Large Models in Sports

This repository accompanies our survey paper:
A Survey of Large Models in Sports

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🔔 News

• [2025-10] We have released "A Survey of Large Models in Sports", a comprehensive survey dedicated to the emerging application of Large Models (LMs) in sports.
• [2025-10] We created this repository to maintain a paper list on Awesome-Large-Models-In-Sports. Contributions are welcome!

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Introduction

Welcome to Awesome-Large-Models-In-Sports ! 👋

Sports have witnessed a surge of global enthusiasm, becoming a driving force for physical health, social connection, and cultural exchange. With the rapid rise of Large Language Models (LLMs) and Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs), Large Models (LMs) is transforming how we understand, analyze, and interact with sports. This repository is the first comprehensive survey and curated collection that systematically explores the intersection of Large Models and sports.

We organize the applications into six major stakeholder groups, as shown in the figure below:

The diverse applications of large models across six major stakeholder groups in sports.

1. Athletes & Trainers – exercise and training plans, injury prevention, rehabilitation, and sports psychology
2. Coaches & Educators – action recognition, performance prediction, and tactics or strategies
3. Referees – decision support, fairness, and explainable refereeing systems
4. Fans & Media – commentary, highlights, storytelling, news, sentiment analysis and general sports models
5. Researchers – academic writing and knowledge discovery in sports science
6. The Sports Industry – management, talent scouting, and tourism applications

We further structure the repository following the taxonomy tree introduced in our paper, offering a clear overview of research topics, tasks, and datasets within each stakeholder group.

The taxonomy of large models in sports.

This collection serves as an open, evolving resource for researchers, developers, and sports enthusiasts passionate about exploring how frontier AI is transforming sports — and discovering what Large Models can bring to the next generation of sports intelligence.

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📜 Table of Contents

• Applications for Athletes and Trainers
  • Training Perscription and Plans
  • Sports Injury and Rehabilitation
  • Sports Psychology and Behavior
• Applications for Coaches and Educators
  • Action Spotting and Recognition
  • Sports Action Quality Assessment
  • Sports Tactics and Strategies
  • Game and Player Performance Prediction
  • Sports Education
• Applications for Referees
  • Sports Refereeing
• Applications for Fans and Social Media
  • Sports Commentary Generation
  • Sports Highlight Generation
  • Sports News Generation
  • Sports Narratives and Storytelling
  • Public Opinion Analysis in Sports
  • Sports Models and Systems
• Applications for Researchers
  • Sports Academic Writing
• Applications for the Sports Industry
  • Sports Management
  • Sports Talent Scouting
  • Sports Tourism
• Sports Understanding
  • Specialized Sports Understanding
  • General Video Understanding
• Related Surveys
• Years
  • 2020
  • 2021
  • 2022
  • 2023
  • 2024
  • 2025

