Type Error when calculating shingles

[MikeB2019x]

Hi Chris. Nice article on MinHash! The code is throwing the type error below (in Python 3.7.3). Not sure what to do about that as I am new to Python but if you have recommendations or can point me in the right direction it would be appreciated.

$ python runMinHashExample.py
runMinHashExample.py:63: DeprecationWarning: 'U' mode is deprecated
  f = open(truthFile, "rU")
Shingling articles...
runMinHashExample.py:94: DeprecationWarning: 'U' mode is deprecated
  f = open(dataFile, "rU")
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "runMinHashExample.py", line 127, in <module>
    crc = binascii.crc32(shingle) & 0xffffffff
TypeError: a bytes-like object is required, not 'str'

[MikeB2019x]

Never mind. Simply use:

arc = binascii.crc32(str.encode(shingle)) & 0xffffffff