GH-50218: [C++][FlightRPC] Add missing sudo to fix ODBC Linux job (#50307)

### Rationale for this change

Missing sudo causing ODBC Linux job failure.

### What changes are included in this PR?
Add sudo to docker file.

### Are these changes tested?
Yes

### Are there any user-facing changes?
No
* GitHub Issue: #50218

Authored-by: justing-bq <62349012+justing-bq@users.noreply.github.com>
Signed-off-by: Sutou Kouhei <kou@clear-code.com>

Author: justing-bq

ci/docker/ubuntu-24.04-cpp.dockerfile

@@ -120,6 +120,7 @@ RUN apt-get update -y -q && \
         rados-objclass-dev \
         rapidjson-dev \
         rsync \
+        sudo \
         tzdata \
         tzdata-legacy \
         unixodbc-dev \