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test-database.xml
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test-database.xml
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<drugbank xmlns="http://www.drugbank.ca" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.drugbank.ca http://www.drugbank.ca/docs/drugbank.xsd" version="5.1" exported-on="2022-01-03">
<drug type="biotech" created="2005-06-13" updated="2021-10-03">
<drugbank-id primary="true">DB00001</drugbank-id>
<drugbank-id>BTD00024</drugbank-id>
<drugbank-id>BIOD00024</drugbank-id>
<name>Lepirudin</name>
<description>Lepirudin is identical to natural hirudin except for substitution of leucine for isoleucine at the N-terminal end of the molecule and the absence of a sulfate group on the tyrosine at position 63. It is produced via yeast cells. Bayer ceased the production of lepirudin (Refludan) effective May 31, 2012.</description>
<cas-number>138068-37-8</cas-number>
<unii>Y43GF64R34</unii>
<state>liquid</state>
<groups>
<group>approved</group>
</groups>
<general-references>
<articles>
<article>
<ref-id>A1</ref-id>
<pubmed-id>16244762</pubmed-id>
<citation>Smythe MA, Stephens JL, Koerber JM, Mattson JC: A comparison of lepirudin and argatroban outcomes. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost. 2005 Oct;11(4):371-4.</citation>
</article>
<article>
<ref-id>A2</ref-id>
<pubmed-id>16690967</pubmed-id>
<citation>Tardy B, Lecompte T, Boelhen F, Tardy-Poncet B, Elalamy I, Morange P, Gruel Y, Wolf M, Francois D, Racadot E, Camarasa P, Blouch MT, Nguyen F, Doubine S, Dutrillaux F, Alhenc-Gelas M, Martin-Toutain I, Bauters A, Ffrench P, de Maistre E, Grunebaum L, Mouton C, Huisse MG, Gouault-Heilmann M, Lucke V: Predictive factors for thrombosis and major bleeding in an observational study in 181 patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia treated with lepirudin. Blood. 2006 Sep 1;108(5):1492-6. Epub 2006 May 11.</citation>
</article>
<article>
<ref-id>A3</ref-id>
<pubmed-id>16241940</pubmed-id>
<citation>Lubenow N, Eichler P, Lietz T, Greinacher A: Lepirudin in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia - results of the third prospective study (HAT-3) and a combined analysis of HAT-1, HAT-2, and HAT-3. J Thromb Haemost. 2005 Nov;3(11):2428-36.</citation>
</article>
</articles>
<textbooks/>
<links>
<link>
<ref-id>L48</ref-id>
<title>Google books</title>
<url>http://books.google.com/books?id=iadLoXoQkWEC&pg=PA440</url>
</link>
</links>
<attachments/>
</general-references>
<synthesis-reference/>
<indication>For the treatment of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia</indication>
<pharmacodynamics>Lepirudin is used to break up clots and to reduce thrombocytopenia. It binds to thrombin and prevents thrombus or clot formation. It is a highly potent, selective, and essentially irreversible inhibitor of thrombin and clot-bond thrombin. Lepirudin requires no cofactor for its anticoagulant action. Lepirudin is a recombinant form of hirudin, an endogenous anticoagulant found in medicinal leeches.</pharmacodynamics>
<mechanism-of-action>Lepirudin forms a stable non-covalent complex with alpha-thrombin, thereby abolishing its ability to cleave fibrinogen and initiate the clotting cascade. The inhibition of thrombin prevents the blood clotting cascade. </mechanism-of-action>
<toxicity>In case of overdose (eg, suggested by excessively high aPTT values) the risk of bleeding is increased.</toxicity>
<metabolism>Lepirudin is thought to be metabolized by release of amino acids via catabolic hydrolysis of the parent drug. However, con-clusive data are not available. About 48% of the administration dose is excreted in the urine which consists of unchanged drug (35%) and other fragments of the parent drug.</metabolism>
<absorption>Bioavailability is 100% following injection.</absorption>
<half-life>Approximately 1.3 hours</half-life>
<protein-binding/>
<route-of-elimination>Lepirudin is thought to be metabolized by release of amino acids via catabolic hydrolysis of the parent drug. About 48% of the administration dose is excreted in the urine which consists of unchanged drug (35%) and other fragments of the parent drug.</route-of-elimination>
<volume-of-distribution>* 12.2 L [Healthy young subjects (n = 18, age 18-60 years)]
* 18.7 L [Healthy elderly subjects (n = 10, age 65-80 years)]
* 18 L [Renally impaired patients (n = 16, creatinine clearance below 80 mL/min)]
* 32.1 L [HIT patients (n = 73)]</volume-of-distribution>
<clearance>* 164 ml/min [Healthy 18-60 yrs]
* 139 ml/min [Healthy 65-80 yrs]
* 61 ml/min [renal impaired]
* 114 ml/min [HIT (Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia)]</clearance>
<classification>
<description/>
<direct-parent>Peptides</direct-parent>
<kingdom>Organic Compounds</kingdom>
<superclass>Organic Acids</superclass>
<class>Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives</class>
<subclass>Amino Acids, Peptides, and Analogues</subclass>
</classification>
