Lecture17.ipynb

{
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  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "In this notebook, we will learn how to use regular expression to solve problems such as:\n",
    "\n",
    "* [Detect matches](#Detect-matches)\n",
    "* [Extract matches](#Extract-matches)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stderr",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Loading tidyverse: ggplot2\n",
      "Loading tidyverse: tibble\n",
      "Loading tidyverse: tidyr\n",
      "Loading tidyverse: readr\n",
      "Loading tidyverse: purrr\n",
      "Loading tidyverse: dplyr\n",
      "Conflicts with tidy packages ---------------------------------------------------\n",
      "filter(): dplyr, stats\n",
      "lag():    dplyr, stats\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "library(tidyverse)\n",
    "library(stringr)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Detect matches"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<ol class=list-inline>\n",
       "\t<li>TRUE</li>\n",
       "\t<li>FALSE</li>\n",
       "\t<li>TRUE</li>\n",
       "\t<li>TRUE</li>\n",
       "\t<li>FALSE</li>\n",
       "</ol>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{enumerate*}\n",
       "\\item TRUE\n",
       "\\item FALSE\n",
       "\\item TRUE\n",
       "\\item TRUE\n",
       "\\item FALSE\n",
       "\\end{enumerate*}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "1. TRUE\n",
       "2. FALSE\n",
       "3. TRUE\n",
       "4. TRUE\n",
       "5. FALSE\n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[1]  TRUE FALSE  TRUE  TRUE FALSE"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "x <- c(\"x-ray\", \"something\", \"xylophone\", \"xenophobia\", \"nothing\")\n",
    "str_detect(x, \"^x\") # which strings start with x?"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<ol class=list-inline>\n",
       "\t<li>'a'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'able'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'about'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'absolute'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'accept'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'account'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'achieve'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'across'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'act'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'active'</li>\n",
       "</ol>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{enumerate*}\n",
       "\\item 'a'\n",
       "\\item 'able'\n",
       "\\item 'about'\n",
       "\\item 'absolute'\n",
       "\\item 'accept'\n",
       "\\item 'account'\n",
       "\\item 'achieve'\n",
       "\\item 'across'\n",
       "\\item 'act'\n",
       "\\item 'active'\n",
       "\\end{enumerate*}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "1. 'a'\n",
       "2. 'able'\n",
       "3. 'about'\n",
       "4. 'absolute'\n",
       "5. 'accept'\n",
       "6. 'account'\n",
       "7. 'achieve'\n",
       "8. 'across'\n",
       "9. 'act'\n",
       "10. 'active'\n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       " [1] \"a\"        \"able\"     \"about\"    \"absolute\" \"accept\"   \"account\" \n",
       " [7] \"achieve\"  \"across\"   \"act\"      \"active\"  "
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "head(words, 10) # words is a predefined character vector "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "65"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "65"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "65"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[1] 65"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "sum(str_detect(words, \"^a\")) # no. of words that start with a"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 5,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "[1] \"65 words start with a\"\n",
      "[1] \"58 words start with b\"\n",
      "[1] \"83 words start with c\"\n",
      "[1] \"43 words start with d\"\n",
      "[1] \"45 words start with e\"\n",
      "[1] \"54 words start with f\"\n",
      "[1] \"23 words start with g\"\n",
      "[1] \"38 words start with h\"\n",
      "[1] \"25 words start with i\"\n",
      "[1] \"6 words start with j\"\n",
      "[1] \"9 words start with k\"\n",
      "[1] \"45 words start with l\"\n",
      "[1] \"45 words start with m\"\n",
      "[1] \"23 words start with n\"\n",
      "[1] \"28 words start with o\"\n",
      "[1] \"72 words start with p\"\n",
      "[1] \"7 words start with q\"\n",
      "[1] \"46 words start with r\"\n",
      "[1] \"119 words start with s\"\n",
      "[1] \"65 words start with t\"\n",
      "[1] \"12 words start with u\"\n",
      "[1] \"8 words start with v\"\n",
      "[1] \"53 words start with w\"\n",
      "[1] \"0 words start with x\"\n",
      "[1] \"6 words start with y\"\n",
      "[1] \"0 words start with z\"\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# for every letter, find how many words start with it\n",
    "for (let in letters) {\n",
    "    print(sprintf(\"%d words start with %s\", sum(str_detect(words, str_c(\"^\", let))), let))\n",
    "}"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 6,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "6"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "6"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "6"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[1] 6"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "sum(str_detect(words, \"^[^aeiou]*$\")) # no. of words with no vowels"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 7,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<ol class=list-inline>\n",
       "\t<li>'by'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'dry'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'fly'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'mrs'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'try'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'why'</li>\n",
       "</ol>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{enumerate*}\n",
       "\\item 'by'\n",
       "\\item 'dry'\n",
       "\\item 'fly'\n",
       "\\item 'mrs'\n",
       "\\item 'try'\n",
       "\\item 'why'\n",
       "\\end{enumerate*}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "1. 'by'\n",
       "2. 'dry'\n",
       "3. 'fly'\n",
       "4. 'mrs'\n",
       "5. 'try'\n",
       "6. 'why'\n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[1] \"by\"  \"dry\" \"fly\" \"mrs\" \"try\" \"why\""
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "words[str_detect(words, \"^[^aeiou]*$\")] # logical subsetting to get the words themselves"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 8,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<ol class=list-inline>\n",
       "\t<li>'by'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'dry'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'fly'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'mrs'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'try'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'why'</li>\n",
       "</ol>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{enumerate*}\n",
       "\\item 'by'\n",
       "\\item 'dry'\n",
       "\\item 'fly'\n",
       "\\item 'mrs'\n",
       "\\item 'try'\n",
       "\\item 'why'\n",
       "\\end{enumerate*}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "1. 'by'\n",
       "2. 'dry'\n",
       "3. 'fly'\n",
       "4. 'mrs'\n",
       "5. 'try'\n",
       "6. 'why'\n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[1] \"by\"  \"dry\" \"fly\" \"mrs\" \"try\" \"why\""
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "str_subset(words, \"^[^aeiou]*$\") # str_subset is a convenient shortcut"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 9,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "'a'"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "'a'"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "'a'"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[1] \"a\""
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "str_subset(words, \"^[aeiou]*$\") # words with only vowels"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 10,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "df <- tibble(\n",
    "  word = words, \n",
    "  i = seq_along(word)\n",
    ")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 11,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "# A tibble: 980 x 2\n",
      "       word     i\n",
      "      <chr> <int>\n",
      " 1        a     1\n",
      " 2     able     2\n",
      " 3    about     3\n",
      " 4 absolute     4\n",
      " 5   accept     5\n",
      " 6  account     6\n",
      " 7  achieve     7\n",
      " 8   across     8\n",
      " 9      act     9\n",
      "10   active    10\n",
      "# ... with 970 more rows\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(df)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 12,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<table>\n",
       "<thead><tr><th scope=col>word</th><th scope=col>i</th></tr></thead>\n",
       "<tbody>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>quality </td><td>665     </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>quarter </td><td>666     </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>question</td><td>667     </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>quick   </td><td>668     </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>quid    </td><td>669     </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>quiet   </td><td>670     </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>quite   </td><td>671     </td></tr>\n",
       "</tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|ll}\n",
       " word & i\\\\\n",
       "\\hline\n",
       "\t quality  & 665     \\\\\n",
       "\t quarter  & 666     \\\\\n",
       "\t question & 667     \\\\\n",
       "\t quick    & 668     \\\\\n",
       "\t quid     & 669     \\\\\n",
       "\t quiet    & 670     \\\\\n",
       "\t quite    & 671     \\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "\n",
       "word | i | \n",
       "|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|\n",
       "| quality  | 665      | \n",
       "| quarter  | 666      | \n",
       "| question | 667      | \n",
       "| quick    | 668      | \n",
       "| quid     | 669      | \n",
       "| quiet    | 670      | \n",
       "| quite    | 671      | \n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "  word     i  \n",
       "1 quality  665\n",
       "2 quarter  666\n",
       "3 question 667\n",
       "4 quick    668\n",
       "5 quid     669\n",
       "6 quiet    670\n",
       "7 quite    671"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df %>%\n",
    "    filter(str_detect(word, \"^q\")) # can use str_detect with the dplyr verb filter"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 13,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
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       "<!DOCTYPE html>\n",
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       "<head>\n",
       "<meta charset=\"utf-8\" />\n",
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    }
  }

  // Default implementations for methods
  var defaults = {
    find: function(scope) {
      return querySelectorAll(scope, "." + this.name);
    },
    renderError: function(el, err) {
      var $el = $(el);

      this.clearError(el);

      // Add all these error classes, as Shiny does
      var errClass = "shiny-output-error";
      if (err.type !== null) {
        // use the classes of the error condition as CSS class names
        errClass = errClass + " " + $.map(asArray(err.type), function(type) {
          return errClass + "-" + type;
        }).join(" ");
      }
      errClass = errClass + " htmlwidgets-error";

      // Is el inline or block? If inline or inline-block, just display:none it
      // and add an inline error.
      var display = $el.css("display");
      $el.data("restore-display-mode", display);

      if (display === "inline" || display === "inline-block") {
        $el.hide();
        if (err.message !== "") {
          var errorSpan = $("<span>").addClass(errClass);
          errorSpan.text(err.message);
          $el.after(errorSpan);
        }
      } else if (display === "block") {
        // If block, add an error just after the el, set visibility:none on the
        // el, and position the error to be on top of the el.
        // Mark it with a unique ID and CSS class so we can remove it later.
        $el.css("visibility", "hidden");
        if (err.message !== "") {
          var errorDiv = $("<div>").addClass(errClass).css("position", "absolute")
            .css("top", el.offsetTop)
            .css("left", el.offsetLeft)
            // setting width can push out the page size, forcing otherwise
            // unnecessary scrollbars to appear and making it impossible for
            // the element to shrink; so use max-width instead
            .css("maxWidth", el.offsetWidth)
            .css("height", el.offsetHeight);
          errorDiv.text(err.message);
          $el.after(errorDiv);

          // Really dumb way to keep the size/position of the error in sync with
          // the parent element as the window is resized or whatever.
          var intId = setInterval(function() {
            if (!errorDiv[0].parentElement) {
              clearInterval(intId);
              return;
            }
            errorDiv
              .css("top", el.offsetTop)
              .css("left", el.offsetLeft)
              .css("maxWidth", el.offsetWidth)
              .css("height", el.offsetHeight);
          }, 500);
        }
      }
    },
    clearError: function(el) {
      var $el = $(el);
      var display = $el.data("restore-display-mode");
      $el.data("restore-display-mode", null);

      if (display === "inline" || display === "inline-block") {
        if (display)
          $el.css("display", display);
        $(el.nextSibling).filter(".htmlwidgets-error").remove();
      } else if (display === "block"){
        $el.css("visibility", "inherit");
        $(el.nextSibling).filter(".htmlwidgets-error").remove();
      }
    },
    sizing: {}
  };

  // Called by widget bindings to register a new type of widget. The definition
  // object can contain the following properties:
  // - name (required) - A string indicating the binding name, which will be
  //   used by default as the CSS classname to look for.
  // - initialize (optional) - A function(el) that will be called once per
  //   widget element; if a value is returned, it will be passed as the third
  //   value to renderValue.
  // - renderValue (required) - A function(el, data, initValue) that will be
  //   called with data. Static contexts will cause this to be called once per
  //   element; Shiny apps will cause this to be called multiple times per
  //   element, as the data changes.
  window.HTMLWidgets.widget = function(definition) {
    if (!definition.name) {
      throw new Error("Widget must have a name");
    }
    if (!definition.type) {
      throw new Error("Widget must have a type");
    }
    // Currently we only support output widgets
    if (definition.type !== "output") {
      throw new Error("Unrecognized widget type '" + definition.type + "'");
    }
    // TODO: Verify that .name is a valid CSS classname

