1eb0..5fef641 100644
--- a/app/utilities/doi_utilities.rb
+++ b/app/utilities/doi_utilities.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
 module DoiUtilities
   class << self
     def normalize_doi(url)
diff --git a/app/utilities/orcid_utilities.rb b/app/utilities/orcid_utilities.rb
index 4a668de..c27a705 100644
--- a/app/utilities/orcid_utilities.rb
+++ b/app/utilities/orcid_utilities.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
 module OrcidUtilities
   class << self
     def orcid_from_url(url)
diff --git a/app/utilities/sqs_utilities.rb b/app/utilities/sqs_utilities.rb
index 7430347..ddfe12b 100644
--- a/app/utilities/sqs_utilities.rb
+++ b/app/utilities/sqs_utilities.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
 module SqsUtilities
   require "aws-sdk-sqs"
 
diff --git a/app/validators/uuid_format_validator.rb b/app/validators/uuid_format_validator.rb
index 42aacf6..a3caa2e 100644
--- a/app/validators/uuid_format_validator.rb
+++ b/app/validators/uuid_format_validator.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
 class UuidFormatValidator < ActiveModel::EachValidator
   def validate_each(record, attribute, value)
     unless UUID.validate(value)
diff --git a/app/workers/event_import_worker.rb b/app/workers/event_import_worker.rb
index a26aabc..b7e10cf 100644
--- a/app/workers/event_import_worker.rb
+++ b/app/workers/event_import_worker.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
 class EventImportWorker
   include Shoryuken::Worker
 
diff --git a/bin/brakeman b/bin/brakeman
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..ace1c9b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/brakeman
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env ruby
+require "rubygems"
+require "bundler/setup"
+
+ARGV.unshift("--ensure-latest")
+
+load Gem.bin_path("brakeman", "brakeman")
diff --git a/bin/bundle b/bin/bundle
index 981e650..ca309ce 100755
--- a/bin/bundle
+++ b/bin/bundle
@@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env ruby
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
 #
 # This file was generated by Bundler.
 #
diff --git a/bin/rubocop b/bin/rubocop
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..40330c0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/rubocop
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env ruby
+require "rubygems"
+require "bundler/setup"
+
+# explicit rubocop config increases performance slightly while avoiding config confusion.
+ARGV.unshift("--config", File.expand_path("../.rubocop.yml", __dir__))
+
+load Gem.bin_path("rubocop", "rubocop")
diff --git a/bin/setup b/bin/setup
index 3cd5a9d..69c173a 100755
--- a/bin/setup
+++ b/bin/setup
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ require "fileutils"
 
 # path to your application root.
 APP_ROOT = File.expand_path("..", __dir__)
+APP_NAME = "events"
 
 def system!(*args)
   system(*args, exception: true)
diff --git a/config.ru b/config.ru
index 2e03084..4a3c09a 100644
--- a/config.ru
+++ b/config.ru
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
 # This file is used by Rack-based servers to start the application.
 
 require_relative "config/environment"
diff --git a/config/application.rb b/config/application.rb
index a550c98..f2c3248 100644
--- a/config/application.rb
+++ b/config/application.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
 require_relative "boot"
 
 require "rails/all"
@@ -23,7 +21,7 @@
 
 module Events
   class Application < Rails::Application
-    config.load_defaults(7.1)
+    config.load_defaults(7.2)
 
     config.autoload_lib(ignore: nil)
 
diff --git a/config/boot.rb b/config/boot.rb
index aef6d03..988a5dd 100644
--- a/config/boot.rb
+++ b/config/boot.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
 ENV["BUNDLE_GEMFILE"] ||= File.expand_path("../Gemfile", __dir__)
 
 require "bundler/setup" # Set up gems listed in the Gemfile.
diff --git a/config/environment.rb b/config/environment.rb
index 7df99e8..cac5315 100644
--- a/config/environment.rb
+++ b/config/environment.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
 # Load the Rails application.
 require_relative "application"
 
diff --git a/config/environments/development.rb b/config/environments/development.rb
index 71e9aab..98128ff 100644
--- a/config/environments/development.rb
+++ b/config/environments/development.rb
@@ -1,47 +1,75 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
 require "active_support/core_ext/integer/time"
 