Applications for Athletes and Trainers

Training Perscription and Plans

1. Artificial Intelligence in Sport: Exploring the Potential of Using ChatGPT in Resistance Training Prescription, Biology of sport 2024 [paper]
2. Using Artificial Intelligence for Exercise Prescription in Personalised Health Promotion: a Critical Evaluation of OpenAI’s GPT-4 Model, Biology of Sport 2024 [paper]
3. ChatGPT and Exercise Prescription: Human vs. Machine or Human Plus Machine?, Journal of Sport and Health Science 2024 [paper]
4. Infusing Behavior Science into Large Language Models for Activity Coaching, PLOS Digital Health 2024 [paper]
5. The Potential of Large Language Model Chatbots for Application to Epilepsy: Let’s Talk About Physical Exercise, Epilepsy & Behavior Reports 2024 [paper]
6. Towards a Personal Health Large Language Model, AIM-FM Workshop @ NeurIPS'24 Oral 2024 [paper]
7. Visualizing Exercise Data from Combat Exergame for Exploring the Insight from Personal Informatics with Large Language Models, CHI EA 2025 [paper]
8. Reproducibility and Quality of Hypertrophy-Related Training Plans Generated by GPT-4 and Google Gemini as Evaluated by Coaching Experts, Biology of Sport 2025 [paper]
9. Evaluating the Potential Role of AI Chatbots in Designing Personalized Exercise Programs for Weight Management, International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction 2025 [paper]
10. Acceptance and Trust in AI-Generated Exercise Plans Among Recreational Athletes and Quality Evaluation by Experienced Coaches a Pilot Study, BMC Research Notes 2025 [paper]
11. Can People with Epilepsy Trust AI Chatbots for Information on Physical Exercise?, Epilepsy & Behavior 2025 [paper]
12. GPTCoach: Towards LLM-Based Physical Activity Coaching, CHI 2025 [paper]
13. Digital Coaches: an Alternative to Expert Coaches for Men's Fitness Goals, Physical Activity Review 2025 [paper]
14. A Multi-Agent Digital Twin Framework for AI-Driven Fitness Coaching, IMX 2025 [paper]
15. GPT‑ 4 as a Virtual Fitness Coach: a Case Study Assessing Its Effectiveness in Providing Weight Loss and Fitness Guidance, BMC Public Health 2025 [paper]
16. T3Set: a Multimodal Dataset with Targeted Suggestions for LLM-Based Virtual Coach in Table Tennis Training, KDD 2025 [paper]
17. Table Tennis Coaching System Based on a Multimodal Large Language Model with a Table Tennis Knowledge Base, PloS one 2025 [paper]
18. Enhancing Athletic Performance Through AI: an Iterative Prompt Engineering Approach for LLM-Based Coaching Feedback, International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction 2025 [paper]
19. Intent-Aware Personalized Feedback Generation from Coach-Athlete Dialogues in Sports Training, Journal of King Saud University Computer and Information Sciences 2025 [paper]
20. Balancing Act: Generative AI Tools and Scope of Practice in Health Coaching, American Journal of Health Promotion 2025 [paper]
21. Examining the Ability of Artificial Intelligence with ChatGPT-4.0 to Create an Exercise Program: Case Scenario Examples "Lumbar Disc Herniation, Chronic Migraine, and Urge Urinary Incontinence, Turkish Journal of Kinesiology 2025[paper]
22. ChatGPT-4o-Generated Exercise Plans for Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus—Assessment of Their Safety and Other Quality Criteria by Coaching Experts, IEEE Access 2025 [paper]
23. Harnessing Generative Artificial Intelligence for Exercise and Training Prescription: Applications and Implications in Sports and Physical Activity—A Systematic Literature Review, Applied Sciences 2025 [paper]
24. Optimizing Athletic Performance Through Advanced Nutrition Strategies: Can AI and Digital Platforms Have a Role in Ultraendurance Sports?, Biology of Sport 2024 [paper]
25. The Sports Nutrition Knowledge of Large Language Model (LLM) Artificial Intelligence (AI) Chatbots: an Assessment of Accuracy, Completeness, Clarity, Quality of Evidence, and Test-Retest Reliability, PLOS One 2025 [paper]
26. ExpertAF: Expert Actionable Feedback from Video, CVPR 2025 [paper]
27. LEGOLAS: Learning & Enhancing Golf Skills Through LLM-Augmented System, CHI EA 2025 [paper]
28. Expert Comment Generation Considering Sports Skill Level Using a Large Multimodal Model with Video and Spatial-Temporal Motion Features, Sensors 2025 [paper]
29. MAAIG: Motion Analysis and Instruction Generation, MM Asia 2023 [paper]
30. MotionGPT-2: a General-Purpose Motion-Language Model for Motion Generation and Understanding, arXiv:2410.21747 [paper]
31. CoachMe: Decoding Sport Elements with a Reference-Based Coaching Instruction Generation Model, ACL 2025 [paper]
32. Who Could and Should Give Exercise Prescription: Physicians, Exercise and Health Scientists, Fitness Trainers, or ChatGPT?, Journal of Sport and Health Science 2024 [paper]
33. Does ChatGPT Provide Comprehensive and Accurate Information Regarding the Effects, Types and Programming of Core Exercises?, Turkish Journal of Kinesiology 2024 [paper]
34. ChatGPT Generated Training Plans for Runners Are Not Rated Optimal by Coaching Experts, but Increase in Quality with Additional Input Information, Journal of sports science & medicine 2024 [paper]
35. The Impact of LLM Hallucinations on Motor Skill Learning: a Case Study in Badminton, IEEE Access 2024 [paper]
36. RAG-LLM Based Evaluation Pathway and Technological Exploration for the Scientific Validity of Mass Fitness, ASSC 6th 2025 [paper]
37. Characteristics and Perceived Suitability of Artificial Intelligence-Driven Sports Coaches: a Pilot Study on Psychological and Perceptual Factors, Frontiers in Sports and Active Living 2025 [paper]
38. Assessment of Personalized Exercise Prescriptions Issued by ChatGPT 4.0 and Intelligent Health Promotion Systems for Patients with Hypertension Comorbidities Based on the Transtheoretical Model: A Comparative Analysis, Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare 2024 [paper]
39. A 10-Week Large Language Model (LLM)-Generated Versus Human-Made Volleyball Training Program on the Jumping Performance of Collegiate Volleyball Athletes, Journal of Physical Education 2025 [paper]
40. The AI Coach: A 5-Week AI-Generated Calisthenics Training Program on Health-Related Physical Fitness Components of Untrained Collegiate Students, Journal of Human Sport and Exercise 2025 [paper]
41. The Effects of Chat GPT Generated Exercise Program in Healthy Overweight Young Adults: A Pilot Study, Journal of Human Sport and Exercise 2025 [paper]
42. Promises and Perils of Generative Artificial Intelligence: A Narrative Review Informing Its Ethical and Practical Applications in Clinical Exercise Physiology, BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation 2025 [paper]