    // Support new-style instance-bound definitions. Old-style class-bound
    // definitions have one widget "object" per widget per type/class of
    // widget; the renderValue and resize methods on such widget objects
    // take el and instance arguments, because the widget object can't
    // store them. New-style instance-bound definitions have one widget
    // object per widget instance; the definition that's passed in doesn't
    // provide renderValue or resize methods at all, just the single method
    //   factory(el, width, height)
    // which returns an object that has renderValue(x) and resize(w, h).
    // This enables a far more natural programming style for the widget
    // author, who can store per-instance state using either OO-style
    // instance fields or functional-style closure variables (I guess this
    // is in contrast to what can only be called C-style pseudo-OO which is
    // what we required before).
    if (definition.factory) {
      definition = createLegacyDefinitionAdapter(definition);
    }

    if (!definition.renderValue) {
      throw new Error("Widget must have a renderValue function");
    }

    // For static rendering (non-Shiny), use a simple widget registration
    // scheme. We also use this scheme for Shiny apps/documents that also
    // contain static widgets.
    window.HTMLWidgets.widgets = window.HTMLWidgets.widgets || [];
    // Merge defaults into the definition; don't mutate the original definition.
    var staticBinding = extend({}, defaults, definition);
    overrideMethod(staticBinding, "find", function(superfunc) {
      return function(scope) {
        var results = superfunc(scope);
        // Filter out Shiny outputs, we only want the static kind
        return filterByClass(results, "html-widget-output", false);
      };
    });
    window.HTMLWidgets.widgets.push(staticBinding);

    if (shinyMode) {
      // Shiny is running. Register the definition with an output binding.
      // The definition itself will not be the output binding, instead
      // we will make an output binding object that delegates to the
      // definition. This is because we foolishly used the same method
      // name (renderValue) for htmlwidgets definition and Shiny bindings
      // but they actually have quite different semantics (the Shiny
      // bindings receive data that includes lots of metadata that it
      // strips off before calling htmlwidgets renderValue). We can't
      // just ignore the difference because in some widgets it's helpful
      // to call this.renderValue() from inside of resize(), and if
      // we're not delegating, then that call will go to the Shiny
      // version instead of the htmlwidgets version.

      // Merge defaults with definition, without mutating either.
      var bindingDef = extend({}, defaults, definition);

      // This object will be our actual Shiny binding.
      var shinyBinding = new Shiny.OutputBinding();

      // With a few exceptions, we'll want to simply use the bindingDef's
      // version of methods if they are available, otherwise fall back to
      // Shiny's defaults. NOTE: If Shiny's output bindings gain additional
      // methods in the future, and we want them to be overrideable by
      // HTMLWidget binding definitions, then we'll need to add them to this
      // list.
      delegateMethod(shinyBinding, bindingDef, "getId");
      delegateMethod(shinyBinding, bindingDef, "onValueChange");
      delegateMethod(shinyBinding, bindingDef, "onValueError");
      delegateMethod(shinyBinding, bindingDef, "renderError");
      delegateMethod(shinyBinding, bindingDef, "clearError");
      delegateMethod(shinyBinding, bindingDef, "showProgress");

      // The find, renderValue, and resize are handled differently, because we
      // want to actually decorate the behavior of the bindingDef methods.

      shinyBinding.find = function(scope) {
        var results = bindingDef.find(scope);

        // Only return elements that are Shiny outputs, not static ones
        var dynamicResults = results.filter(".html-widget-output");

        // It's possible that whatever caused Shiny to think there might be
        // new dynamic outputs, also caused there to be new static outputs.
        // Since there might be lots of different htmlwidgets bindings, we
        // schedule execution for later--no need to staticRender multiple
        // times.
        if (results.length !== dynamicResults.length)
          scheduleStaticRender();

        return dynamicResults;
      };

      // Wrap renderValue to handle initialization, which unfortunately isn't
      // supported natively by Shiny at the time of this writing.

      shinyBinding.renderValue = function(el, data) {
        // Resolve strings marked as javascript literals to objects
        if (!(data.evals instanceof Array)) data.evals = [data.evals];
        for (var i = 0; data.evals && i < data.evals.length; i++) {
          window.HTMLWidgets.evaluateStringMember(data.x, data.evals[i]);
        }
        if (!bindingDef.renderOnNullValue) {
          if (data.x === null) {
            el.style.visibility = "hidden";
            return;
          } else {
            el.style.visibility = "inherit";
          }
        }
        if (!elementData(el, "initialized")) {
          initSizing(el);

          elementData(el, "initialized", true);
          if (bindingDef.initialize) {
            var result = bindingDef.initialize(el, el.offsetWidth,
              el.offsetHeight);
            elementData(el, "init_result", result);
          }
        }
        Shiny.renderDependencies(data.deps);
        bindingDef.renderValue(el, data.x, elementData(el, "init_result"));
        evalAndRun(data.jsHooks.render, elementData(el, "init_result"), [el, data.x]);
      };

      // Only override resize if bindingDef implements it
      if (bindingDef.resize) {
        shinyBinding.resize = function(el, width, height) {
          // Shiny can call resize before initialize/renderValue have been
          // called, which doesn't make sense for widgets.
          if (elementData(el, "initialized")) {
            bindingDef.resize(el, width, height, elementData(el, "init_result"));
          }
        };
      }

      Shiny.outputBindings.register(shinyBinding, bindingDef.name);
    }
  };

  var scheduleStaticRenderTimerId = null;
  function scheduleStaticRender() {
    if (!scheduleStaticRenderTimerId) {
      scheduleStaticRenderTimerId = setTimeout(function() {
        scheduleStaticRenderTimerId = null;
        window.HTMLWidgets.staticRender();
      }, 1);
    }
  }

  // Render static widgets after the document finishes loading
  // Statically render all elements that are of this widget's class
  window.HTMLWidgets.staticRender = function() {
    var bindings = window.HTMLWidgets.widgets || [];
    forEach(bindings, function(binding) {
      var matches = binding.find(document.documentElement);
      forEach(matches, function(el) {
        var sizeObj = initSizing(el, binding);

        if (hasClass(el, "html-widget-static-bound"))
          return;
        el.className = el.className + " html-widget-static-bound";

        var initResult;
        if (binding.initialize) {
          initResult = binding.initialize(el,
            sizeObj ? sizeObj.getWidth() : el.offsetWidth,
            sizeObj ? sizeObj.getHeight() : el.offsetHeight
          );
          elementData(el, "init_result", initResult);
        }

        if (binding.resize) {
          var lastSize = {};
          var resizeHandler = function(e) {
            var size = {
              w: sizeObj ? sizeObj.getWidth() : el.offsetWidth,
              h: sizeObj ? sizeObj.getHeight() : el.offsetHeight
            };
            if (size.w === 0 && size.h === 0)
              return;
            if (size.w === lastSize.w && size.h === lastSize.h)
              return;
            lastSize = size;
            binding.resize(el, size.w, size.h, initResult);
          };

          on(window, "resize", resizeHandler);

          // This is needed for cases where we're running in a Shiny
          // app, but the widget itself is not a Shiny output, but
          // rather a simple static widget. One example of this is
          // an rmarkdown document that has runtime:shiny and widget
          // that isn't in a render function. Shiny only knows to
          // call resize handlers for Shiny outputs, not for static
          // widgets, so we do it ourselves.
          if (window.jQuery) {
            window.jQuery(document).on(
              "shown.htmlwidgets shown.bs.tab.htmlwidgets shown.bs.collapse.htmlwidgets",
              resizeHandler
            );
            window.jQuery(document).on(
              "hidden.htmlwidgets hidden.bs.tab.htmlwidgets hidden.bs.collapse.htmlwidgets",
              resizeHandler
            );
          }

          // This is needed for the specific case of ioslides, which
          // flips slides between display:none and display:block.
          // Ideally we would not have to have ioslide-specific code
          // here, but rather have ioslides raise a generic event,
          // but the rmarkdown package just went to CRAN so the
          // window to getting that fixed may be long.
          if (window.addEventListener) {
            // It's OK to limit this to window.addEventListener
            // browsers because ioslides itself only supports
            // such browsers.
            on(document, "slideenter", resizeHandler);
            on(document, "slideleave", resizeHandler);
          }
        }

        var scriptData = document.querySelector("script[data-for='" + el.id + "'][type='application/json']");
        if (scriptData) {
          var data = JSON.parse(scriptData.textContent || scriptData.text);
          // Resolve strings marked as javascript literals to objects
          if (!(data.evals instanceof Array)) data.evals = [data.evals];
          for (var k = 0; data.evals && k < data.evals.length; k++) {
            window.HTMLWidgets.evaluateStringMember(data.x, data.evals[k]);
          }
          binding.renderValue(el, data.x, initResult);
          evalAndRun(data.jsHooks.render, initResult, [el, data.x]);
        }
      });
    });

    invokePostRenderHandlers();
  }

  // Wait until after the document has loaded to render the widgets.
  if (document.addEventListener) {
    document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded", function() {
      document.removeEventListener("DOMContentLoaded", arguments.callee, false);
      window.HTMLWidgets.staticRender();
    }, false);
  } else if (document.attachEvent) {
    document.attachEvent("onreadystatechange", function() {
      if (document.readyState === "complete") {
        document.detachEvent("onreadystatechange", arguments.callee);
        window.HTMLWidgets.staticRender();
      }
    });
  }


  window.HTMLWidgets.getAttachmentUrl = function(depname, key) {
    // If no key, default to the first item
    if (typeof(key) === "undefined")
      key = 1;

    var link = document.getElementById(depname + "-" + key + "-attachment");
    if (!link) {
      throw new Error("Attachment " + depname + "/" + key + " not found in document");
    }
    return link.getAttribute("href");
  };

  window.HTMLWidgets.dataframeToD3 = function(df) {
    var names = [];
    var length;
    for (var name in df) {
        if (df.hasOwnProperty(name))
            names.push(name);
        if (typeof(df[name]) !== "object" || typeof(df[name].length) === "undefined") {
            throw new Error("All fields must be arrays");
        } else if (typeof(length) !== "undefined" && length !== df[name].length) {
            throw new Error("All fields must be arrays of the same length");
        }
        length = df[name].length;
    }
    var results = [];
    var item;
    for (var row = 0; row < length; row++) {
        item = {};
        for (var col = 0; col < names.length; col++) {
            item[names[col]] = df[names[col]][row];
        }
        results.push(item);
    }
    return results;
  };

  window.HTMLWidgets.transposeArray2D = function(array) {
      if (array.length === 0) return array;
      var newArray = array[0].map(function(col, i) {
          return array.map(function(row) {
              return row[i]
          })
      });
      return newArray;
  };
  // Split value at splitChar, but allow splitChar to be escaped
  // using escapeChar. Any other characters escaped by escapeChar
  // will be included as usual (including escapeChar itself).
  function splitWithEscape(value, splitChar, escapeChar) {
    var results = [];
    var escapeMode = false;
    var currentResult = "";
    for (var pos = 0; pos < value.length; pos++) {
      if (!escapeMode) {
        if (value[pos] === splitChar) {
          results.push(currentResult);
          currentResult = "";
        } else if (value[pos] === escapeChar) {
          escapeMode = true;
        } else {
          currentResult += value[pos];
        }
      } else {
        currentResult += value[pos];
        escapeMode = false;
      }
    }
    if (currentResult !== "") {
      results.push(currentResult);
    }
    return results;
  }
  // Function authored by Yihui/JJ Allaire
  window.HTMLWidgets.evaluateStringMember = function(o, member) {
    var parts = splitWithEscape(member, '.', '\\');
    for (var i = 0, l = parts.length; i < l; i++) {
      var part = parts[i];
      // part may be a character or 'numeric' member name
      if (o !== null && typeof o === "object" && part in o) {
        if (i == (l - 1)) { // if we are at the end of the line then evalulate
          if (typeof o[part] === "string")
            o[part] = eval("(" + o[part] + ")");
        } else { // otherwise continue to next embedded object
          o = o[part];
        }
      }
    }
  };

