GH-46531: [C++] Add type_singleton utility function and tests. #5293

Job	Run time
check-labels / Check labels	27s
JNI ${{ matrix.platform.runs-on }} ${{ matrix.platform.arch }}	-1s
JNI macOS	-1s
matrix.title	-1s
ODBC ${{ matrix.architecture }} macOS ${{ matrix.macos-version }}	-1s
ARM64 Windows 11 MSVC	-1s
ODBC Windows	-1s
ODBC release	-1s
ODBC nightly	-1s
report-extra-cpp	0s
	19s

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