<salts/>
<synonyms>
<synonym language="english" coder="">Hirudin variant-1</synonym>
<synonym language="english" coder="inn">Lepirudin</synonym>
<synonym language="english" coder="">Lepirudin recombinant</synonym>
</synonyms>
<products>
<product>
<name>Refludan</name>
<labeller>Bayer</labeller>
<ndc-id/>
<ndc-product-code>50419-150</ndc-product-code>
<dpd-id/>
<ema-product-code/>
<ema-ma-number/>
<started-marketing-on>1998-03-06</started-marketing-on>
<ended-marketing-on>2013-06-30</ended-marketing-on>
<dosage-form>Powder</dosage-form>
<strength>50 mg/1mL</strength>
<route>Intravenous</route>
<fda-application-number>NDA020807</fda-application-number>
<generic>false</generic>
<over-the-counter>false</over-the-counter>
<approved>true</approved>
<country>US</country>
<source>FDA NDC</source>
</product>
<product>
<name>Refludan</name>
<labeller>Bayer</labeller>
<ndc-id/>
<ndc-product-code/>
<dpd-id>02240996</dpd-id>
<ema-product-code/>
<ema-ma-number/>
<started-marketing-on>2000-01-31</started-marketing-on>
<ended-marketing-on>2013-07-26</ended-marketing-on>
<dosage-form>Powder, for solution</dosage-form>
<strength>50 mg / vial</strength>
<route>Intravenous</route>
<fda-application-number/>
<generic>false</generic>
<over-the-counter>false</over-the-counter>
<approved>true</approved>
<country>Canada</country>
<source>DPD</source>
</product>
<product>
<name>Refludan</name>
<labeller>Celgene Europe Limited</labeller>
<ndc-id/>
<ndc-product-code/>
<dpd-id/>
<ema-product-code>EMEA/H/C/000122</ema-product-code>
<ema-ma-number>EU/1/97/035/001</ema-ma-number>
<started-marketing-on>2016-09-08</started-marketing-on>
<ended-marketing-on>2012-07-27</ended-marketing-on>
<dosage-form>Injection, solution, concentrate</dosage-form>
<strength>50 mg</strength>
<route>Intravenous</route>
<fda-application-number/>
<generic>false</generic>
<over-the-counter>false</over-the-counter>
<approved>false</approved>
<country>EU</country>
<source>EMA</source>
</product>
<product>
<name>Refludan</name>
<labeller>Celgene Europe Limited</labeller>
<ndc-id/>
<ndc-product-code/>
<dpd-id/>
<ema-product-code>EMEA/H/C/000122</ema-product-code>
<ema-ma-number>EU/1/97/035/002</ema-ma-number>
<started-marketing-on>2016-09-08</started-marketing-on>
<ended-marketing-on>2012-07-27</ended-marketing-on>
<dosage-form>Injection, solution, concentrate</dosage-form>
<strength>50 mg</strength>
<route>Intravenous</route>
<fda-application-number/>
<generic>false</generic>
<over-the-counter>false</over-the-counter>
<approved>false</approved>
<country>EU</country>
<source>EMA</source>
</product>
<product>
<name>Refludan</name>
<labeller>Celgene Europe Limited</labeller>
<ndc-id/>
<ndc-product-code/>
<dpd-id/>
<ema-product-code>EMEA/H/C/000122</ema-product-code>
<ema-ma-number>EU/1/97/035/003</ema-ma-number>
<started-marketing-on>2016-09-08</started-marketing-on>
<ended-marketing-on>2012-07-27</ended-marketing-on>
<dosage-form>Injection, solution, concentrate</dosage-form>
<strength>20 mg</strength>
<route>Intravenous</route>
<fda-application-number/>
<generic>false</generic>
<over-the-counter>false</over-the-counter>
<approved>false</approved>
<country>EU</country>
<source>EMA</source>
</product>
<product>
<name>Refludan</name>
<labeller>Celgene Europe Limited</labeller>
<ndc-id/>
<ndc-product-code/>
<dpd-id/>
<ema-product-code>EMEA/H/C/000122</ema-product-code>
<ema-ma-number>EU/1/97/035/004</ema-ma-number>
<started-marketing-on>2016-09-08</started-marketing-on>
<ended-marketing-on>2012-07-27</ended-marketing-on>
<dosage-form>Injection, solution, concentrate</dosage-form>
<strength>20 mg</strength>
<route>Intravenous</route>
<fda-application-number/>
<generic>false</generic>
<over-the-counter>false</over-the-counter>
<approved>false</approved>
<country>EU</country>
<source>EMA</source>
</product>
</products>
<international-brands/>
<mixtures>
<mixture>
<name>Refludan</name>
<ingredients>Lepirudin</ingredients>
</mixture>
<mixture>
<name>Refludan</name>
<ingredients>Lepirudin</ingredients>
</mixture>
<mixture>
<name>Refludan</name>
<ingredients>Lepirudin</ingredients>
</mixture>
<mixture>
<name>Refludan</name>
<ingredients>Lepirudin</ingredients>
</mixture>
<mixture>
<name>Refludan</name>
<ingredients>Lepirudin</ingredients>
</mixture>
<mixture>
<name>Refludan</name>
<ingredients>Lepirudin</ingredients>
</mixture>
</mixtures>
<packagers>
<packager>
<name>Bayer Healthcare</name>
<url>http://www.bayerhealthcare.com</url>
</packager>
<packager>
<name>Berlex Labs</name>
<url>http://www.berlex.com</url>
</packager>
</packagers>
<manufacturers>
<manufacturer generic="false" url="">Bayer healthcare pharmaceuticals inc</manufacturer>
</manufacturers>
<prices>
<price>
<description>Refludan 50 mg vial</description>
<cost currency="USD">273.19</cost>
<unit>vial</unit>
</price>
</prices>
<categories>
<category>
<category>Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins</category>
<mesh-id>D000602</mesh-id>
</category>
<category>
<category>Anticoagulants</category>