  // Retrieve the HTMLWidget instance (i.e. the return value of an
  // HTMLWidget binding's initialize() or factory() function)
  // associated with an element, or null if none.
  window.HTMLWidgets.getInstance = function(el) {
    return elementData(el, "init_result");
  };

  // Finds the first element in the scope that matches the selector,
  // and returns the HTMLWidget instance (i.e. the return value of
  // an HTMLWidget binding's initialize() or factory() function)
  // associated with that element, if any. If no element matches the
  // selector, or the first matching element has no HTMLWidget
  // instance associated with it, then null is returned.
  //
  // The scope argument is optional, and defaults to window.document.
  window.HTMLWidgets.find = function(scope, selector) {
    if (arguments.length == 1) {
      selector = scope;
      scope = document;
    }

    var el = scope.querySelector(selector);
    if (el === null) {
      return null;
    } else {
      return window.HTMLWidgets.getInstance(el);
    }
  };

  // Finds all elements in the scope that match the selector, and
  // returns the HTMLWidget instances (i.e. the return values of
  // an HTMLWidget binding's initialize() or factory() function)
  // associated with the elements, in an array. If elements that
  // match the selector don't have an associated HTMLWidget
  // instance, the returned array will contain nulls.
  //
  // The scope argument is optional, and defaults to window.document.
  window.HTMLWidgets.findAll = function(scope, selector) {
    if (arguments.length == 1) {
      selector = scope;
      scope = document;
    }

    var nodes = scope.querySelectorAll(selector);
    var results = [];
    for (var i = 0; i < nodes.length; i++) {
      results.push(window.HTMLWidgets.getInstance(nodes[i]));
    }
    return results;
  };

  var postRenderHandlers = [];
  function invokePostRenderHandlers() {
    while (postRenderHandlers.length) {
      var handler = postRenderHandlers.shift();
      if (handler) {
        handler();
      }
    }
  }

  // Register the given callback function to be invoked after the
  // next time static widgets are rendered.
  window.HTMLWidgets.addPostRenderHandler = function(callback) {
    postRenderHandlers.push(callback);
  };

  // Takes a new-style instance-bound definition, and returns an
  // old-style class-bound definition. This saves us from having
  // to rewrite all the logic in this file to accomodate both
  // types of definitions.
  function createLegacyDefinitionAdapter(defn) {
    var result = {
      name: defn.name,
      type: defn.type,
      initialize: function(el, width, height) {
        return defn.factory(el, width, height);
      },
      renderValue: function(el, x, instance) {
        return instance.renderValue(x);
      },
      resize: function(el, width, height, instance) {
        return instance.resize(width, height);
      }
    };

    if (defn.find)
      result.find = defn.find;
    if (defn.renderError)
      result.renderError = defn.renderError;
    if (defn.clearError)
      result.clearError = defn.clearError;

    return result;
  }
})();