 Rails.application.configure do
+  # Settings specified here will take precedence over those in config/application.rb.
+
+  # In the development environment your application's code is reloaded any time
+  # it changes. This slows down response time but is perfect for development
+  # since you don't have to restart the web server when you make code changes.
   config.enable_reloading = true
 
-  # Normally set to false as this speeds up start up.
-  # Setting to true ensure that the Shoryuken workers are
-  # available in development when you try to start them up.
-  config.eager_load = true
+  # Do not eager load code on boot.
+  config.eager_load = false
 
+  # Show full error reports.
   config.consider_all_requests_local = true
 
+  # Enable server timing.
   config.server_timing = true
 
+  # Enable/disable caching. By default caching is disabled.
+  # Run rails dev:cache to toggle caching.
   if Rails.root.join("tmp/caching-dev.txt").exist?
     config.cache_store = :memory_store
-    config.public_file_server.headers = {
-      "Cache-Control" => "public, max-age=#{2.days.to_i}",
-    }
+    config.public_file_server.headers = { "Cache-Control" => "public, max-age=#{2.days.to_i}" }
   else
     config.action_controller.perform_caching = false
+
     config.cache_store = :null_store
   end
 
+  # Store uploaded files on the local file system (see config/storage.yml for options).
   config.active_storage.service = :local
 
+  # Don't care if the mailer can't send.
   config.action_mailer.raise_delivery_errors = false
 
+  # Disable caching for Action Mailer templates even if Action Controller
+  # caching is enabled.
   config.action_mailer.perform_caching = false
 
+  config.action_mailer.default_url_options = { host: "localhost", port: 3000 }
+
+  # Print deprecation notices to the Rails logger.
   config.active_support.deprecation = :log
 
+  # Raise exceptions for disallowed deprecations.
   config.active_support.disallowed_deprecation = :raise
 
+  # Tell Active Support which deprecation messages to disallow.
   config.active_support.disallowed_deprecation_warnings = []
 
+  # Raise an error on page load if there are pending migrations.
   config.active_record.migration_error = :page_load
 
+  # Highlight code that triggered database queries in logs.
   config.active_record.verbose_query_logs = true
 
+  # Highlight code that enqueued background job in logs.
   config.active_job.verbose_enqueue_logs = true
+
+  # Raises error for missing translations.
+  # config.i18n.raise_on_missing_translations = true
+
+  # Annotate rendered view with file names.
+  config.action_view.annotate_rendered_view_with_filenames = true
+
+  # Uncomment if you wish to allow Action Cable access from any origin.
+  # config.action_cable.disable_request_forgery_protection = true
+
+  # Raise error when a before_action's only/except options reference missing actions.
   config.action_controller.raise_on_missing_callback_actions = true
 
-  config.hosts << "www.example.com"
+  # Apply autocorrection by RuboCop to files generated by `bin/rails generate`.
+  # config.generators.apply_rubocop_autocorrect_after_generate!
 end
diff --git a/config/environments/production.rb b/config/environments/production.rb
index 0cceb21..8d47543 100644
--- a/config/environments/production.rb
+++ b/config/environments/production.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
 require "active_support/core_ext/integer/time"
 
 Rails.application.configure do
@@ -44,7 +42,7 @@
   # config.assume_ssl = true
 
   # Force all access to the app over SSL, use Strict-Transport-Security, and use secure cookies.
-  # config.force_ssl = true
+  config.force_ssl = true
 
   # Start: Configure Logging
   config.lograge.enabled = true
@@ -103,6 +101,9 @@
   # Do not dump schema after migrations.
   config.active_record.dump_schema_after_migration = false
 