<mesh-id>D000925</mesh-id>
</category>
<category>
<category>Antithrombin Proteins</category>
<mesh-id>D058833</mesh-id>
</category>
<category>
<category>Antithrombins</category>
<mesh-id>D000991</mesh-id>
</category>
<category>
<category>Blood and Blood Forming Organs</category>
<mesh-id/>
</category>
<category>
<category>Cardiovascular Agents</category>
<mesh-id>D002317</mesh-id>
</category>
<category>
<category>Enzyme Inhibitors</category>
<mesh-id>D004791</mesh-id>
</category>
<category>
<category>Fibrin Modulating Agents</category>
<mesh-id>D050299</mesh-id>
</category>
<category>
<category>Hematologic Agents</category>
<mesh-id>D006401</mesh-id>
</category>
<category>
<category>Peptides</category>
<mesh-id>D010455</mesh-id>
</category>
<category>
<category>Protease Inhibitors</category>
<mesh-id>D011480</mesh-id>
</category>
<category>
<category>Proteins</category>
<mesh-id>D011506</mesh-id>
</category>
<category>
<category>Serine Protease Inhibitors</category>
<mesh-id>D015842</mesh-id>
</category>
<category>
<category>Serpins</category>
<mesh-id>D015843</mesh-id>
</category>
<category>
<category>Thrombin Inhibitors</category>
<mesh-id/>
</category>
</categories>
<affected-organisms>
<affected-organism>Humans and other mammals</affected-organism>
</affected-organisms>
<dosages>
<dosage>
<form>Injection, powder, for suspension</form>
<route>Intravenous</route>
<strength>50 mg</strength>
</dosage>
<dosage>
<form>Injection, solution, concentrate</form>
<route>Intravenous</route>
<strength>20 mg</strength>
</dosage>
<dosage>
<form>Injection, solution, concentrate</form>
<route>Intravenous</route>
<strength>50 mg</strength>
</dosage>
<dosage>
<form>Powder</form>
<route>Intravenous</route>
<strength/>
</dosage>
<dosage>
<form>Powder</form>
<route>Intravenous</route>
<strength>50 mg/1mL</strength>
</dosage>
<dosage>
<form>Powder, for solution</form>
<route>Intravenous</route>
<strength>50 mg / vial</strength>
</dosage>
</dosages>
<atc-codes>
<atc-code code="B01AE02">
<level code="B01AE">Direct thrombin inhibitors</level>
<level code="B01A">ANTITHROMBOTIC AGENTS</level>
<level code="B01">ANTITHROMBOTIC AGENTS</level>
<level code="B">BLOOD AND BLOOD FORMING ORGANS</level>
</atc-code>
</atc-codes>
<ahfs-codes/>
<pdb-entries/>
<fda-label>//s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/drugbank/fda_labels/DB00001.pdf?1265924858</fda-label>
<msds>//s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/drugbank/msds/DB00001.pdf?1368416245</msds>
<patents>
<patent>
<number>5180668</number>
<country>United States</country>
<approved>1993-01-19</approved>
<expires>2010-01-19</expires>
<pediatric-extension>false</pediatric-extension>
</patent>
</patents>
<food-interactions>
<food-interaction>Avoid herbs and supplements with anticoagulant/antiplatelet activity. Examples include garlic, ginger, bilberry, danshen, piracetam, and ginkgo biloba.</food-interaction>
</food-interactions>
<drug-interactions>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB06605</drugbank-id>
<name>Apixaban</name>
<description>Apixaban may increase the anticoagulant activities of Lepirudin.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB06695</drugbank-id>
<name>Dabigatran etexilate</name>
<description>Dabigatran etexilate may increase the anticoagulant activities of Lepirudin.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB01254</drugbank-id>
<name>Dasatinib</name>
<description>The risk or severity of bleeding and hemorrhage can be increased when Dasatinib is combined with Lepirudin.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB01609</drugbank-id>
<name>Deferasirox</name>
<description>The risk or severity of gastrointestinal bleeding can be increased when Lepirudin is combined with Deferasirox.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB01586</drugbank-id>
<name>Ursodeoxycholic acid</name>
<description>The risk or severity of bleeding and bruising can be increased when Lepirudin is combined with Ursodeoxycholic acid.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB02123</drugbank-id>
<name>Glycochenodeoxycholic Acid</name>
<description>The risk or severity of bleeding and bruising can be increased when Lepirudin is combined with Glycochenodeoxycholic Acid.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB02659</drugbank-id>
<name>Cholic Acid</name>
<description>The risk or severity of bleeding and bruising can be increased when Lepirudin is combined with Cholic Acid.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB02691</drugbank-id>
<name>Glycocholic acid</name>
<description>The risk or severity of bleeding and bruising can be increased when Lepirudin is combined with Glycocholic acid.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB03619</drugbank-id>
<name>Deoxycholic acid</name>
<description>The risk or severity of bleeding and bruising can be increased when Lepirudin is combined with Deoxycholic acid.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB04348</drugbank-id>