\"></script>\n",
       "<link href=\"data:text/css;charset=utf-8,%2Estr%5Fview%20ul%2C%20%2Estr%5Fview%20li%20%7B%0Alist%2Dstyle%3A%20none%3B%0Apadding%3A%200%3B%0Amargin%3A%200%2E5em%200%3B%0Afont%2Dfamily%3A%20monospace%3B%0A%7D%0A%2Estr%5Fview%20%2Ematch%20%7B%0Aborder%3A%201px%20solid%20%23ccc%3B%0Abackground%2Dcolor%3A%20%23eee%3B%0A%7D%0A\" rel=\"stylesheet\" />\n",
       "<script src=\"data:application/x-javascript;base64,SFRNTFdpZGdldHMud2lkZ2V0KHsKCiAgbmFtZTogJ3N0cl92aWV3JywKCiAgdHlwZTogJ291dHB1dCcsCgogIGluaXRpYWxpemU6IGZ1bmN0aW9uKGVsLCB3aWR0aCwgaGVpZ2h0KSB7CiAgfSwKCiAgcmVuZGVyVmFsdWU6IGZ1bmN0aW9uKGVsLCB4LCBpbnN0YW5jZSkgewogICAgZWwuaW5uZXJIVE1MID0geC5odG1sOwogIH0sCgogIHJlc2l6ZTogZnVuY3Rpb24oZWwsIHdpZHRoLCBoZWlnaHQsIGluc3RhbmNlKSB7CiAgfQoKfSk7Cg==\"></script>\n",
       "</head>\n",
       "<body style=\"background-color:white;\">\n",
       "<div id=\"htmlwidget_container\">\n",
       "<div id=\"htmlwidget-90de245c26df1ed4db00\" class=\"str_view html-widget\" style=\"width:960px;height:auto;\">\n",
       "\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "<script type=\"application/json\" data-for=\"htmlwidget-90de245c26df1ed4db00\">{\"x\":{\"html\":\"<ul>\\n  <li><span class='match'>xyx<\\/span>y<span class='match'>xyx<\\/span><\\/li>\\n<\\/ul>\"},\"evals\":[],\"jsHooks\":[]}</script>\n",
       "<script type=\"application/htmlwidget-sizing\" data-for=\"htmlwidget-90de245c26df1ed4db00\">{\"viewer\":{\"width\":450,\"height\":\"auto\",\"padding\":15,\"fill\":true},\"browser\":{\"width\":960,\"height\":\"auto\",\"padding\":40,\"fill\":false}}</script>\n",
       "</body>\n",
       "</html>\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "HTML widgets cannot be represented in plain text (need html)"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {
      "text/html": {
       "isolated": true
      }
     },
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "str_view_all(\"xyxyxyx\", \"xyx\") # not how matches don't overlap"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 14,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "2"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "2"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "2"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[1] 2"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "str_count(\"xyxyxyx\", \"xyx\") # gives the number of matches"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 15,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "# A tibble: 980 x 4\n",
      "       word     i num_vowels num_consonants\n",
      "      <chr> <int>      <int>          <int>\n",
      " 1        a     1          1              0\n",
      " 2     able     2          2              2\n",
      " 3    about     3          3              2\n",
      " 4 absolute     4          4              4\n",
      " 5   accept     5          2              4\n",
      " 6  account     6          3              4\n",
      " 7  achieve     7          4              3\n",
      " 8   across     8          2              4\n",
      " 9      act     9          1              2\n",
      "10   active    10          3              3\n",
      "# ... with 970 more rows\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df <- df %>% # mutate with str_count\n",
    "            mutate(num_vowels = str_count(word, \"[aeiou]\"),\n",
    "                   num_consonants = str_count(word, \"[^aeiou]\"))\n",
    "print(df)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 16,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "# A tibble: 980 x 5\n",
      "       word     i num_vowels num_consonants vowel_prop\n",
      "      <chr> <int>      <int>          <int>      <dbl>\n",
      " 1        a     1          1              0  1.0000000\n",
      " 2     able     2          2              2  0.5000000\n",
      " 3    about     3          3              2  0.6000000\n",
      " 4 absolute     4          4              4  0.5000000\n",
      " 5   accept     5          2              4  0.3333333\n",
      " 6  account     6          3              4  0.4285714\n",
      " 7  achieve     7          4              3  0.5714286\n",
      " 8   across     8          2              4  0.3333333\n",
      " 9      act     9          1              2  0.3333333\n",
      "10   active    10          3              3  0.5000000\n",
      "# ... with 970 more rows\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df <- df %>% # compute a new column having proportion of vowels in the words\n",
    "            mutate(vowel_prop = num_vowels / str_length(word)) \n",
    "print(df)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 17,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<table>\n",
       "<thead><tr><th scope=col>word</th><th scope=col>i</th><th scope=col>num_vowels</th><th scope=col>num_consonants</th><th scope=col>vowel_prop</th></tr></thead>\n",
       "<tbody>\n",
       "</tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|lllll}\n",
       " word & i & num\\_vowels & num\\_consonants & vowel\\_prop\\\\\n",
       "\\hline\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "\n",
       "word | i | num_vowels | num_consonants | vowel_prop | \n",
       "||\n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "     word i num_vowels num_consonants vowel_prop"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "filter(df, str_detect(word, \"a\"), str_detect(word, \"e\"), str_detect(word, \"i\"),\n",
    "       str_detect(word, \"o\"), str_detect(word, \"u\")) # words containing all vowels"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 18,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<table>\n",
       "<thead><tr><th scope=col>word</th><th scope=col>i</th><th scope=col>num_vowels</th><th scope=col>num_consonants</th><th scope=col>vowel_prop</th></tr></thead>\n",
       "<tbody>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>absolute   </td><td>  4        </td><td>4          </td><td>4          </td><td>0.5000000  </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>appropriate</td><td> 48        </td><td>5          </td><td>6          </td><td>0.4545455  </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>associate  </td><td> 57        </td><td>5          </td><td>4          </td><td>0.5555556  </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>authority  </td><td> 61        </td><td>4          </td><td>5          </td><td>0.4444444  </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>colleague  </td><td>166        </td><td>5          </td><td>4          </td><td>0.5555556  </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>continue   </td><td>186        </td><td>4          </td><td>4          </td><td>0.5000000  </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>encourage  </td><td>268        </td><td>5          </td><td>4          </td><td>0.5555556  </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>introduce  </td><td>431        </td><td>4          </td><td>5          </td><td>0.4444444  </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>organize   </td><td>585        </td><td>4          </td><td>4          </td><td>0.5000000  </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>previous   </td><td>644        </td><td>4          </td><td>4          </td><td>0.5000000  </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>question   </td><td>667        </td><td>4          </td><td>4          </td><td>0.5000000  </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>relation   </td><td>695        </td><td>4          </td><td>4          </td><td>0.5000000  </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>serious    </td><td>741        </td><td>4          </td><td>3          </td><td>0.5714286  </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>situate    </td><td>771        </td><td>4          </td><td>3          </td><td>0.5714286  </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>various    </td><td>915        </td><td>4          </td><td>3          </td><td>0.5714286  </td></tr>\n",
       "</tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|lllll}\n",
       " word & i & num\\_vowels & num\\_consonants & vowel\\_prop\\\\\n",
       "\\hline\n",
       "\t absolute    &   4         & 4           & 4           & 0.5000000  \\\\\n",
       "\t appropriate &  48         & 5           & 6           & 0.4545455  \\\\\n",
       "\t associate   &  57         & 5           & 4           & 0.5555556  \\\\\n",
       "\t authority   &  61         & 4           & 5           & 0.4444444  \\\\\n",
       "\t colleague   & 166         & 5           & 4           & 0.5555556  \\\\\n",
       "\t continue    & 186         & 4           & 4           & 0.5000000  \\\\\n",
       "\t encourage   & 268         & 5           & 4           & 0.5555556  \\\\\n",
       "\t introduce   & 431         & 4           & 5           & 0.4444444  \\\\\n",
       "\t organize    & 585         & 4           & 4           & 0.5000000  \\\\\n",
       "\t previous    & 644         & 4           & 4           & 0.5000000  \\\\\n",
       "\t question    & 667         & 4           & 4           & 0.5000000  \\\\\n",
       "\t relation    & 695         & 4           & 4           & 0.5000000  \\\\\n",
       "\t serious     & 741         & 4           & 3           & 0.5714286  \\\\\n",
       "\t situate     & 771         & 4           & 3           & 0.5714286  \\\\\n",
       "\t various     & 915         & 4           & 3           & 0.5714286  \\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "\n",
       "word | i | num_vowels | num_consonants | vowel_prop | \n",
       "|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|\n",
       "| absolute    |   4         | 4           | 4           | 0.5000000   | \n",
       "| appropriate |  48         | 5           | 6           | 0.4545455   | \n",
       "| associate   |  57         | 5           | 4           | 0.5555556   | \n",
       "| authority   |  61         | 4           | 5           | 0.4444444   | \n",
       "| colleague   | 166         | 5           | 4           | 0.5555556   | \n",
       "| continue    | 186         | 4           | 4           | 0.5000000   | \n",
       "| encourage   | 268         | 5           | 4           | 0.5555556   | \n",
       "| introduce   | 431         | 4           | 5           | 0.4444444   | \n",
       "| organize    | 585         | 4           | 4           | 0.5000000   | \n",
       "| previous    | 644         | 4           | 4           | 0.5000000   | \n",
       "| question    | 667         | 4           | 4           | 0.5000000   | \n",
       "| relation    | 695         | 4           | 4           | 0.5000000   | \n",
       "| serious     | 741         | 4           | 3           | 0.5714286   | \n",
       "| situate     | 771         | 4           | 3           | 0.5714286   | \n",
       "| various     | 915         | 4           | 3           | 0.5714286   | \n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "   word        i   num_vowels num_consonants vowel_prop\n",
       "1  absolute      4 4          4              0.5000000 \n",
       "2  appropriate  48 5          6              0.4545455 \n",
       "3  associate    57 5          4              0.5555556 \n",
       "4  authority    61 4          5              0.4444444 \n",
       "5  colleague   166 5          4              0.5555556 \n",
       "6  continue    186 4          4              0.5000000 \n",
       "7  encourage   268 5          4              0.5555556 \n",
       "8  introduce   431 4          5              0.4444444 \n",
       "9  organize    585 4          4              0.5000000 \n",
       "10 previous    644 4          4              0.5000000 \n",
       "11 question    667 4          4              0.5000000 \n",
       "12 relation    695 4          4              0.5000000 \n",
       "13 serious     741 4          3              0.5714286 \n",
       "14 situate     771 4          3              0.5714286 \n",
       "15 various     915 4          3              0.5714286 "
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# words with at least 4 different vowels\n",
    "filter(df, str_detect(word, \"a\") + str_detect(word, \"e\") + str_detect(word, \"i\") +\n",
    "       str_detect(word, \"o\") + str_detect(word, \"u\") >= 4)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "source": [
    "# Extract matches"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 19,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "[1] \"[aeiou][aeiou][^aeiou][aeiou]\"\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "v <- \"[aeiou]\"\n",
    "c <- \"[^aeiou]\"\n",
    "vvcv <- str_c(v, v, c, v)\n",
    "print(vvcv)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 20,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<ol class=list-inline>\n",
       "\t<li>'achieve'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'appropriate'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'associate'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'available'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'because'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'believe'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'cause'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'choice'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'choose'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'colleague'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'create'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'encourage'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'europe'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'house'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'increase'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'language'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'leave'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'meaning'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'measure'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'piece'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'please'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'quality'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'quite'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'raise'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'realise'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'reason'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'receive'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'require'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'situate'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'square'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'thousand'</li>\n",
       "</ol>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{enumerate*}\n",
       "\\item 'achieve'\n",
       "\\item 'appropriate'\n",
       "\\item 'associate'\n",
       "\\item 'available'\n",
       "\\item 'because'\n",
       "\\item 'believe'\n",
       "\\item 'cause'\n",
       "\\item 'choice'\n",
       "\\item 'choose'\n",
       "\\item 'colleague'\n",
       "\\item 'create'\n",
       "\\item 'encourage'\n",
       "\\item 'europe'\n",
       "\\item 'house'\n",
       "\\item 'increase'\n",
       "\\item 'language'\n",
       "\\item 'leave'\n",
       "\\item 'meaning'\n",
       "\\item 'measure'\n",
       "\\item 'piece'\n",
       "\\item 'please'\n",
       "\\item 'quality'\n",
       "\\item 'quite'\n",
       "\\item 'raise'\n",
       "\\item 'realise'\n",
       "\\item 'reason'\n",
       "\\item 'receive'\n",
       "\\item 'require'\n",
       "\\item 'situate'\n",
       "\\item 'square'\n",
       "\\item 'thousand'\n",
       "\\end{enumerate*}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "1. 'achieve'\n",
       "2. 'appropriate'\n",
       "3. 'associate'\n",
       "4. 'available'\n",
       "5. 'because'\n",
       "6. 'believe'\n",
       "7. 'cause'\n",
       "8. 'choice'\n",
       "9. 'choose'\n",
       "10. 'colleague'\n",
       "11. 'create'\n",
       "12. 'encourage'\n",
       "13. 'europe'\n",
       "14. 'house'\n",
       "15. 'increase'\n",
       "16. 'language'\n",
       "17. 'leave'\n",
       "18. 'meaning'\n",
       "19. 'measure'\n",
       "20. 'piece'\n",
       "21. 'please'\n",
       "22. 'quality'\n",
       "23. 'quite'\n",
       "24. 'raise'\n",
       "25. 'realise'\n",
       "26. 'reason'\n",
       "27. 'receive'\n",
       "28. 'require'\n",
       "29. 'situate'\n",
       "30. 'square'\n",