+  # Only use :id for inspections in production.
+  config.active_record.attributes_for_inspect = [:id]
+
   # Enable DNS rebinding protection and other `Host` header attacks.
   # config.hosts = [
   #   "example.com",     # Allow requests from example.com
diff --git a/config/environments/stage.rb b/config/environments/stage.rb
index 8743ea6..744932a 100644
--- a/config/environments/stage.rb
+++ b/config/environments/stage.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
 Rails.application.configure do
   # Settings specified here will take precedence over those in config/application.rb.
 
diff --git a/config/environments/test.rb b/config/environments/test.rb
index 670c12d..0c616a1 100644
--- a/config/environments/test.rb
+++ b/config/environments/test.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
 require "active_support/core_ext/integer/time"
 
 # The test environment is used exclusively to run your application's
@@ -20,10 +18,7 @@
   config.eager_load = ENV["CI"].present?
 
   # Configure public file server for tests with Cache-Control for performance.
-  config.public_file_server.enabled = true
-  config.public_file_server.headers = {
-    "Cache-Control" => "public, max-age=#{1.hour.to_i}",
-  }
+  config.public_file_server.headers = { "Cache-Control" => "public, max-age=#{1.hour.to_i}" }
 
   # Show full error reports and disable caching.
   config.consider_all_requests_local = true
@@ -39,6 +34,8 @@
   # Store uploaded files on the local file system in a temporary directory.
   config.active_storage.service = :test
 
+  # Disable caching for Action Mailer templates even if Action Controller
+  # caching is enabled.
   config.action_mailer.perform_caching = false
 
   # Tell Action Mailer not to deliver emails to the real world.
@@ -46,6 +43,10 @@
   # ActionMailer::Base.deliveries array.
   config.action_mailer.delivery_method = :test
 
+  # Unlike controllers, the mailer instance doesn't have any context about the
+  # incoming request so you'll need to provide the :host parameter yourself.
+  config.action_mailer.default_url_options = { host: "www.example.com" }
+
   # Print deprecation notices to the stderr.
   config.active_support.deprecation = :stderr
 
@@ -61,6 +62,6 @@
   # Annotate rendered view with file names.
   # config.action_view.annotate_rendered_view_with_filenames = true
 
-  # Raise error when a before_action's only/except options reference missing actions
+  # Raise error when a before_action's only/except options reference missing actions.
   config.action_controller.raise_on_missing_callback_actions = true
 end
diff --git a/config/initializers/_shoryuken.rb b/config/initializers/_shoryuken.rb
index 50748ab..2d18c3d 100644
--- a/config/initializers/_shoryuken.rb
+++ b/config/initializers/_shoryuken.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
 if Rails.env.development?
   Aws.config.update({
     endpoint: ENV["AWS_ENDPOINT"],
diff --git a/config/initializers/_version.rb b/config/initializers/_version.rb
index 63863d1..f8f1c83 100644
--- a/config/initializers/_version.rb
+++ b/config/initializers/_version.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
 require "git"
 
 module Events
diff --git a/config/initializers/cors.rb b/config/initializers/cors.rb
index 7af62e5..0c5dd99 100644
--- a/config/initializers/cors.rb
+++ b/config/initializers/cors.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
 # Be sure to restart your server when you modify this file.
 
 # Avoid CORS issues when API is called from the frontend app.
diff --git a/config/initializers/filter_parameter_logging.rb b/config/initializers/filter_parameter_logging.rb
index 97a4361..0121a7f 100644
--- a/config/initializers/filter_parameter_logging.rb
+++ b/config/initializers/filter_parameter_logging.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
+# Be sure to restart your server when you modify this file.
 
+# Configure parameters to be partially matched (e.g. passw matches password) and filtered from the log file.
+# Use this to limit dissemination of sensitive information.
+# See the ActiveSupport::ParameterFilter documentation for supported notations and behaviors.
 Rails.application.config.filter_parameters += [
-  :password, :passw, :secret, :token, :_key, :crypt, :salt, :certificate, :otp, :ssn,
+  :passw, :email, :secret, :token, :_key, :crypt, :salt, :certificate, :otp, :ssn,
 ]
diff --git a/config/initializers/inflections.rb b/config/initializers/inflections.rb
index 9e049dc..3860f65 100644
--- a/config/initializers/inflections.rb
+++ b/config/initializers/inflections.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
 # Be sure to restart your server when you modify this file.
 
