diff --git a/tests/transforms/augmentation/test_random_crop_pad.py b/tests/transforms/augmentation/test_random_crop_pad.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c6ae46f81
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/transforms/augmentation/test_random_crop_pad.py
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+import torchio as tio
+from ...utils import TorchioTestCase
+
+
+class TestRandomCropOrPad(TorchioTestCase):
+    """Tests for `RandomCropOrPad`."""
+    def test_no_changes(self):
+        sample_t1 = self.sample_subject['t1']
+        shape = sample_t1.spatial_shape
+        transform = tio.RandomCropOrPad(shape)
+        transformed = transform(self.sample_subject)
+        self.assertTensorEqual(sample_t1.data, transformed['t1'].data)
+        self.assertTensorEqual(sample_t1.affine, transformed['t1'].affine)
+
+    def test_different_shape(self):
+        shape = self.sample_subject['t1'].spatial_shape
+        target_shape = 9, 21, 30
+        transform = tio.RandomCropOrPad(target_shape)
+        transformed = transform(self.sample_subject)
+        for key in transformed:
+            result_shape = transformed[key].spatial_shape
+            self.assertNotEqual(shape, result_shape)
+
+    def test_shape_right(self):
+        target_shape = 9, 21, 30
+        transform = tio.RandomCropOrPad(target_shape)
+        transformed = transform(self.sample_subject)
+        for key in transformed:
+            result_shape = transformed[key].spatial_shape
+            self.assertEqual(target_shape, result_shape)
+
+    def test_only_pad(self):
+        target_shape = 11, 22, 30
+        transform = tio.RandomCropOrPad(target_shape)
+        transformed = transform(self.sample_subject)
+        for key in transformed:
+            result_shape = transformed[key].spatial_shape
+            self.assertEqual(target_shape, result_shape)
+
+    def test_only_crop(self):
+        target_shape = 9, 18, 30
+        transform = tio.RandomCropOrPad(target_shape)
+        transformed = transform(self.sample_subject)
+        for key in transformed:
+            result_shape = transformed[key].spatial_shape
+            self.assertEqual(target_shape, result_shape)
+
+    def test_shape_negative(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            tio.RandomCropOrPad(-1)
+
+    def test_shape_float(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            tio.RandomCropOrPad(2.5)
+
+    def test_shape_one(self):
+        transform = tio.RandomCropOrPad(1)
+        transformed = transform(self.sample_subject)
+        for key in transformed:
+            result_shape = transformed[key].spatial_shape
+            self.assertEqual((1, 1, 1), result_shape)
diff --git a/tests/transforms/test_invertibility.py b/tests/transforms/test_invertibility.py
index 0b16f38ee..48a581e7c 100644
--- a/tests/transforms/test_invertibility.py
+++ b/tests/transforms/test_invertibility.py
@@ -12,10 +12,11 @@ class TestInvertibility(TorchioTestCase):
     def test_all_random_transforms(self):
         transform = self.get_large_composed_transform()
         # Remove RandomLabelsToImage as it will add a new image to the subject
+        # Remove RandomCropOrPad as it will change the dimension
         for t in transform.transforms:
-            if t.name == 'RandomLabelsToImage':
+            if t.name == 'RandomLabelsToImage' or t.name == 'RandomCropOrPad':
                 transform.transforms.remove(t)
-                break
+
         # Ignore elastic deformation and gamma warnings during execution
         # Ignore some transforms not invertible
         with warnings.catch_warnings():
diff --git a/torchio/transforms/__init__.py b/torchio/transforms/__init__.py
index 1ab83bd05..10da82a1d 100644
--- a/torchio/transforms/__init__.py
+++ b/torchio/transforms/__init__.py
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 
 from .augmentation.spatial import RandomFlip, Flip
 from .augmentation.spatial import RandomAffine, Affine
-from .augmentation.spatial import RandomAnisotropy
+from .augmentation.spatial import RandomAnisotropy, RandomCropOrPad
 from .augmentation.spatial import RandomElasticDeformation, ElasticDeformation
 
 from .augmentation.intensity import RandomSwap, Swap
@@ -94,6 +94,7 @@
     'Clamp',
     'Mask',
     'CropOrPad',
+    'RandomCropOrPad',
     'CopyAffine',
     'EnsureShapeMultiple',
     'train_histogram',
diff --git a/torchio/transforms/augmentation/spatial/__init__.py b/torchio/transforms/augmentation/spatial/__init__.py
index 04e943166..30f53d639 100644
--- a/torchio/transforms/augmentation/spatial/__init__.py
+++ b/torchio/transforms/augmentation/spatial/__init__.py
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 from .random_flip import RandomFlip, Flip
 from .random_affine import RandomAffine, Affine
 from .random_anisotropy import RandomAnisotropy
+from .random_crop_or_pad import RandomCropOrPad
 from .random_elastic_deformation import (
     RandomElasticDeformation,
     ElasticDeformation,
@@ -12,6 +13,7 @@
     'Flip',
     'RandomAffine',
     'Affine',
+    'RandomCropOrPad',
     'RandomAnisotropy',
     'RandomElasticDeformation',
     'ElasticDeformation',
diff --git a/torchio/transforms/augmentation/spatial/random_crop_or_pad.py b/torchio/transforms/augmentation/spatial/random_crop_or_pad.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ee6b63e21
--- /dev/null
+++ b/torchio/transforms/augmentation/spatial/random_crop_or_pad.py
@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+from typing import Union, Tuple, Optional
+
+import numpy as np
+from random import randint
+
+from ...preprocessing.spatial.crop_or_pad import CropOrPad
+from ...preprocessing.spatial.pad import Pad
+from ...preprocessing.spatial.crop import Crop
+from ... import SpatialTransform
+from ...transform import TypeTripletInt, TypeSixBounds
+from ....utils import parse_spatial_shape
+from ....data.subject import Subject
+
+
+class RandomCropOrPad(SpatialTransform):
+    """Modify the field of view by random cropping or padding to a target shape.