       "31. 'thousand'\n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       " [1] \"achieve\"     \"appropriate\" \"associate\"   \"available\"   \"because\"    \n",
       " [6] \"believe\"     \"cause\"       \"choice\"      \"choose\"      \"colleague\"  \n",
       "[11] \"create\"      \"encourage\"   \"europe\"      \"house\"       \"increase\"   \n",
       "[16] \"language\"    \"leave\"       \"meaning\"     \"measure\"     \"piece\"      \n",
       "[21] \"please\"      \"quality\"     \"quite\"       \"raise\"       \"realise\"    \n",
       "[26] \"reason\"      \"receive\"     \"require\"     \"situate\"     \"square\"     \n",
       "[31] \"thousand\"   "
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "(vvcv_words <- str_subset(words, vvcv)) # words containing the pattern vvcv"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 21,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<ol class=list-inline>\n",
       "\t<li>'ieve'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'iate'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'iate'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'aila'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'ause'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'ieve'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'ause'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'oice'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'oose'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'eagu'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'eate'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'oura'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'euro'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'ouse'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'ease'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'uage'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'eave'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'eani'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'easu'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'iece'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'ease'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'uali'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'uite'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'aise'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'eali'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'easo'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'eive'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'uire'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'uate'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'uare'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'ousa'</li>\n",
       "</ol>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{enumerate*}\n",
       "\\item 'ieve'\n",
       "\\item 'iate'\n",
       "\\item 'iate'\n",
       "\\item 'aila'\n",
       "\\item 'ause'\n",
       "\\item 'ieve'\n",
       "\\item 'ause'\n",
       "\\item 'oice'\n",
       "\\item 'oose'\n",
       "\\item 'eagu'\n",
       "\\item 'eate'\n",
       "\\item 'oura'\n",
       "\\item 'euro'\n",
       "\\item 'ouse'\n",
       "\\item 'ease'\n",
       "\\item 'uage'\n",
       "\\item 'eave'\n",
       "\\item 'eani'\n",
       "\\item 'easu'\n",
       "\\item 'iece'\n",
       "\\item 'ease'\n",
       "\\item 'uali'\n",
       "\\item 'uite'\n",
       "\\item 'aise'\n",
       "\\item 'eali'\n",
       "\\item 'easo'\n",
       "\\item 'eive'\n",
       "\\item 'uire'\n",
       "\\item 'uate'\n",
       "\\item 'uare'\n",
       "\\item 'ousa'\n",
       "\\end{enumerate*}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "1. 'ieve'\n",
       "2. 'iate'\n",
       "3. 'iate'\n",
       "4. 'aila'\n",
       "5. 'ause'\n",
       "6. 'ieve'\n",
       "7. 'ause'\n",
       "8. 'oice'\n",
       "9. 'oose'\n",
       "10. 'eagu'\n",
       "11. 'eate'\n",
       "12. 'oura'\n",
       "13. 'euro'\n",
       "14. 'ouse'\n",
       "15. 'ease'\n",
       "16. 'uage'\n",
       "17. 'eave'\n",
       "18. 'eani'\n",
       "19. 'easu'\n",
       "20. 'iece'\n",
       "21. 'ease'\n",
       "22. 'uali'\n",
       "23. 'uite'\n",
       "24. 'aise'\n",
       "25. 'eali'\n",
       "26. 'easo'\n",
       "27. 'eive'\n",
       "28. 'uire'\n",
       "29. 'uate'\n",
       "30. 'uare'\n",
       "31. 'ousa'\n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       " [1] \"ieve\" \"iate\" \"iate\" \"aila\" \"ause\" \"ieve\" \"ause\" \"oice\" \"oose\" \"eagu\"\n",
       "[11] \"eate\" \"oura\" \"euro\" \"ouse\" \"ease\" \"uage\" \"eave\" \"eani\" \"easu\" \"iece\"\n",
       "[21] \"ease\" \"uali\" \"uite\" \"aise\" \"eali\" \"easo\" \"eive\" \"uire\" \"uate\" \"uare\"\n",
       "[31] \"ousa\""
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "str_extract(vvcv_words, vvcv) # the patterns themselves"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 22,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "[1] \"[^aeiou][aeiou][aeiou][^aeiou]\"\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "cvvc <- str_c(c, v, v, c)\n",
    "print(cvvc)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 23,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<ol class=list-inline>\n",
       "\t<li>'about'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'account'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'achieve'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'actual'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'afternoon'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'again'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'against'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'already'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'although'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'amount'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'appear'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'appoint'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'approach'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'appropriate'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'around'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'associate'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'available'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'bear'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'beat'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'because'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'believe'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'between'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'blood'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'board'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'boat'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'book'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'break'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'brief'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'brilliant'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'britain'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'build'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'cause'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'certain'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'chair'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'chairman'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'cheap'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'choice'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'choose'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'claim'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'clean'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'clear'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'client'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'colleague'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'colour'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'condition'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'cook'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'could'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'council'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'count'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'country'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'county'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'couple'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'course'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'court'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'create'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'dead'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'deal'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'dear'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'decision'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'deep'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'detail'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'door'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'double'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'doubt'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'encourage'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'enough'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'equal'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'especial'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'experience'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'explain'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'fair'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'favour'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'feed'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'feel'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'field'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'floor'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'food'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'foot'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'four'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'friend'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'function'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'good'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'goodbye'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'great'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'green'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'ground'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'group'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'guess'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'hair'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'head'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'health'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'hear'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'heart'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'heat'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'heavy'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'hour'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'house'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'increase'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'indeed'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'individual'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'instead'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'join'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'keep'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'labour'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'language'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'laugh'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'lead'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'learn'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'leave'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'load'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'look'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'main'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'mean'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'meaning'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'measure'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'meet'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'mention'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'million'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'motion'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'nation'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'near'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'need'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'occasion'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'paint'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'pair'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'pension'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'people'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'period'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'piece'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'please'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'point'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'poor'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'position'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'pound'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'proceed'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'quality'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'quarter'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'question'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'quick'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'quid'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'quite'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'rail'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'raise'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'read'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'ready'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'real'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'realise'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'really'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'reason'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'receive'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'region'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'relation'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'require'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'research'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'resource'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'road'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'room'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'round'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'school'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'science'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'seat'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'section'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'seem'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'sheet'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'shoot'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'should'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'situate'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'sleep'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'social'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'society'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'soon'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'sound'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'south'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'speak'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'special'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'speed'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'square'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'stairs'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'station'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'straight'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'street'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'succeed'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'suit'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'teach'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'team'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'television'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'thirteen'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'though'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'thousand'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'through'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'touch'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'train'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'treat'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'trouble'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'tuesday'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'union'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'usual'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'view'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'wait'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'wear'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'week'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'weigh'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'without'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'wood'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'would'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'year'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'young'</li>\n",