 # Add new inflection rules using the following format. Inflections
diff --git a/config/initializers/new_framework_defaults_7_2.rb b/config/initializers/new_framework_defaults_7_2.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b549c4a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/config/initializers/new_framework_defaults_7_2.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+# Be sure to restart your server when you modify this file.
+#
+# This file eases your Rails 7.2 framework defaults upgrade.
+#
+# Uncomment each configuration one by one to switch to the new default.
+# Once your application is ready to run with all new defaults, you can remove
+# this file and set the `config.load_defaults` to `7.2`.
+#
+# Read the Guide for Upgrading Ruby on Rails for more info on each option.
+# https://guides.rubyonrails.org/upgrading_ruby_on_rails.html
+
+###
+# Controls whether Active Job's `#perform_later` and similar methods automatically defer
+# the job queuing to after the current Active Record transaction is committed.
+#
+# Example:
+#   Topic.transaction do
+#     topic = Topic.create(...)
+#     NewTopicNotificationJob.perform_later(topic)
+#   end
+#
+# In this example, if the configuration is set to `:never`, the job will
+# be enqueued immediately, even though the `Topic` hasn't been committed yet.
+# Because of this, if the job is picked up almost immediately, or if the
+# transaction doesn't succeed for some reason, the job will fail to find this
+# topic in the database.
+#
+# If `enqueue_after_transaction_commit` is set to `:default`, the queue adapter
+# will define the behaviour.
+#
+# Note: Active Job backends can disable this feature. This is generally done by
+# backends that use the same database as Active Record as a queue, hence they
+# don't need this feature.
+#++
+# Rails.application.config.active_job.enqueue_after_transaction_commit = :default
+
+###
+# Adds image/webp to the list of content types Active Storage considers as an image
+# Prevents automatic conversion to a fallback PNG, and assumes clients support WebP, as they support gif, jpeg, and png.
+# This is possible due to broad browser support for WebP, but older browsers and email clients may still not support
+# WebP. Requires imagemagick/libvips built with WebP support.
+#++
+# Rails.application.config.active_storage.web_image_content_types = %w[image/png image/jpeg image/gif image/webp]
+
+###
+# Enable validation of migration timestamps. When set, an ActiveRecord::InvalidMigrationTimestampError
+# will be raised if the timestamp prefix for a migration is more than a day ahead of the timestamp
+# associated with the current time. This is done to prevent forward-dating of migration files, which can
+# impact migration generation and other migration commands.
+#
+# Applications with existing timestamped migrations that do not adhere to the
+# expected format can disable validation by setting this config to `false`.
+#++
+# Rails.application.config.active_record.validate_migration_timestamps = true
+
+###
+# Controls whether the PostgresqlAdapter should decode dates automatically with manual queries.
+#
+# Example:
+#   ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLAdapter.select_value("select '2024-01-01'::date") #=> Date
+#
+# This query used to return a `String`.
+#++
+# Rails.application.config.active_record.postgresql_adapter_decode_dates = true
+
+###
+# Enables YJIT as of Ruby 3.3, to bring sizeable performance improvements. If you are
+# deploying to a memory constrained environment you may want to set this to `false`.
+#++
+# Rails.application.config.yjit = true
diff --git a/config/initializers/nulldb_database_tasks.rb b/config/initializers/nulldb_database_tasks.rb
index d69d96d..63b3b4d 100644
--- a/config/initializers/nulldb_database_tasks.rb
+++ b/config/initializers/nulldb_database_tasks.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
 # Patch DatabaseTasks for nulldb to prevent schema loading attempts
 if Rails.env.test? && defined?(ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks)
   module ActiveRecord
diff --git a/config/initializers/oj.rb b/config/initializers/oj.rb
index 3d2e0cc..fb0ab42 100644
--- a/config/initializers/oj.rb
+++ b/config/initializers/oj.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
 require "oj"
 
