diff --git a/src/vdom.ts b/src/vdom.ts
index ff10eea..537e2fc 100644
--- a/src/vdom.ts
+++ b/src/vdom.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,18 @@
-export const h = (tag, props = {}, ...children) => ({ tag, props, children });
-
-export const createElement = (vnode) => {
+type Props = Record<string, unknown>;
+interface VElement {
+  tag: string;
+  props: Props;
+  children: VNode[];
+}
+type VNode = VElement | string;
+
+export const h = (tag: string, props: Props = {}, children: VNode[] = []): VElement => ({
+  tag,
+  props,
+  children,
+});
+
+export const createElement = (vnode: VNode): HTMLElement | Text => {
   if (typeof vnode === 'string') return document.createTextNode(vnode);
 
   const el = document.createElement(vnode.tag);
@@ -16,12 +28,12 @@ export const createElement = (vnode) => {
   return el;
 };
 
-export const patch = (el, newVNode, oldVNode) => {
-  if (!newVNode) el.remove();
+export const patch = (el: HTMLElement | Text, newVNode?: VNode, oldVNode?: VNode): void => {
+  if (!newVNode && newVNode !== '') return el.remove();
   if (typeof oldVNode === 'string' || typeof newVNode === 'string') {
     if (oldVNode !== newVNode) return el.replaceWith(createElement(newVNode));
   } else {
-    if (oldVNode.tag !== newVNode.tag) {
+    if (oldVNode?.tag !== newVNode?.tag) {
       return el.replaceWith(createElement(newVNode));
     }
 
@@ -35,12 +47,17 @@ export const patch = (el, newVNode, oldVNode) => {
         el[prop] = newVNode.props[prop];
       }
     }
-  }
 
-  for (let i = oldVNode.children.length - 1; i >= 0; --i) {
-    patch(el.childNodes[i], newVNode.children[i], oldVNode.children[i]);
-  }
-  for (let i = oldVNode.children.length; i < newVNode.children.length; i++) {
-    el.appendChild(createElement(newVNode.children[i]));
+    for (let i = (oldVNode.children?.length ?? 0) - 1; i >= 0; --i) {
+      patch(
+        <HTMLElement | Text>el.childNodes[i],
+        (newVNode.children || [])[i],
+        oldVNode.children[i],
+      );
+    }
+
+    for (let i = oldVNode.children?.length ?? 0; i < newVNode.children?.length ?? 0; i++) {
+      el.appendChild(createElement(newVNode.children[i]));
+    }
   }
 };