<name>Taurocholic acid</name>
<description>The risk or severity of bleeding and bruising can be increased when Lepirudin is combined with Taurocholic acid.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB05990</drugbank-id>
<name>Obeticholic acid</name>
<description>The risk or severity of bleeding and bruising can be increased when Lepirudin is combined with Obeticholic acid.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB06777</drugbank-id>
<name>Chenodeoxycholic acid</name>
<description>The risk or severity of bleeding and bruising can be increased when Lepirudin is combined with Chenodeoxycholic acid.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB08833</drugbank-id>
<name>Taurochenodeoxycholic acid</name>
<description>The risk or severity of bleeding and bruising can be increased when Lepirudin is combined with Taurochenodeoxycholic acid.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB08834</drugbank-id>
<name>Tauroursodeoxycholic acid</name>
<description>The risk or severity of bleeding and bruising can be increased when Lepirudin is combined with Tauroursodeoxycholic acid.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB08857</drugbank-id>
<name>Bamet-UD2</name>
<description>The risk or severity of bleeding and bruising can be increased when Lepirudin is combined with Bamet-UD2.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB11622</drugbank-id>
<name>Dehydrocholic acid</name>
<description>The risk or severity of bleeding and bruising can be increased when Lepirudin is combined with Dehydrocholic acid.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB11789</drugbank-id>
<name>Hyodeoxycholic Acid</name>
<description>The risk or severity of bleeding and bruising can be increased when Lepirudin is combined with Hyodeoxycholic Acid.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB09075</drugbank-id>
<name>Edoxaban</name>
<description>The risk or severity of bleeding can be increased when Edoxaban is combined with Lepirudin.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB09053</drugbank-id>
<name>Ibrutinib</name>
<description>The risk or severity of bleeding and hemorrhage can be increased when Ibrutinib is combined with Lepirudin.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB08935</drugbank-id>
<name>Obinutuzumab</name>
<description>The risk or severity of bleeding and hemorrhage can be increased when Lepirudin is combined with Obinutuzumab.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB06228</drugbank-id>
<name>Rivaroxaban</name>
<description>Lepirudin may increase the anticoagulant activities of Rivaroxaban.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB06206</drugbank-id>
<name>Sugammadex</name>
<description>The risk or severity of bleeding and hemorrhage can be increased when Lepirudin is combined with Sugammadex.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB09070</drugbank-id>
<name>Tibolone</name>
<description>Tibolone may increase the anticoagulant activities of Lepirudin.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB00932</drugbank-id>
<name>Tipranavir</name>
<description>The risk or severity of bleeding and hemorrhage can be increased when Tipranavir is combined with Lepirudin.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB00013</drugbank-id>
<name>Urokinase</name>
<description>Urokinase may increase the anticoagulant activities of Lepirudin.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB00163</drugbank-id>
<name>Vitamin E</name>
<description>Vitamin E may increase the anticoagulant activities of Lepirudin.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB09030</drugbank-id>
<name>Vorapaxar</name>
<description>The risk or severity of bleeding and hemorrhage can be increased when Vorapaxar is combined with Lepirudin.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB01381</drugbank-id>
<name>Ginkgo biloba</name>
<description>Ginkgo biloba may increase the anticoagulant activities of Lepirudin.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB01181</drugbank-id>
<name>Ifosfamide</name>
<description>The risk or severity of bleeding can be increased when Ifosfamide is combined with Lepirudin.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB00468</drugbank-id>
<name>Quinine</name>
<description>The therapeutic efficacy of Lepirudin can be increased when used in combination with Quinine.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB00908</drugbank-id>
<name>Quinidine</name>
<description>The therapeutic efficacy of Lepirudin can be increased when used in combination with Quinidine.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB00675</drugbank-id>
<name>Tamoxifen</name>
<description>The risk or severity of bleeding can be increased when Tamoxifen is combined with Lepirudin.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB00539</drugbank-id>
<name>Toremifene</name>
<description>The risk or severity of bleeding can be increased when Toremifene is combined with Lepirudin.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB00806</drugbank-id>