 # Sets Oj as the default encoder and decoder for JSON in Rails.
diff --git a/config/initializers/opensearch.rb b/config/initializers/opensearch.rb
index 61ab153..3f3cf69 100644
--- a/config/initializers/opensearch.rb
+++ b/config/initializers/opensearch.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
 require "faraday"
 require "faraday_middleware/aws_sigv4"
 require "faraday/excon"
diff --git a/config/initializers/sentry.rb b/config/initializers/sentry.rb
index b81b6de..4e93819 100644
--- a/config/initializers/sentry.rb
+++ b/config/initializers/sentry.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
 Sentry.init do |config|
   config.enabled_environments = ["stage", "production"]
   config.dsn = ENV["SENTRY_DSN"]
diff --git a/config/puma.rb b/config/puma.rb
index 40efb18..b950c63 100644
--- a/config/puma.rb
+++ b/config/puma.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
 # This configuration file will be evaluated by Puma. The top-level methods that
 # are invoked here are part of Puma's configuration DSL. For more information
 # about methods provided by the DSL, see https://puma.io/puma/Puma/DSL.html.
@@ -25,7 +23,7 @@
 worker_timeout 3600 if ENV.fetch("RAILS_ENV", "development") == "development"
 
 # Specifies the `port` that Puma will listen on to receive requests; default is 3000.
-port ENV.fetch("PORT") { 3000 }
+port ENV.fetch("PORT", 3000)
 
 # Specifies the `environment` that Puma will run in.
 environment ENV.fetch("RAILS_ENV") { "development" }
diff --git a/config/routes.rb b/config/routes.rb
index 86f2ddd..9fc473d 100644
--- a/config/routes.rb
+++ b/config/routes.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
 Rails.application.routes.draw do
   get "heartbeat", to: "heartbeat#index"
 
diff --git a/db/migrate/20260116173138_add_service_name_to_active_storage_blobs.active_storage.rb b/db/migrate/20260116173138_add_service_name_to_active_storage_blobs.active_storage.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5368060
--- /dev/null
+++ b/db/migrate/20260116173138_add_service_name_to_active_storage_blobs.active_storage.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+# This migration comes from active_storage (originally 20190112182829)
+class AddServiceNameToActiveStorageBlobs < ActiveRecord::Migration[6.0]
+  def up
+    return unless table_exists?(:active_storage_blobs)
+
+    unless column_exists?(:active_storage_blobs, :service_name)
+      add_column(:active_storage_blobs, :service_name, :string)
+
+      if (configured_service = ActiveStorage::Blob.service.name)
+        ActiveStorage::Blob.unscoped.update_all(service_name: configured_service)
+      end
+
+      change_column(:active_storage_blobs, :service_name, :string, null: false)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def down
+    return unless table_exists?(:active_storage_blobs)
+
+    remove_column(:active_storage_blobs, :service_name)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/db/migrate/20260116173139_create_active_storage_variant_records.active_storage.rb b/db/migrate/20260116173139_create_active_storage_variant_records.active_storage.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5d16410
--- /dev/null
+++ b/db/migrate/20260116173139_create_active_storage_variant_records.active_storage.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+# This migration comes from active_storage (originally 20191206030411)
+class CreateActiveStorageVariantRecords < ActiveRecord::Migration[6.0]
+  def change
+    return unless table_exists?(:active_storage_blobs)
+
+    # Use Active Record's configured type for primary key
+    create_table(:active_storage_variant_records, id: primary_key_type, if_not_exists: true) do |t|
+      t.belongs_to(:blob, null: false, index: false, type: blobs_primary_key_type)
+      t.string(:variation_digest, null: false)
+
+      t.index([:blob_id, :variation_digest], name: "index_active_storage_variant_records_uniqueness", unique: true)
+      t.foreign_key(:active_storage_blobs, column: :blob_id)
+    end
+  end
+
+  private
+
+  def primary_key_type
+    config = Rails.configuration.generators
+    config.options[config.orm][:primary_key_type] || :primary_key
+  end
+
+  def blobs_primary_key_type
+    pkey_name = connection.primary_key(:active_storage_blobs)
+    pkey_column = connection.columns(:active_storage_blobs).find { |c| c.name == pkey_name }
+    pkey_column.bigint? ? :bigint : pkey_column.type
+  end
+end
diff --git a/db/migrate/20260116173140_remove_not_null_on_active_storage_blobs_checksum.active_storage.rb b/db/migrate/20260116173140_remove_not_null_on_active_storage_blobs_checksum.active_storage.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..93c8b85
--- /dev/null
+++ b/db/migrate/20260116173140_remove_not_null_on_active_storage_blobs_checksum.active_storage.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+# This migration comes from active_storage (originally 20211119233751)
+class RemoveNotNullOnActiveStorageBlobsChecksum < ActiveRecord::Migration[6.0]
+  def change
+    return unless table_exists?(:active_storage_blobs)
+
+    change_column_null(:active_storage_blobs, :checksum, true)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/db/seeds.rb b/db/seeds.rb
index 0f16211..4fbd6ed 100644
--- a/db/seeds.rb
+++ b/db/seeds.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
 # This file should ensure the existence of records required to run the application in every environment (production,
 # development, test). The code here should be idempotent so that it can be executed at any point in every environment.
 # The data can then be loaded with the bin/rails db:seed command (or created alongside the database with db:setup).
diff --git a/lib/tasks/event.rake b/lib/tasks/event.rake
index 5ab7ff5..8267c0f 100644
--- a/lib/tasks/event.rake
+++ b/lib/tasks/event.rake
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
 namespace :event do
   desc "Import Crossref DOIs for events created within a date range"
   # example command: IMPORT_DATE=2025-06-11 bundle exec rake event:import_crossref_event_dois
diff --git a/spec/constants/relation_types_spec.rb b/spec/constants/relation_types_spec.rb
index f9b701e..77cd38b 100644
--- a/spec/constants/relation_types_spec.rb
+++ b/spec/constants/relation_types_spec.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
 require "rails_helper"
 