       "</ol>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{enumerate*}\n",
       "\\item 'about'\n",
       "\\item 'account'\n",
       "\\item 'achieve'\n",
       "\\item 'actual'\n",
       "\\item 'afternoon'\n",
       "\\item 'again'\n",
       "\\item 'against'\n",
       "\\item 'already'\n",
       "\\item 'although'\n",
       "\\item 'amount'\n",
       "\\item 'appear'\n",
       "\\item 'appoint'\n",
       "\\item 'approach'\n",
       "\\item 'appropriate'\n",
       "\\item 'around'\n",
       "\\item 'associate'\n",
       "\\item 'available'\n",
       "\\item 'bear'\n",
       "\\item 'beat'\n",
       "\\item 'because'\n",
       "\\item 'believe'\n",
       "\\item 'between'\n",
       "\\item 'blood'\n",
       "\\item 'board'\n",
       "\\item 'boat'\n",
       "\\item 'book'\n",
       "\\item 'break'\n",
       "\\item 'brief'\n",
       "\\item 'brilliant'\n",
       "\\item 'britain'\n",
       "\\item 'build'\n",
       "\\item 'cause'\n",
       "\\item 'certain'\n",
       "\\item 'chair'\n",
       "\\item 'chairman'\n",
       "\\item 'cheap'\n",
       "\\item 'choice'\n",
       "\\item 'choose'\n",
       "\\item 'claim'\n",
       "\\item 'clean'\n",
       "\\item 'clear'\n",
       "\\item 'client'\n",
       "\\item 'colleague'\n",
       "\\item 'colour'\n",
       "\\item 'condition'\n",
       "\\item 'cook'\n",
       "\\item 'could'\n",
       "\\item 'council'\n",
       "\\item 'count'\n",
       "\\item 'country'\n",
       "\\item 'county'\n",
       "\\item 'couple'\n",
       "\\item 'course'\n",
       "\\item 'court'\n",
       "\\item 'create'\n",
       "\\item 'dead'\n",
       "\\item 'deal'\n",
       "\\item 'dear'\n",
       "\\item 'decision'\n",
       "\\item 'deep'\n",
       "\\item 'detail'\n",
       "\\item 'door'\n",
       "\\item 'double'\n",
       "\\item 'doubt'\n",
       "\\item 'encourage'\n",
       "\\item 'enough'\n",
       "\\item 'equal'\n",
       "\\item 'especial'\n",
       "\\item 'experience'\n",
       "\\item 'explain'\n",
       "\\item 'fair'\n",
       "\\item 'favour'\n",
       "\\item 'feed'\n",
       "\\item 'feel'\n",
       "\\item 'field'\n",
       "\\item 'floor'\n",
       "\\item 'food'\n",
       "\\item 'foot'\n",
       "\\item 'four'\n",
       "\\item 'friend'\n",
       "\\item 'function'\n",
       "\\item 'good'\n",
       "\\item 'goodbye'\n",
       "\\item 'great'\n",
       "\\item 'green'\n",
       "\\item 'ground'\n",
       "\\item 'group'\n",
       "\\item 'guess'\n",
       "\\item 'hair'\n",
       "\\item 'head'\n",
       "\\item 'health'\n",
       "\\item 'hear'\n",
       "\\item 'heart'\n",
       "\\item 'heat'\n",
       "\\item 'heavy'\n",
       "\\item 'hour'\n",
       "\\item 'house'\n",
       "\\item 'increase'\n",
       "\\item 'indeed'\n",
       "\\item 'individual'\n",
       "\\item 'instead'\n",
       "\\item 'join'\n",
       "\\item 'keep'\n",
       "\\item 'labour'\n",
       "\\item 'language'\n",
       "\\item 'laugh'\n",
       "\\item 'lead'\n",
       "\\item 'learn'\n",
       "\\item 'leave'\n",
       "\\item 'load'\n",
       "\\item 'look'\n",
       "\\item 'main'\n",
       "\\item 'mean'\n",
       "\\item 'meaning'\n",
       "\\item 'measure'\n",
       "\\item 'meet'\n",
       "\\item 'mention'\n",
       "\\item 'million'\n",
       "\\item 'motion'\n",
       "\\item 'nation'\n",
       "\\item 'near'\n",
       "\\item 'need'\n",
       "\\item 'occasion'\n",
       "\\item 'paint'\n",
       "\\item 'pair'\n",
       "\\item 'pension'\n",
       "\\item 'people'\n",
       "\\item 'period'\n",
       "\\item 'piece'\n",
       "\\item 'please'\n",
       "\\item 'point'\n",
       "\\item 'poor'\n",
       "\\item 'position'\n",
       "\\item 'pound'\n",
       "\\item 'proceed'\n",
       "\\item 'quality'\n",
       "\\item 'quarter'\n",
       "\\item 'question'\n",
       "\\item 'quick'\n",
       "\\item 'quid'\n",
       "\\item 'quite'\n",
       "\\item 'rail'\n",
       "\\item 'raise'\n",
       "\\item 'read'\n",
       "\\item 'ready'\n",
       "\\item 'real'\n",
       "\\item 'realise'\n",
       "\\item 'really'\n",
       "\\item 'reason'\n",
       "\\item 'receive'\n",
       "\\item 'region'\n",
       "\\item 'relation'\n",
       "\\item 'require'\n",
       "\\item 'research'\n",
       "\\item 'resource'\n",
       "\\item 'road'\n",
       "\\item 'room'\n",
       "\\item 'round'\n",
       "\\item 'school'\n",
       "\\item 'science'\n",
       "\\item 'seat'\n",
       "\\item 'section'\n",
       "\\item 'seem'\n",
       "\\item 'sheet'\n",
       "\\item 'shoot'\n",
       "\\item 'should'\n",
       "\\item 'situate'\n",
       "\\item 'sleep'\n",
       "\\item 'social'\n",
       "\\item 'society'\n",
       "\\item 'soon'\n",
       "\\item 'sound'\n",
       "\\item 'south'\n",
       "\\item 'speak'\n",
       "\\item 'special'\n",
       "\\item 'speed'\n",
       "\\item 'square'\n",
       "\\item 'stairs'\n",
       "\\item 'station'\n",
       "\\item 'straight'\n",
       "\\item 'street'\n",
       "\\item 'succeed'\n",
       "\\item 'suit'\n",
       "\\item 'teach'\n",
       "\\item 'team'\n",
       "\\item 'television'\n",
       "\\item 'thirteen'\n",
       "\\item 'though'\n",
       "\\item 'thousand'\n",
       "\\item 'through'\n",
       "\\item 'touch'\n",
       "\\item 'train'\n",
       "\\item 'treat'\n",
       "\\item 'trouble'\n",
       "\\item 'tuesday'\n",
       "\\item 'union'\n",
       "\\item 'usual'\n",
       "\\item 'view'\n",
       "\\item 'wait'\n",
       "\\item 'wear'\n",
       "\\item 'week'\n",
       "\\item 'weigh'\n",
       "\\item 'without'\n",
       "\\item 'wood'\n",
       "\\item 'would'\n",
       "\\item 'year'\n",
       "\\item 'young'\n",
       "\\end{enumerate*}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "1. 'about'\n",
       "2. 'account'\n",
       "3. 'achieve'\n",
       "4. 'actual'\n",
       "5. 'afternoon'\n",
       "6. 'again'\n",
       "7. 'against'\n",
       "8. 'already'\n",
       "9. 'although'\n",
       "10. 'amount'\n",
       "11. 'appear'\n",
       "12. 'appoint'\n",
       "13. 'approach'\n",
       "14. 'appropriate'\n",
       "15. 'around'\n",
       "16. 'associate'\n",
       "17. 'available'\n",
       "18. 'bear'\n",
       "19. 'beat'\n",
       "20. 'because'\n",
       "21. 'believe'\n",
       "22. 'between'\n",
       "23. 'blood'\n",
       "24. 'board'\n",
       "25. 'boat'\n",
       "26. 'book'\n",
       "27. 'break'\n",
       "28. 'brief'\n",
       "29. 'brilliant'\n",
       "30. 'britain'\n",
       "31. 'build'\n",
       "32. 'cause'\n",
       "33. 'certain'\n",
       "34. 'chair'\n",
       "35. 'chairman'\n",
       "36. 'cheap'\n",
       "37. 'choice'\n",
       "38. 'choose'\n",
       "39. 'claim'\n",
       "40. 'clean'\n",
       "41. 'clear'\n",
       "42. 'client'\n",
       "43. 'colleague'\n",
       "44. 'colour'\n",
       "45. 'condition'\n",
       "46. 'cook'\n",
       "47. 'could'\n",
       "48. 'council'\n",
       "49. 'count'\n",
       "50. 'country'\n",
       "51. 'county'\n",
       "52. 'couple'\n",
       "53. 'course'\n",
       "54. 'court'\n",
       "55. 'create'\n",
       "56. 'dead'\n",
       "57. 'deal'\n",
       "58. 'dear'\n",
       "59. 'decision'\n",
       "60. 'deep'\n",
       "61. 'detail'\n",
       "62. 'door'\n",
       "63. 'double'\n",
       "64. 'doubt'\n",
       "65. 'encourage'\n",
       "66. 'enough'\n",
       "67. 'equal'\n",
       "68. 'especial'\n",
       "69. 'experience'\n",
       "70. 'explain'\n",
       "71. 'fair'\n",
       "72. 'favour'\n",
       "73. 'feed'\n",
       "74. 'feel'\n",
       "75. 'field'\n",
       "76. 'floor'\n",
       "77. 'food'\n",
       "78. 'foot'\n",
       "79. 'four'\n",
       "80. 'friend'\n",
       "81. 'function'\n",
       "82. 'good'\n",
       "83. 'goodbye'\n",
       "84. 'great'\n",
       "85. 'green'\n",
       "86. 'ground'\n",
       "87. 'group'\n",
       "88. 'guess'\n",
       "89. 'hair'\n",
       "90. 'head'\n",
       "91. 'health'\n",
       "92. 'hear'\n",
       "93. 'heart'\n",
       "94. 'heat'\n",
       "95. 'heavy'\n",
       "96. 'hour'\n",
       "97. 'house'\n",
       "98. 'increase'\n",
       "99. 'indeed'\n",
       "100. 'individual'\n",
       "101. 'instead'\n",
       "102. 'join'\n",
       "103. 'keep'\n",
       "104. 'labour'\n",
       "105. 'language'\n",
       "106. 'laugh'\n",
       "107. 'lead'\n",
       "108. 'learn'\n",
       "109. 'leave'\n",
       "110. 'load'\n",
       "111. 'look'\n",
       "112. 'main'\n",
       "113. 'mean'\n",
       "114. 'meaning'\n",
       "115. 'measure'\n",
       "116. 'meet'\n",
       "117. 'mention'\n",
       "118. 'million'\n",
       "119. 'motion'\n",
       "120. 'nation'\n",
       "121. 'near'\n",
       "122. 'need'\n",
       "123. 'occasion'\n",
       "124. 'paint'\n",
       "125. 'pair'\n",
       "126. 'pension'\n",
       "127. 'people'\n",
       "128. 'period'\n",
       "129. 'piece'\n",
       "130. 'please'\n",
       "131. 'point'\n",
       "132. 'poor'\n",
       "133. 'position'\n",
       "134. 'pound'\n",
       "135. 'proceed'\n",
       "136. 'quality'\n",
       "137. 'quarter'\n",
       "138. 'question'\n",
       "139. 'quick'\n",
       "140. 'quid'\n",
       "141. 'quite'\n",
       "142. 'rail'\n",
       "143. 'raise'\n",
       "144. 'read'\n",
       "145. 'ready'\n",
       "146. 'real'\n",
       "147. 'realise'\n",
       "148. 'really'\n",
       "149. 'reason'\n",
       "150. 'receive'\n",
       "151. 'region'\n",
       "152. 'relation'\n",
       "153. 'require'\n",
       "154. 'research'\n",
       "155. 'resource'\n",
       "156. 'road'\n",
       "157. 'room'\n",
       "158. 'round'\n",
       "159. 'school'\n",
       "160. 'science'\n",
       "161. 'seat'\n",
       "162. 'section'\n",
       "163. 'seem'\n",
       "164. 'sheet'\n",
       "165. 'shoot'\n",
       "166. 'should'\n",
       "167. 'situate'\n",
       "168. 'sleep'\n",
       "169. 'social'\n",
       "170. 'society'\n",
       "171. 'soon'\n",
       "172. 'sound'\n",
       "173. 'south'\n",
       "174. 'speak'\n",
       "175. 'special'\n",
       "176. 'speed'\n",
       "177. 'square'\n",
       "178. 'stairs'\n",
       "179. 'station'\n",
       "180. 'straight'\n",
       "181. 'street'\n",
       "182. 'succeed'\n",
       "183. 'suit'\n",
       "184. 'teach'\n",
       "185. 'team'\n",
       "186. 'television'\n",
       "187. 'thirteen'\n",
       "188. 'though'\n",
       "189. 'thousand'\n",
       "190. 'through'\n",
       "191. 'touch'\n",
       "192. 'train'\n",
       "193. 'treat'\n",
       "194. 'trouble'\n",
       "195. 'tuesday'\n",
       "196. 'union'\n",
       "197. 'usual'\n",
       "198. 'view'\n",
       "199. 'wait'\n",
       "200. 'wear'\n",
       "201. 'week'\n",
       "202. 'weigh'\n",
       "203. 'without'\n",
       "204. 'wood'\n",
       "205. 'would'\n",
       "206. 'year'\n",
       "207. 'young'\n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "  [1] \"about\"       \"account\"     \"achieve\"     \"actual\"      \"afternoon\"  \n",
       "  [6] \"again\"       \"against\"     \"already\"     \"although\"    \"amount\"     \n",
       " [11] \"appear\"      \"appoint\"     \"approach\"    \"appropriate\" \"around\"     \n",
       " [16] \"associate\"   \"available\"   \"bear\"        \"beat\"        \"because\"    \n",
       " [21] \"believe\"     \"between\"     \"blood\"       \"board\"       \"boat\"       \n",
       " [26] \"book\"        \"break\"       \"brief\"       \"brilliant\"   \"britain\"    \n",
       " [31] \"build\"       \"cause\"       \"certain\"     \"chair\"       \"chairman\"   \n",
       " [36] \"cheap\"       \"choice\"      \"choose\"      \"claim\"       \"clean\"      \n",
       " [41] \"clear\"       \"client\"      \"colleague\"   \"colour\"      \"condition\"  \n",
       " [46] \"cook\"        \"could\"       \"council\"     \"count\"       \"country\"    \n",
       " [51] \"county\"      \"couple\"      \"course\"      \"court\"       \"create\"     \n",
       " [56] \"dead\"        \"deal\"        \"dear\"        \"decision\"    \"deep\"       \n",
       " [61] \"detail\"      \"door\"        \"double\"      \"doubt\"       \"encourage\"  \n",
       " [66] \"enough\"      \"equal\"       \"especial\"    \"experience\"  \"explain\"    \n",
       " [71] \"fair\"        \"favour\"      \"feed\"        \"feel\"        \"field\"      \n",
       " [76] \"floor\"       \"food\"        \"foot\"        \"four\"        \"friend\"     \n",
       " [81] \"function\"    \"good\"        \"goodbye\"     \"great\"       \"green\"      \n",
       " [86] \"ground\"      \"group\"       \"guess\"       \"hair\"        \"head\"       \n",
       " [91] \"health\"      \"hear\"        \"heart\"       \"heat\"        \"heavy\"      \n",
       " [96] \"hour\"        \"house\"       \"increase\"    \"indeed\"      \"individual\" \n",
       "[101] \"instead\"     \"join\"        \"keep\"        \"labour\"      \"language\"   \n",
       "[106] \"laugh\"       \"lead\"        \"learn\"       \"leave\"       \"load\"       \n",
       "[111] \"look\"        \"main\"        \"mean\"        \"meaning\"     \"measure\"    \n",
       "[116] \"meet\"        \"mention\"     \"million\"     \"motion\"      \"nation\"     \n",
       "[121] \"near\"        \"need\"        \"occasion\"    \"paint\"       \"pair\"       \n",
       "[126] \"pension\"     \"people\"      \"period\"      \"piece\"       \"please\"     \n",
       "[131] \"point\"       \"poor\"        \"position\"    \"pound\"       \"proceed\"    \n",
       "[136] \"quality\"     \"quarter\"     \"question\"    \"quick\"       \"quid\"       \n",
       "[141] \"quite\"       \"rail\"        \"raise\"       \"read\"        \"ready\"      \n",
       "[146] \"real\"        \"realise\"     \"really\"      \"reason\"      \"receive\"    \n",
       "[151] \"region\"      \"relation\"    \"require\"     \"research\"    \"resource\"   \n",
       "[156] \"road\"        \"room\"        \"round\"       \"school\"      \"science\"    \n",
       "[161] \"seat\"        \"section\"     \"seem\"        \"sheet\"       \"shoot\"      \n",
       "[166] \"should\"      \"situate\"     \"sleep\"       \"social\"      \"society\"    \n",
       "[171] \"soon\"        \"sound\"       \"south\"       \"speak\"       \"special\"    \n",
       "[176] \"speed\"       \"square\"      \"stairs\"      \"station\"     \"straight\"   \n",
       "[181] \"street\"      \"succeed\"     \"suit\"        \"teach\"       \"team\"       \n",
       "[186] \"television\"  \"thirteen\"    \"though\"      \"thousand\"    \"through\"    \n",
       "[191] \"touch\"       \"train\"       \"treat\"       \"trouble\"     \"tuesday\"    \n",
       "[196] \"union\"       \"usual\"       \"view\"        \"wait\"        \"wear\"       \n",
       "[201] \"week\"        \"weigh\"       \"without\"     \"wood\"        \"would\"      \n",
       "[206] \"year\"        \"young\"      "
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "(cvvc_words <- str_subset(words, cvvc)) # words containing the pattern cvvc"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 24,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<ol class=list-inline>\n",