<name>Pentoxifylline</name>
<description>The therapeutic efficacy of Lepirudin can be increased when used in combination with Pentoxifylline.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB00686</drugbank-id>
<name>Pentosan polysulfate</name>
<description>Pentosan polysulfate may increase the anticoagulant activities of Lepirudin.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB00583</drugbank-id>
<name>Levocarnitine</name>
<description>The therapeutic efficacy of Lepirudin can be increased when used in combination with Levocarnitine.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB00255</drugbank-id>
<name>Diethylstilbestrol</name>
<description>Diethylstilbestrol may decrease the anticoagulant activities of Lepirudin.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB00269</drugbank-id>
<name>Chlorotrianisene</name>
<description>Chlorotrianisene may decrease the anticoagulant activities of Lepirudin.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB00286</drugbank-id>
<name>Conjugated estrogens</name>
<description>Conjugated estrogens may decrease the anticoagulant activities of Lepirudin.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB01357</drugbank-id>
<name>Mestranol</name>
<description>Mestranol may decrease the anticoagulant activities of Lepirudin.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB04574</drugbank-id>
<name>Estrone sulfate</name>
<description>Estrone sulfate may decrease the anticoagulant activities of Lepirudin.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB04575</drugbank-id>
<name>Quinestrol</name>
<description>Quinestrol may decrease the anticoagulant activities of Lepirudin.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB07931</drugbank-id>
<name>Hexestrol</name>
<description>Hexestrol may decrease the anticoagulant activities of Lepirudin.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB09317</drugbank-id>
<name>Synthetic Conjugated Estrogens, A</name>
<description>Synthetic Conjugated Estrogens, A may decrease the anticoagulant activities of Lepirudin.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB09318</drugbank-id>
<name>Synthetic Conjugated Estrogens, B</name>
<description>Synthetic Conjugated Estrogens, B may decrease the anticoagulant activities of Lepirudin.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB09369</drugbank-id>
<name>Polyestradiol phosphate</name>
<description>Polyestradiol phosphate may decrease the anticoagulant activities of Lepirudin.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB09381</drugbank-id>
<name>Esterified estrogens</name>
<description>Esterified estrogens may decrease the anticoagulant activities of Lepirudin.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB11478</drugbank-id>
<name>Zeranol</name>
<description>Zeranol may decrease the anticoagulant activities of Lepirudin.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB11674</drugbank-id>
<name>Equol</name>
<description>Equol may decrease the anticoagulant activities of Lepirudin.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB13143</drugbank-id>
<name>Methallenestril</name>
<description>Methallenestril may decrease the anticoagulant activities of Lepirudin.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB13386</drugbank-id>
<name>Epimestrol</name>
<description>Epimestrol may decrease the anticoagulant activities of Lepirudin.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB13418</drugbank-id>
<name>Moxestrol</name>
<description>Moxestrol may decrease the anticoagulant activities of Lepirudin.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB13952</drugbank-id>
<name>Estradiol acetate</name>
<description>Estradiol acetate may decrease the anticoagulant activities of Lepirudin.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB13953</drugbank-id>
<name>Estradiol benzoate</name>
<description>Estradiol benzoate may decrease the anticoagulant activities of Lepirudin.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB13954</drugbank-id>
<name>Estradiol cypionate</name>
<description>Estradiol cypionate may decrease the anticoagulant activities of Lepirudin.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB13956</drugbank-id>
<name>Estradiol valerate</name>
<description>Estradiol valerate may decrease the anticoagulant activities of Lepirudin.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB15334</drugbank-id>
<name>Biochanin A</name>
<description>Biochanin A may decrease the anticoagulant activities of Lepirudin.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB15335</drugbank-id>
<name>Formononetin</name>
<description>Formononetin may decrease the anticoagulant activities of Lepirudin.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB04573</drugbank-id>
<name>Estriol</name>
<description>Estriol may decrease the anticoagulant activities of Lepirudin.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB09211</drugbank-id>