 RSpec.describe(RelationTypes) do
diff --git a/spec/factories/event_factory.rb b/spec/factories/event_factory.rb
index 97b7885..acee915 100644
--- a/spec/factories/event_factory.rb
+++ b/spec/factories/event_factory.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
 FactoryBot.define do
   factory :event do
     uuid { "00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000" }
diff --git a/spec/jobs/event_index_job_spec.rb b/spec/jobs/event_index_job_spec.rb
index 721515b..d1f830e 100644
--- a/spec/jobs/event_index_job_spec.rb
+++ b/spec/jobs/event_index_job_spec.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
 require "rails_helper"
 
 RSpec.describe(EventIndexJob, type: :job) do
diff --git a/spec/models/concerns/events/event_from_sqs_creator_spec.rb b/spec/models/concerns/events/event_from_sqs_creator_spec.rb
index f85ad38..413c830 100644
--- a/spec/models/concerns/events/event_from_sqs_creator_spec.rb
+++ b/spec/models/concerns/events/event_from_sqs_creator_spec.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
 require "rails_helper"
 
 RSpec.describe(Events::EventFromSqsCreator, type: :concern) do
diff --git a/spec/models/concerns/events/event_from_sqs_updater_spec.rb b/spec/models/concerns/events/event_from_sqs_updater_spec.rb
index 5cbe26a..77f0477 100644
--- a/spec/models/concerns/events/event_from_sqs_updater_spec.rb
+++ b/spec/models/concerns/events/event_from_sqs_updater_spec.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
 require "rails_helper"
 
 RSpec.describe(Events::EventFromSqsUpdater, type: :concern) do
diff --git a/spec/models/concerns/events/event_index_handler_spec.rb b/spec/models/concerns/events/event_index_handler_spec.rb
index 83628dc..40604ba 100644
--- a/spec/models/concerns/events/event_index_handler_spec.rb
+++ b/spec/models/concerns/events/event_index_handler_spec.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
 require "rails_helper"
 