+
+    This transform modifies the affine matrix associated to the volume so that
+    physical positions of the voxels are maintained.
+
+    Args:
+        target_shape: Tuple :math:`(W, H, D)`. If a single value :math:`N` is
+            provided, then :math:`W = H = D = N`.
+        padding_mode: Same as :attr:`padding_mode` in
+            :class:`~torchio.transforms.Pad`.
+        **kwargs: See :class:`~torchio.transforms.Transform` for additional
+            keyword arguments.
+
+    Example:
+        >>> import torchio as tio
+        >>> subject = tio.Subject(
+        ...     chest_ct=tio.ScalarImage('subject_a_ct.nii.gz'),
+        ...     heart_mask=tio.LabelMap('subject_a_heart_seg.nii.gz'),
+        ... )
+        >>> subject.chest_ct.shape
+        torch.Size([1, 512, 512, 289])
+        >>> transform = tio.RandomCropOrPad(
+        ...     (120, 80, 180)
+        ... )
+        >>> transformed = transform(subject)
+        >>> transformed.chest_ct.shape
+        torch.Size([1, 120, 80, 180])
+
+    .. plot::
+
+        import torchio as tio
+        t1 = tio.datasets.Colin27().t1
+        crop_pad = tio.RandomCropOrPad((256, 256, 32))
+        t1_pad_crop = crop_pad(t1)
+        subject = tio.Subject(t1=t1, crop_pad=t1_pad_crop)
+        subject.plot()
+    """  # noqa: E501
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        target_shape: Union[int, TypeTripletInt, None] = 16,
+        padding_mode: Union[str, float] = 0,
+        **kwargs
+    ):
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+        self.target_shape = parse_spatial_shape(target_shape)
+        self.padding_mode = padding_mode
+
+    def _compute_random_cropping_padding_from_shapes(
+        self, source_shape: TypeTripletInt,
+    ) -> Tuple[Optional[TypeSixBounds], Optional[TypeSixBounds]]:
+        diff_shape = np.array(self.target_shape) - source_shape
+
+        cropping = -np.minimum(diff_shape, 0)
+        if cropping.any():
+            cropping_params = CropOrPad._get_six_bounds_parameters(cropping)
+            # adjust the cropping params by a random amount
+            # note: randint(0, 0) will return 0
+            random_x = randint(-cropping[0] // 2, cropping[0] // 2)
+            random_y = randint(-cropping[1] // 2, cropping[1] // 2)
+            random_z = randint(-cropping[2] // 2, cropping[2] // 2)
+            cropping_params = [
+                cropping_params[0] + random_x,
+                cropping_params[1] - random_x,
+                cropping_params[2] + random_y,
+                cropping_params[3] - random_y,
+                cropping_params[4] + random_z,
+                cropping_params[5] - random_z,
+            ]
+        else:
+            cropping_params = None
+
+        padding = np.maximum(diff_shape, 0)
+        if padding.any():
+            padding_params = CropOrPad._get_six_bounds_parameters(padding)
+            # adjust the padding params by a random amount
+            # note: randint(0, 0) will return 0
+            random_x = randint(-padding[0] // 2, padding[0] // 2)
+            random_y = randint(-padding[1] // 2, padding[1] // 2)
+            random_z = randint(-padding[2] // 2, padding[2] // 2)
+            padding_params = [
+                padding_params[0] + random_x,
+                padding_params[1] - random_x,
+                padding_params[2] + random_y,
+                padding_params[3] - random_y,
+                padding_params[4] + random_z,
+                padding_params[5] - random_z,
+            ]
+        else:
+            padding_params = None
+
+        return padding_params, cropping_params
+
+    def apply_transform(self, subject: Subject) -> Subject:
+        subject.check_consistent_space()
+        source_shape = subject.spatial_shape
+        (
+            padding_params,
+            cropping_params,
+        ) = self._compute_random_cropping_padding_from_shapes(source_shape)
+        padding_kwargs = {'padding_mode': self.padding_mode}
+
+        if padding_params is not None:
+            subject = Pad(padding_params, **padding_kwargs)(subject)
+        if cropping_params is not None:
+            subject = Crop(cropping_params)(subject)
+        return subject