<name>Limaprost</name>
<description>The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Limaprost is combined with Lepirudin.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB00159</drugbank-id>
<name>Icosapent</name>
<description>The risk or severity of bleeding and hemorrhage can be increased when Icosapent is combined with Lepirudin.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB00244</drugbank-id>
<name>Mesalazine</name>
<description>The risk or severity of bleeding and hemorrhage can be increased when Mesalazine is combined with Lepirudin.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB00328</drugbank-id>
<name>Indomethacin</name>
<description>The risk or severity of bleeding and hemorrhage can be increased when Indomethacin is combined with Lepirudin.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB00461</drugbank-id>
<name>Nabumetone</name>
<description>The risk or severity of bleeding and hemorrhage can be increased when Nabumetone is combined with Lepirudin.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB00465</drugbank-id>
<name>Ketorolac</name>
<description>The risk or severity of bleeding and hemorrhage can be increased when Ketorolac is combined with Lepirudin.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB00469</drugbank-id>
<name>Tenoxicam</name>
<description>The risk or severity of bleeding and hemorrhage can be increased when Tenoxicam is combined with Lepirudin.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB00482</drugbank-id>
<name>Celecoxib</name>
<description>The risk or severity of bleeding and hemorrhage can be increased when Celecoxib is combined with Lepirudin.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB00500</drugbank-id>
<name>Tolmetin</name>
<description>The risk or severity of bleeding and hemorrhage can be increased when Tolmetin is combined with Lepirudin.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB00533</drugbank-id>
<name>Rofecoxib</name>
<description>The risk or severity of bleeding and hemorrhage can be increased when Rofecoxib is combined with Lepirudin.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB00554</drugbank-id>
<name>Piroxicam</name>
<description>The risk or severity of bleeding and hemorrhage can be increased when Piroxicam is combined with Lepirudin.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB00573</drugbank-id>
<name>Fenoprofen</name>
<description>The risk or severity of bleeding and hemorrhage can be increased when Fenoprofen is combined with Lepirudin.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB00580</drugbank-id>
<name>Valdecoxib</name>
<description>The risk or severity of bleeding and hemorrhage can be increased when Valdecoxib is combined with Lepirudin.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB00586</drugbank-id>
<name>Diclofenac</name>
<description>The risk or severity of bleeding and hemorrhage can be increased when Diclofenac is combined with Lepirudin.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB00605</drugbank-id>
<name>Sulindac</name>
<description>The risk or severity of bleeding and hemorrhage can be increased when Sulindac is combined with Lepirudin.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB00712</drugbank-id>
<name>Flurbiprofen</name>
<description>The risk or severity of bleeding and hemorrhage can be increased when Flurbiprofen is combined with Lepirudin.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB00749</drugbank-id>
<name>Etodolac</name>
<description>The risk or severity of bleeding and hemorrhage can be increased when Etodolac is combined with Lepirudin.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB00784</drugbank-id>
<name>Mefenamic acid</name>
<description>The risk or severity of bleeding and hemorrhage can be increased when Mefenamic acid is combined with Lepirudin.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB00788</drugbank-id>
<name>Naproxen</name>
<description>The risk or severity of bleeding and hemorrhage can be increased when Naproxen is combined with Lepirudin.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB00795</drugbank-id>
<name>Sulfasalazine</name>
<description>The risk or severity of bleeding and hemorrhage can be increased when Sulfasalazine is combined with Lepirudin.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB00812</drugbank-id>
<name>Phenylbutazone</name>
<description>The risk or severity of bleeding and hemorrhage can be increased when Phenylbutazone is combined with Lepirudin.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB00814</drugbank-id>
<name>Meloxicam</name>
<description>The risk or severity of bleeding and hemorrhage can be increased when Meloxicam is combined with Lepirudin.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB00821</drugbank-id>
<name>Carprofen</name>
<description>The risk or severity of bleeding and hemorrhage can be increased when Carprofen is combined with Lepirudin.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB00861</drugbank-id>