       "\t<li>'bout'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'coun'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'hiev'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'tual'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'noon'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'gain'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'gain'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'read'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'houg'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'moun'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'pear'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'poin'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'roac'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'riat'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'roun'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'ciat'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'vail'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'bear'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'beat'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'caus'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'liev'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'ween'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'lood'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'boar'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'boat'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'book'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'reak'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'rief'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'lian'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'tain'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'buil'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'caus'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'tain'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'hair'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'hair'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'heap'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'hoic'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'hoos'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'laim'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'lean'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'lear'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'lien'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'leag'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'lour'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'tion'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'cook'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'coul'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'coun'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'coun'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'coun'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'coun'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'coup'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'cour'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'cour'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'reat'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'dead'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'deal'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'dear'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'sion'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'deep'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'tail'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'door'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'doub'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'doub'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'cour'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'noug'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'qual'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'cial'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'rien'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'lain'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'fair'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'vour'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'feed'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'feel'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'fiel'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'loor'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'food'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'foot'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'four'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'rien'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'tion'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'good'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'good'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'reat'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'reen'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'roun'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'roup'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'gues'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'hair'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'head'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'heal'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'hear'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'hear'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'heat'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'heav'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'hour'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'hous'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'reas'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'deed'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'dual'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'tead'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'join'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'keep'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'bour'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'guag'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'laug'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'lead'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'lear'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'leav'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'load'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'look'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'main'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'mean'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'mean'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'meas'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'meet'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'tion'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'lion'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'tion'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'tion'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'near'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'need'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'sion'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'pain'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'pair'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'sion'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'peop'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'riod'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'piec'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'leas'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'poin'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'poor'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'tion'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'poun'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'ceed'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'qual'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'quar'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'ques'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'quic'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'quid'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'quit'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'rail'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'rais'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'read'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'read'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'real'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'real'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'real'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'reas'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'ceiv'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'gion'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'tion'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'quir'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'sear'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'sour'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'road'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'room'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'roun'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'hool'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'cien'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'seat'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'tion'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'seem'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'heet'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'hoot'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'houl'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'tuat'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'leep'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'cial'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'ciet'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'soon'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'soun'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'sout'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'peak'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'cial'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'peed'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'quar'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'tair'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'tion'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'raig'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'reet'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'ceed'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'suit'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'teac'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'team'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'sion'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'teen'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'houg'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'hous'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'roug'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'touc'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'rain'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'reat'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'roub'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'tues'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'nion'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'sual'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'view'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'wait'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'wear'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'week'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'weig'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'hout'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'wood'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'woul'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'year'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'youn'</li>\n",
       "</ol>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{enumerate*}\n",
       "\\item 'bout'\n",
       "\\item 'coun'\n",
       "\\item 'hiev'\n",
       "\\item 'tual'\n",
       "\\item 'noon'\n",
       "\\item 'gain'\n",
       "\\item 'gain'\n",
       "\\item 'read'\n",
       "\\item 'houg'\n",
       "\\item 'moun'\n",
       "\\item 'pear'\n",
       "\\item 'poin'\n",
       "\\item 'roac'\n",
       "\\item 'riat'\n",
       "\\item 'roun'\n",
       "\\item 'ciat'\n",
       "\\item 'vail'\n",
       "\\item 'bear'\n",
       "\\item 'beat'\n",
       "\\item 'caus'\n",
       "\\item 'liev'\n",
       "\\item 'ween'\n",
       "\\item 'lood'\n",
       "\\item 'boar'\n",
       "\\item 'boat'\n",
       "\\item 'book'\n",
       "\\item 'reak'\n",
       "\\item 'rief'\n",
       "\\item 'lian'\n",
       "\\item 'tain'\n",
       "\\item 'buil'\n",
       "\\item 'caus'\n",
       "\\item 'tain'\n",
       "\\item 'hair'\n",
       "\\item 'hair'\n",
       "\\item 'heap'\n",
       "\\item 'hoic'\n",
       "\\item 'hoos'\n",
       "\\item 'laim'\n",
       "\\item 'lean'\n",
       "\\item 'lear'\n",
       "\\item 'lien'\n",
       "\\item 'leag'\n",
       "\\item 'lour'\n",
       "\\item 'tion'\n",
       "\\item 'cook'\n",
       "\\item 'coul'\n",
       "\\item 'coun'\n",
       "\\item 'coun'\n",
       "\\item 'coun'\n",
       "\\item 'coun'\n",
       "\\item 'coup'\n",
       "\\item 'cour'\n",
       "\\item 'cour'\n",
       "\\item 'reat'\n",
       "\\item 'dead'\n",
       "\\item 'deal'\n",
       "\\item 'dear'\n",
       "\\item 'sion'\n",
       "\\item 'deep'\n",
       "\\item 'tail'\n",
       "\\item 'door'\n",
       "\\item 'doub'\n",
       "\\item 'doub'\n",
       "\\item 'cour'\n",
       "\\item 'noug'\n",
       "\\item 'qual'\n",
       "\\item 'cial'\n",
       "\\item 'rien'\n",
       "\\item 'lain'\n",
       "\\item 'fair'\n",
       "\\item 'vour'\n",
       "\\item 'feed'\n",
       "\\item 'feel'\n",
       "\\item 'fiel'\n",
       "\\item 'loor'\n",
       "\\item 'food'\n",
       "\\item 'foot'\n",
       "\\item 'four'\n",
       "\\item 'rien'\n",
       "\\item 'tion'\n",
       "\\item 'good'\n",
       "\\item 'good'\n",
       "\\item 'reat'\n",
       "\\item 'reen'\n",
       "\\item 'roun'\n",
       "\\item 'roup'\n",
       "\\item 'gues'\n",
       "\\item 'hair'\n",
       "\\item 'head'\n",
       "\\item 'heal'\n",
       "\\item 'hear'\n",
       "\\item 'hear'\n",
       "\\item 'heat'\n",
       "\\item 'heav'\n",
       "\\item 'hour'\n",
       "\\item 'hous'\n",
       "\\item 'reas'\n",
       "\\item 'deed'\n",
       "\\item 'dual'\n",
       "\\item 'tead'\n",
       "\\item 'join'\n",
       "\\item 'keep'\n",
       "\\item 'bour'\n",
       "\\item 'guag'\n",
       "\\item 'laug'\n",
       "\\item 'lead'\n",
       "\\item 'lear'\n",
       "\\item 'leav'\n",
       "\\item 'load'\n",
       "\\item 'look'\n",
       "\\item 'main'\n",
       "\\item 'mean'\n",
       "\\item 'mean'\n",
       "\\item 'meas'\n",
       "\\item 'meet'\n",
       "\\item 'tion'\n",
       "\\item 'lion'\n",
       "\\item 'tion'\n",
       "\\item 'tion'\n",
       "\\item 'near'\n",
       "\\item 'need'\n",
       "\\item 'sion'\n",
       "\\item 'pain'\n",
       "\\item 'pair'\n",
       "\\item 'sion'\n",
       "\\item 'peop'\n",
       "\\item 'riod'\n",
       "\\item 'piec'\n",
       "\\item 'leas'\n",
       "\\item 'poin'\n",
       "\\item 'poor'\n",
       "\\item 'tion'\n",
       "\\item 'poun'\n",
       "\\item 'ceed'\n",
       "\\item 'qual'\n",
       "\\item 'quar'\n",
       "\\item 'ques'\n",
       "\\item 'quic'\n",
       "\\item 'quid'\n",
       "\\item 'quit'\n",
       "\\item 'rail'\n",
       "\\item 'rais'\n",
       "\\item 'read'\n",
       "\\item 'read'\n",
       "\\item 'real'\n",
       "\\item 'real'\n",
       "\\item 'real'\n",
       "\\item 'reas'\n",
       "\\item 'ceiv'\n",
       "\\item 'gion'\n",
       "\\item 'tion'\n",
       "\\item 'quir'\n",
       "\\item 'sear'\n",
       "\\item 'sour'\n",
       "\\item 'road'\n",
       "\\item 'room'\n",
       "\\item 'roun'\n",
       "\\item 'hool'\n",
       "\\item 'cien'\n",
       "\\item 'seat'\n",
       "\\item 'tion'\n",
       "\\item 'seem'\n",
       "\\item 'heet'\n",
       "\\item 'hoot'\n",
       "\\item 'houl'\n",
       "\\item 'tuat'\n",
       "\\item 'leep'\n",
       "\\item 'cial'\n",
       "\\item 'ciet'\n",
       "\\item 'soon'\n",
       "\\item 'soun'\n",
       "\\item 'sout'\n",