 RSpec.describe(Events::EventIndexHandler, type: :concern) do
diff --git a/spec/models/concerns/events/relation_type_handler_spec.rb b/spec/models/concerns/events/relation_type_handler_spec.rb
index f936af8..bce3401 100644
--- a/spec/models/concerns/events/relation_type_handler_spec.rb
+++ b/spec/models/concerns/events/relation_type_handler_spec.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
 require "rails_helper"
 
 RSpec.describe(Events::RelationTypeHandler, type: :concern) do
diff --git a/spec/models/doi_spec.rb b/spec/models/doi_spec.rb
index 0819e5b..772b300 100644
--- a/spec/models/doi_spec.rb
+++ b/spec/models/doi_spec.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
 require "rails_helper"
 
 RSpec.describe(Doi, type: :model) do
diff --git a/spec/models/event_spec.rb b/spec/models/event_spec.rb
index 41b5113..0f69b21 100644
--- a/spec/models/event_spec.rb
+++ b/spec/models/event_spec.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
 require "rails_helper"
 
 RSpec.describe(Event, type: :model) do
diff --git a/spec/rails_helper.rb b/spec/rails_helper.rb
index 65e4211..21fb2c4 100644
--- a/spec/rails_helper.rb
+++ b/spec/rails_helper.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
 require "simplecov"
 require "coveralls"
 
diff --git a/spec/requests/heartbeat_controller_spec.rb b/spec/requests/heartbeat_controller_spec.rb
index 7a3f78d..ac9b6b9 100644
--- a/spec/requests/heartbeat_controller_spec.rb
+++ b/spec/requests/heartbeat_controller_spec.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
 require "rails_helper"
 
 RSpec.describe(HeartbeatController, type: :request) do
diff --git a/spec/spec_helper.rb b/spec/spec_helper.rb
index 26cea8d..de05df2 100644
--- a/spec/spec_helper.rb
+++ b/spec/spec_helper.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
 RSpec.configure do |config|
   ENV["SKIP_TEST_DATABASE_TRUNCATE"] = "true"
 
diff --git a/spec/utlilities/doi_utilities_spec.rb b/spec/utlilities/doi_utilities_spec.rb
index 1cf5381..ebe424b 100644
--- a/spec/utlilities/doi_utilities_spec.rb
+++ b/spec/utlilities/doi_utilities_spec.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
 require "rails_helper"
 
 RSpec.describe(DoiUtilities) do
diff --git a/spec/utlilities/orcid_utilities_spec.rb b/spec/utlilities/orcid_utilities_spec.rb
index 2373a45..fff9fc0 100644
--- a/spec/utlilities/orcid_utilities_spec.rb
+++ b/spec/utlilities/orcid_utilities_spec.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
 require "rails_helper"
 
 RSpec.describe(OrcidUtilities) do
diff --git a/spec/utlilities/sqs_utilities_spec.rb b/spec/utlilities/sqs_utilities_spec.rb
index bb80e51..b1b9454 100644
--- a/spec/utlilities/sqs_utilities_spec.rb
+++ b/spec/utlilities/sqs_utilities_spec.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
 require "rails_helper"
 
 RSpec.describe(SqsUtilities) do
diff --git a/spec/validators/uuid_format_validator_spec.rb b/spec/validators/uuid_format_validator_spec.rb
index 241fd7a..0cec1e7 100644
--- a/spec/validators/uuid_format_validator_spec.rb
+++ b/spec/validators/uuid_format_validator_spec.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
 require "active_support/testing/time_helpers"
 
 RSpec.describe(UuidFormatValidator) do
diff --git a/spec/workers/event_import_worker_spec.rb b/spec/workers/event_import_worker_spec.rb
index 6ceab32..afb6a9b 100644
--- a/spec/workers/event_import_worker_spec.rb
+++ b/spec/workers/event_import_worker_spec.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
 require "rails_helper"
 
 RSpec.describe(EventImportWorker, type: :worker) do