<name>Diflunisal</name>
<description>The risk or severity of bleeding and hemorrhage can be increased when Diflunisal is combined with Lepirudin.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB00936</drugbank-id>
<name>Salicylic acid</name>
<description>The risk or severity of bleeding and hemorrhage can be increased when Salicylic acid is combined with Lepirudin.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB00939</drugbank-id>
<name>Meclofenamic acid</name>
<description>The risk or severity of bleeding and hemorrhage can be increased when Meclofenamic acid is combined with Lepirudin.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB00991</drugbank-id>
<name>Oxaprozin</name>
<description>The risk or severity of bleeding and hemorrhage can be increased when Oxaprozin is combined with Lepirudin.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB01009</drugbank-id>
<name>Ketoprofen</name>
<description>The risk or severity of bleeding and hemorrhage can be increased when Ketoprofen is combined with Lepirudin.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB01014</drugbank-id>
<name>Balsalazide</name>
<description>The risk or severity of bleeding and hemorrhage can be increased when Balsalazide is combined with Lepirudin.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB01250</drugbank-id>
<name>Olsalazine</name>
<description>The risk or severity of bleeding and hemorrhage can be increased when Olsalazine is combined with Lepirudin.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB01283</drugbank-id>
<name>Lumiracoxib</name>
<description>The risk or severity of bleeding and hemorrhage can be increased when Lumiracoxib is combined with Lepirudin.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB01397</drugbank-id>
<name>Magnesium salicylate</name>
<description>The risk or severity of bleeding and hemorrhage can be increased when Magnesium salicylate is combined with Lepirudin.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB01399</drugbank-id>
<name>Salsalate</name>
<description>The risk or severity of bleeding and hemorrhage can be increased when Salsalate is combined with Lepirudin.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB01401</drugbank-id>
<name>Choline magnesium trisalicylate</name>
<description>The risk or severity of bleeding and hemorrhage can be increased when Choline magnesium trisalicylate is combined with Lepirudin.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB01419</drugbank-id>
<name>Antrafenine</name>
<description>The risk or severity of bleeding and hemorrhage can be increased when Antrafenine is combined with Lepirudin.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB01424</drugbank-id>
<name>Aminophenazone</name>
<description>The risk or severity of bleeding and hemorrhage can be increased when Aminophenazone is combined with Lepirudin.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB01435</drugbank-id>
<name>Antipyrine</name>
<description>The risk or severity of bleeding and hemorrhage can be increased when Antipyrine is combined with Lepirudin.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB01600</drugbank-id>
<name>Tiaprofenic acid</name>
<description>The risk or severity of bleeding and hemorrhage can be increased when Tiaprofenic acid is combined with Lepirudin.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB01628</drugbank-id>
<name>Etoricoxib</name>
<description>The risk or severity of bleeding and hemorrhage can be increased when Etoricoxib is combined with Lepirudin.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB02224</drugbank-id>
<name>Taxifolin</name>
<description>The risk or severity of bleeding and hemorrhage can be increased when Taxifolin is combined with Lepirudin.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB03585</drugbank-id>
<name>Oxyphenbutazone</name>
<description>The risk or severity of bleeding and hemorrhage can be increased when Oxyphenbutazone is combined with Lepirudin.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB04725</drugbank-id>
<name>Licofelone</name>
<description>The risk or severity of bleeding and hemorrhage can be increased when Licofelone is combined with Lepirudin.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB04812</drugbank-id>
<name>Benoxaprofen</name>
<description>The risk or severity of bleeding and hemorrhage can be increased when Benoxaprofen is combined with Lepirudin.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB04817</drugbank-id>
<name>Metamizole</name>
<description>The risk or severity of bleeding and hemorrhage can be increased when Metamizole is combined with Lepirudin.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB04828</drugbank-id>
<name>Zomepirac</name>
<description>The risk or severity of bleeding and hemorrhage can be increased when Zomepirac is combined with Lepirudin.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB05095</drugbank-id>
<name>Cimicoxib</name>