       "\\item 'peak'\n",
       "\\item 'cial'\n",
       "\\item 'peed'\n",
       "\\item 'quar'\n",
       "\\item 'tair'\n",
       "\\item 'tion'\n",
       "\\item 'raig'\n",
       "\\item 'reet'\n",
       "\\item 'ceed'\n",
       "\\item 'suit'\n",
       "\\item 'teac'\n",
       "\\item 'team'\n",
       "\\item 'sion'\n",
       "\\item 'teen'\n",
       "\\item 'houg'\n",
       "\\item 'hous'\n",
       "\\item 'roug'\n",
       "\\item 'touc'\n",
       "\\item 'rain'\n",
       "\\item 'reat'\n",
       "\\item 'roub'\n",
       "\\item 'tues'\n",
       "\\item 'nion'\n",
       "\\item 'sual'\n",
       "\\item 'view'\n",
       "\\item 'wait'\n",
       "\\item 'wear'\n",
       "\\item 'week'\n",
       "\\item 'weig'\n",
       "\\item 'hout'\n",
       "\\item 'wood'\n",
       "\\item 'woul'\n",
       "\\item 'year'\n",
       "\\item 'youn'\n",
       "\\end{enumerate*}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "1. 'bout'\n",
       "2. 'coun'\n",
       "3. 'hiev'\n",
       "4. 'tual'\n",
       "5. 'noon'\n",
       "6. 'gain'\n",
       "7. 'gain'\n",
       "8. 'read'\n",
       "9. 'houg'\n",
       "10. 'moun'\n",
       "11. 'pear'\n",
       "12. 'poin'\n",
       "13. 'roac'\n",
       "14. 'riat'\n",
       "15. 'roun'\n",
       "16. 'ciat'\n",
       "17. 'vail'\n",
       "18. 'bear'\n",
       "19. 'beat'\n",
       "20. 'caus'\n",
       "21. 'liev'\n",
       "22. 'ween'\n",
       "23. 'lood'\n",
       "24. 'boar'\n",
       "25. 'boat'\n",
       "26. 'book'\n",
       "27. 'reak'\n",
       "28. 'rief'\n",
       "29. 'lian'\n",
       "30. 'tain'\n",
       "31. 'buil'\n",
       "32. 'caus'\n",
       "33. 'tain'\n",
       "34. 'hair'\n",
       "35. 'hair'\n",
       "36. 'heap'\n",
       "37. 'hoic'\n",
       "38. 'hoos'\n",
       "39. 'laim'\n",
       "40. 'lean'\n",
       "41. 'lear'\n",
       "42. 'lien'\n",
       "43. 'leag'\n",
       "44. 'lour'\n",
       "45. 'tion'\n",
       "46. 'cook'\n",
       "47. 'coul'\n",
       "48. 'coun'\n",
       "49. 'coun'\n",
       "50. 'coun'\n",
       "51. 'coun'\n",
       "52. 'coup'\n",
       "53. 'cour'\n",
       "54. 'cour'\n",
       "55. 'reat'\n",
       "56. 'dead'\n",
       "57. 'deal'\n",
       "58. 'dear'\n",
       "59. 'sion'\n",
       "60. 'deep'\n",
       "61. 'tail'\n",
       "62. 'door'\n",
       "63. 'doub'\n",
       "64. 'doub'\n",
       "65. 'cour'\n",
       "66. 'noug'\n",
       "67. 'qual'\n",
       "68. 'cial'\n",
       "69. 'rien'\n",
       "70. 'lain'\n",
       "71. 'fair'\n",
       "72. 'vour'\n",
       "73. 'feed'\n",
       "74. 'feel'\n",
       "75. 'fiel'\n",
       "76. 'loor'\n",
       "77. 'food'\n",
       "78. 'foot'\n",
       "79. 'four'\n",
       "80. 'rien'\n",
       "81. 'tion'\n",
       "82. 'good'\n",
       "83. 'good'\n",
       "84. 'reat'\n",
       "85. 'reen'\n",
       "86. 'roun'\n",
       "87. 'roup'\n",
       "88. 'gues'\n",
       "89. 'hair'\n",
       "90. 'head'\n",
       "91. 'heal'\n",
       "92. 'hear'\n",
       "93. 'hear'\n",
       "94. 'heat'\n",
       "95. 'heav'\n",
       "96. 'hour'\n",
       "97. 'hous'\n",
       "98. 'reas'\n",
       "99. 'deed'\n",
       "100. 'dual'\n",
       "101. 'tead'\n",
       "102. 'join'\n",
       "103. 'keep'\n",
       "104. 'bour'\n",
       "105. 'guag'\n",
       "106. 'laug'\n",
       "107. 'lead'\n",
       "108. 'lear'\n",
       "109. 'leav'\n",
       "110. 'load'\n",
       "111. 'look'\n",
       "112. 'main'\n",
       "113. 'mean'\n",
       "114. 'mean'\n",
       "115. 'meas'\n",
       "116. 'meet'\n",
       "117. 'tion'\n",
       "118. 'lion'\n",
       "119. 'tion'\n",
       "120. 'tion'\n",
       "121. 'near'\n",
       "122. 'need'\n",
       "123. 'sion'\n",
       "124. 'pain'\n",
       "125. 'pair'\n",
       "126. 'sion'\n",
       "127. 'peop'\n",
       "128. 'riod'\n",
       "129. 'piec'\n",
       "130. 'leas'\n",
       "131. 'poin'\n",
       "132. 'poor'\n",
       "133. 'tion'\n",
       "134. 'poun'\n",
       "135. 'ceed'\n",
       "136. 'qual'\n",
       "137. 'quar'\n",
       "138. 'ques'\n",
       "139. 'quic'\n",
       "140. 'quid'\n",
       "141. 'quit'\n",
       "142. 'rail'\n",
       "143. 'rais'\n",
       "144. 'read'\n",
       "145. 'read'\n",
       "146. 'real'\n",
       "147. 'real'\n",
       "148. 'real'\n",
       "149. 'reas'\n",
       "150. 'ceiv'\n",
       "151. 'gion'\n",
       "152. 'tion'\n",
       "153. 'quir'\n",
       "154. 'sear'\n",
       "155. 'sour'\n",
       "156. 'road'\n",
       "157. 'room'\n",
       "158. 'roun'\n",
       "159. 'hool'\n",
       "160. 'cien'\n",
       "161. 'seat'\n",
       "162. 'tion'\n",
       "163. 'seem'\n",
       "164. 'heet'\n",
       "165. 'hoot'\n",
       "166. 'houl'\n",
       "167. 'tuat'\n",
       "168. 'leep'\n",
       "169. 'cial'\n",
       "170. 'ciet'\n",
       "171. 'soon'\n",
       "172. 'soun'\n",
       "173. 'sout'\n",
       "174. 'peak'\n",
       "175. 'cial'\n",
       "176. 'peed'\n",
       "177. 'quar'\n",
       "178. 'tair'\n",
       "179. 'tion'\n",
       "180. 'raig'\n",
       "181. 'reet'\n",
       "182. 'ceed'\n",
       "183. 'suit'\n",
       "184. 'teac'\n",
       "185. 'team'\n",
       "186. 'sion'\n",
       "187. 'teen'\n",
       "188. 'houg'\n",
       "189. 'hous'\n",
       "190. 'roug'\n",
       "191. 'touc'\n",
       "192. 'rain'\n",
       "193. 'reat'\n",
       "194. 'roub'\n",
       "195. 'tues'\n",
       "196. 'nion'\n",
       "197. 'sual'\n",
       "198. 'view'\n",
       "199. 'wait'\n",
       "200. 'wear'\n",
       "201. 'week'\n",
       "202. 'weig'\n",
       "203. 'hout'\n",
       "204. 'wood'\n",
       "205. 'woul'\n",
       "206. 'year'\n",
       "207. 'youn'\n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "  [1] \"bout\" \"coun\" \"hiev\" \"tual\" \"noon\" \"gain\" \"gain\" \"read\" \"houg\" \"moun\"\n",
       " [11] \"pear\" \"poin\" \"roac\" \"riat\" \"roun\" \"ciat\" \"vail\" \"bear\" \"beat\" \"caus\"\n",
       " [21] \"liev\" \"ween\" \"lood\" \"boar\" \"boat\" \"book\" \"reak\" \"rief\" \"lian\" \"tain\"\n",
       " [31] \"buil\" \"caus\" \"tain\" \"hair\" \"hair\" \"heap\" \"hoic\" \"hoos\" \"laim\" \"lean\"\n",
       " [41] \"lear\" \"lien\" \"leag\" \"lour\" \"tion\" \"cook\" \"coul\" \"coun\" \"coun\" \"coun\"\n",
       " [51] \"coun\" \"coup\" \"cour\" \"cour\" \"reat\" \"dead\" \"deal\" \"dear\" \"sion\" \"deep\"\n",
       " [61] \"tail\" \"door\" \"doub\" \"doub\" \"cour\" \"noug\" \"qual\" \"cial\" \"rien\" \"lain\"\n",
       " [71] \"fair\" \"vour\" \"feed\" \"feel\" \"fiel\" \"loor\" \"food\" \"foot\" \"four\" \"rien\"\n",
       " [81] \"tion\" \"good\" \"good\" \"reat\" \"reen\" \"roun\" \"roup\" \"gues\" \"hair\" \"head\"\n",
       " [91] \"heal\" \"hear\" \"hear\" \"heat\" \"heav\" \"hour\" \"hous\" \"reas\" \"deed\" \"dual\"\n",
       "[101] \"tead\" \"join\" \"keep\" \"bour\" \"guag\" \"laug\" \"lead\" \"lear\" \"leav\" \"load\"\n",
       "[111] \"look\" \"main\" \"mean\" \"mean\" \"meas\" \"meet\" \"tion\" \"lion\" \"tion\" \"tion\"\n",
       "[121] \"near\" \"need\" \"sion\" \"pain\" \"pair\" \"sion\" \"peop\" \"riod\" \"piec\" \"leas\"\n",
       "[131] \"poin\" \"poor\" \"tion\" \"poun\" \"ceed\" \"qual\" \"quar\" \"ques\" \"quic\" \"quid\"\n",
       "[141] \"quit\" \"rail\" \"rais\" \"read\" \"read\" \"real\" \"real\" \"real\" \"reas\" \"ceiv\"\n",
       "[151] \"gion\" \"tion\" \"quir\" \"sear\" \"sour\" \"road\" \"room\" \"roun\" \"hool\" \"cien\"\n",
       "[161] \"seat\" \"tion\" \"seem\" \"heet\" \"hoot\" \"houl\" \"tuat\" \"leep\" \"cial\" \"ciet\"\n",
       "[171] \"soon\" \"soun\" \"sout\" \"peak\" \"cial\" \"peed\" \"quar\" \"tair\" \"tion\" \"raig\"\n",
       "[181] \"reet\" \"ceed\" \"suit\" \"teac\" \"team\" \"sion\" \"teen\" \"houg\" \"hous\" \"roug\"\n",
       "[191] \"touc\" \"rain\" \"reat\" \"roub\" \"tues\" \"nion\" \"sual\" \"view\" \"wait\" \"wear\"\n",
       "[201] \"week\" \"weig\" \"hout\" \"wood\" \"woul\" \"year\" \"youn\""
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "str_extract(cvvc_words, cvvc) # the patterns themselves"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 25,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<ol class=list-inline>\n",
       "\t<li>'quality'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'quarter'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'question'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'quick'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'quid'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'quiet'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'quite'</li>\n",
       "</ol>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{enumerate*}\n",
       "\\item 'quality'\n",
       "\\item 'quarter'\n",
       "\\item 'question'\n",
       "\\item 'quick'\n",
       "\\item 'quid'\n",
       "\\item 'quiet'\n",
       "\\item 'quite'\n",
       "\\end{enumerate*}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "1. 'quality'\n",
       "2. 'quarter'\n",
       "3. 'question'\n",
       "4. 'quick'\n",
       "5. 'quid'\n",
       "6. 'quiet'\n",
       "7. 'quite'\n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[1] \"quality\"  \"quarter\"  \"question\" \"quick\"    \"quid\"     \"quiet\"    \"quite\"   "
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "(q_words <- str_subset(words, \"^q\"))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 26,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<ol class=list-inline>\n",
       "\t<li>'u'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'u'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'u'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'u'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'u'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'u'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'u'</li>\n",
       "</ol>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{enumerate*}\n",
       "\\item 'u'\n",
       "\\item 'u'\n",
       "\\item 'u'\n",
       "\\item 'u'\n",
       "\\item 'u'\n",
       "\\item 'u'\n",
       "\\item 'u'\n",
       "\\end{enumerate*}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "1. 'u'\n",
       "2. 'u'\n",
       "3. 'u'\n",
       "4. 'u'\n",
       "5. 'u'\n",
       "6. 'u'\n",
       "7. 'u'\n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[1] \"u\" \"u\" \"u\" \"u\" \"u\" \"u\" \"u\""
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "str_extract(q_words, v) # extracts only the first match"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 27,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<ol>\n",
       "\t<li><ol class=list-inline>\n",
       "\t<li>'u'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'a'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'i'</li>\n",
       "</ol>\n",
       "</li>\n",
       "\t<li><ol class=list-inline>\n",
       "\t<li>'u'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'a'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'e'</li>\n",
       "</ol>\n",
       "</li>\n",
       "\t<li><ol class=list-inline>\n",
       "\t<li>'u'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'e'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'i'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'o'</li>\n",
       "</ol>\n",
       "</li>\n",
       "\t<li><ol class=list-inline>\n",
       "\t<li>'u'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'i'</li>\n",
       "</ol>\n",
       "</li>\n",
       "\t<li><ol class=list-inline>\n",
       "\t<li>'u'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'i'</li>\n",
       "</ol>\n",
       "</li>\n",
       "\t<li><ol class=list-inline>\n",
       "\t<li>'u'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'i'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'e'</li>\n",
       "</ol>\n",
       "</li>\n",
       "\t<li><ol class=list-inline>\n",
       "\t<li>'u'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'i'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'e'</li>\n",
       "</ol>\n",
       "</li>\n",
       "</ol>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{enumerate}\n",
       "\\item \\begin{enumerate*}\n",
       "\\item 'u'\n",
       "\\item 'a'\n",
       "\\item 'i'\n",
       "\\end{enumerate*}\n",
       "\n",
       "\\item \\begin{enumerate*}\n",
       "\\item 'u'\n",
       "\\item 'a'\n",
       "\\item 'e'\n",
       "\\end{enumerate*}\n",
       "\n",
       "\\item \\begin{enumerate*}\n",
       "\\item 'u'\n",
       "\\item 'e'\n",
       "\\item 'i'\n",
       "\\item 'o'\n",
       "\\end{enumerate*}\n",
       "\n",
       "\\item \\begin{enumerate*}\n",
       "\\item 'u'\n",
       "\\item 'i'\n",
       "\\end{enumerate*}\n",
       "\n",
       "\\item \\begin{enumerate*}\n",
       "\\item 'u'\n",
       "\\item 'i'\n",
       "\\end{enumerate*}\n",
       "\n",
       "\\item \\begin{enumerate*}\n",
       "\\item 'u'\n",
       "\\item 'i'\n",
       "\\item 'e'\n",
       "\\end{enumerate*}\n",
       "\n",
       "\\item \\begin{enumerate*}\n",
       "\\item 'u'\n",
       "\\item 'i'\n",
       "\\item 'e'\n",
       "\\end{enumerate*}\n",
       "\n",
       "\\end{enumerate}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "1. 1. 'u'\n",
       "2. 'a'\n",
       "3. 'i'\n",
       "\n",
       "\n",
       "\n",
       "2. 1. 'u'\n",
       "2. 'a'\n",
       "3. 'e'\n",
       "\n",
       "\n",
       "\n",
       "3. 1. 'u'\n",
       "2. 'e'\n",
       "3. 'i'\n",
       "4. 'o'\n",
       "\n",
       "\n",
       "\n",
       "4. 1. 'u'\n",
       "2. 'i'\n",
       "\n",
       "\n",
       "\n",
       "5. 1. 'u'\n",
       "2. 'i'\n",
       "\n",
       "\n",
       "\n",
       "6. 1. 'u'\n",
       "2. 'i'\n",
       "3. 'e'\n",
       "\n",
       "\n",
       "\n",
       "7. 1. 'u'\n",
       "2. 'i'\n",
       "3. 'e'\n",
       "\n",
       "\n",
       "\n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[[1]]\n",
       "[1] \"u\" \"a\" \"i\"\n",
       "\n",
       "[[2]]\n",
       "[1] \"u\" \"a\" \"e\"\n",
       "\n",
       "[[3]]\n",
       "[1] \"u\" \"e\" \"i\" \"o\"\n",
       "\n",
       "[[4]]\n",
       "[1] \"u\" \"i\"\n",
       "\n",
       "[[5]]\n",
       "[1] \"u\" \"i\"\n",
       "\n",
       "[[6]]\n",
       "[1] \"u\" \"i\" \"e\"\n",
       "\n",
       "[[7]]\n",
       "[1] \"u\" \"i\" \"e\"\n"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "str_extract_all(q_words, v) # extracts all matches"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Setting `simplify = TRUE` returns a matrix with shorter matches expanded to match the length of the longest"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 28,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<table>\n",
       "<tbody>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>u</td><td>a</td><td>i</td><td> </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>u</td><td>a</td><td>e</td><td> </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>u</td><td>e</td><td>i</td><td>o</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>u</td><td>i</td><td> </td><td> </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>u</td><td>i</td><td> </td><td> </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>u</td><td>i</td><td>e</td><td> </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>u</td><td>i</td><td>e</td><td> </td></tr>\n",
       "</tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{llll}\n",
       "\t u & a & i &  \\\\\n",
       "\t u & a & e &  \\\\\n",
       "\t u & e & i & o\\\\\n",
       "\t u & i &   &  \\\\\n",
       "\t u & i &   &  \\\\\n",
       "\t u & i & e &  \\\\\n",
       "\t u & i & e &  \\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "\n",
       "| u | a | i |   | \n",
       "| u | a | e |   | \n",
       "| u | e | i | o | \n",
       "| u | i |   |   | \n",
       "| u | i |   |   | \n",
       "| u | i | e |   | \n",
       "| u | i | e |   | \n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "     [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]\n",
       "[1,] u    a    i        \n",
       "[2,] u    a    e        \n",
       "[3,] u    e    i    o   \n",
       "[4,] u    i             \n",
       "[5,] u    i             \n",
       "[6,] u    i    e        \n",
       "[7,] u    i    e        "
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "str_extract_all(q_words, v, simplify = TRUE)"
   ]
  }
 ],
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