<description>The risk or severity of bleeding and hemorrhage can be increased when Cimicoxib is combined with Lepirudin.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB06725</drugbank-id>
<name>Lornoxicam</name>
<description>The risk or severity of bleeding and hemorrhage can be increased when Lornoxicam is combined with Lepirudin.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB06736</drugbank-id>
<name>Aceclofenac</name>
<description>The risk or severity of bleeding and hemorrhage can be increased when Aceclofenac is combined with Lepirudin.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB06737</drugbank-id>
<name>Zaltoprofen</name>
<description>The risk or severity of bleeding and hemorrhage can be increased when Zaltoprofen is combined with Lepirudin.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB07402</drugbank-id>
<name>Azapropazone</name>
<description>The risk or severity of bleeding and hemorrhage can be increased when Azapropazone is combined with Lepirudin.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB08439</drugbank-id>
<name>Parecoxib</name>
<description>The risk or severity of bleeding and hemorrhage can be increased when Parecoxib is combined with Lepirudin.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB08797</drugbank-id>
<name>Salicylamide</name>
<description>The risk or severity of bleeding and hemorrhage can be increased when Salicylamide is combined with Lepirudin.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB08940</drugbank-id>
<name>Kebuzone</name>
<description>The risk or severity of bleeding and hemorrhage can be increased when Kebuzone is combined with Lepirudin.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB08942</drugbank-id>
<name>Isoxicam</name>
<description>The risk or severity of bleeding and hemorrhage can be increased when Isoxicam is combined with Lepirudin.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB08951</drugbank-id>
<name>Indoprofen</name>
<description>The risk or severity of bleeding and hemorrhage can be increased when Indoprofen is combined with Lepirudin.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB08955</drugbank-id>
<name>Ibuproxam</name>
<description>The risk or severity of bleeding and hemorrhage can be increased when Ibuproxam is combined with Lepirudin.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB08976</drugbank-id>
<name>Floctafenine</name>
<description>The risk or severity of bleeding and hemorrhage can be increased when Floctafenine is combined with Lepirudin.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB08981</drugbank-id>
<name>Fenbufen</name>
<description>The risk or severity of bleeding and hemorrhage can be increased when Fenbufen is combined with Lepirudin.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB08984</drugbank-id>
<name>Etofenamate</name>
<description>The risk or severity of bleeding and hemorrhage can be increased when Etofenamate is combined with Lepirudin.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB08991</drugbank-id>
<name>Epirizole</name>
<description>The risk or severity of bleeding and hemorrhage can be increased when Epirizole is combined with Lepirudin.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB09084</drugbank-id>
<name>Benzydamine</name>
<description>The risk or severity of bleeding and hemorrhage can be increased when Benzydamine is combined with Lepirudin.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB09214</drugbank-id>
<name>Dexketoprofen</name>
<description>The risk or severity of bleeding and hemorrhage can be increased when Dexketoprofen is combined with Lepirudin.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB09215</drugbank-id>
<name>Droxicam</name>
<description>The risk or severity of bleeding and hemorrhage can be increased when Droxicam is combined with Lepirudin.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB09216</drugbank-id>
<name>Tolfenamic acid</name>
<description>The risk or severity of bleeding and hemorrhage can be increased when Tolfenamic acid is combined with Lepirudin.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB09217</drugbank-id>
<name>Firocoxib</name>
<description>The risk or severity of bleeding and hemorrhage can be increased when Firocoxib is combined with Lepirudin.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB09218</drugbank-id>
<name>Clonixin</name>
<description>The risk or severity of bleeding and hemorrhage can be increased when Clonixin is combined with Lepirudin.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB09285</drugbank-id>
<name>Morniflumate</name>
<description>The risk or severity of bleeding and hemorrhage can be increased when Morniflumate is combined with Lepirudin.</description>
</drug-interaction>
<drug-interaction>
<drugbank-id>DB09288</drugbank-id>
<name>Propacetamol</name>
<description>The risk or severity of bleeding and hemorrhage can be increased when Propacetamol is combined with Lepirudin.</description>
</drug-interaction>