Sports Injury and Rehabilitation

1. The Role of ChatGPT in Sports Trauma: a Mini Review on Strengths and Limits of Open AI Application, Discover Artificial Intelligence 2023 [paper]
2. Interdisciplinary Inquiry via PanelGPT: Application to Explore Chatbot Application in Sports Rehabilitation, medRxiv 2023 [paper]
3. Artificial Intelligence in Sports Medicine: Could GPT-4 Make Human Doctors Obsolete?, Annals of Biomedical Engineering 2023 [paper]
4. Artificial Intelligence and ChatGPT in Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, Journal of Experimental Orthopaedics 2023 [paper]
5. Chatbot Generative Pre-Trained Transformer and Artificial Intelligence in Sports Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Saudi Journal of Sports Medicine 2023 [paper]
6. Assessing ChatGPT’s Competency in Addressing Interdisciplinary Inquiries on Chatbot Uses in Sports Rehabilitation: Simulation Study, JMIR Medical Education 2024 [paper]
7. Evaluating the Qualitative and Quantitative Performance of Generative AI on Knowledge in Sports Medicine: the Case of GPT, General Aspects of Applying Generative AI in Higher Education: Opportunities and Challenges 2024 [paper]
8. Full-Parameter Fine-Tuning Method of LLMs for Sports Injury Prevention and Treatment, IJMCMC 2025 [paper]
9. Comparative Evaluation of Artificial Intelligence Models GPT-4 and GPT-3.5 in Clinical Decision-Making in Sports Surgery and Physiotherapy: a Cross-Sectional Study, BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making 2025 [paper]
10. Evaluation of the Phi-3-Mini SLM for Identification of Texts Related to Medicine, Health, and Sports Injuries, ICMI 2025 [paper]
11. Diagnostic Applications of AI in Sports: a Comprehensive Review of Injury Risk Prediction Methods, Diagnostics 2024 [paper]

Sports Psychology and Behavior

1. ChatGPT Is a Breakthrough in Science and Education but Fails a Test in Sports and Exercise Psychology, Baltic Journal of Sport and Health Sciences 2023 [paper]
2. Increasing Physical Activity Using an Just-in-Time Adaptive Digital Assistant Supported by Machine Learning: a Novel Approach for Hyper-Personalised mHealth Interventions, Journal of Biomedical Informatics 2023 [paper]
3. Investigating the Relationship Between Physical Activity and Tailored Behavior Change Messaging: Connecting Contextual Bandit with Large Language Models, arXiv:2506.07275 [paper]
4. Generative AI in Sport and Exercise Psychology: Exploring Opportunities and Overcoming Challenges, Sport and Exercise Psychology Review 2025 [paper]
5. Assessment of Recommendations Provided to Athletes Regarding Sleep Education by GPT-4o and Google Gemini: Comparative Evaluation Study, JMIR Formative Research 2025 [paper]
6. Multisport YODA: Leveraging LLMs for Cognition Based Comprehensive Performance Analytics, MathSport International 2025 [paper]
7. Transforming Wearable Data into Personal Health Insights Using Large Language Model Agents, arXiv:2406.06464 [paper]
8. Large Language Models for Wearable Sensor-Based Human Activity Recognition, Health Monitoring, and Behavioral Modeling: a Survey of Early Trends, Datasets, and Challenges, Sensors 2024 [paper]
9. HARGPT: Are LLMs Zero-Shot Human Activity Recognizers?, FMSys 2024 [paper]
10. LLaSA: Large Multimodal Agent for Human Activity Analysis Through Wearable Sensors, arXiv 2024 [paper]

Applications for Coaches and Educators

Action Spotting and Recognition

1. Rugby Scene Classification Enhanced by Vision Language Model, CVPR 2024 CVsports Workshop [paper]
2. ActionAtlas: a VideoQA Benchmark for Domain-Specialized Action Recognition, NeurIPS 2024 [paper]
3. SV3.3B: a Sports Video Understanding Model for Action Recognition, arXiv:2507.17844 [paper]
4. Enhancing Sports Strategy with Video Analytics and Data Mining: Assessing the Effectiveness of Multimodal LLMs in Tennis Video Analysis, arxiv:2507.02904 [paper]
5. Soccer-CLIP: Vision Language Model for Soccer Action Spotting, IEEE Access 2025 [paper]
6. F³Set: Towards Analyzing Fast, Frequent, and Fine-Grained Events from Videos, ICLR 2025 [paper]
7. Improving LLM Video Understanding with 16 Frames per Second, ICML 2025 [paper]
8. Do We Need Large VLMs for Spotting Soccer Actions?, arXiv:2506.17144 [paper]
9. Domain Adaptation of VLM for Soccer Video Understanding, CVPR 2025 CVsports Workshop [paper]

Sports Action Quality Assessment

1. From Beats to Scores: a Multi-Modal Framework for Comprehensive Figure Skating Assessment, CVPR 2025 CVsports Workshop [paper]
2. Fine-Tuning Large Multimodal Models for Fitness Action Quality Assessment, UMAP adjunct 2025 [paper]
3. FitnessAgent: a Unified Agent Framework for Open-Set and Personalized Fitness Evaluation, ICRA 2025 [paper]
4. LLM-FMS: a Fine-Grained Dataset for Functional Movement Screen Action Quality Assessment, PloS one 2025 [paper]

Sports Tactics and Strategies

1. TacticalGPT: Uncovering the Potential of LLMs for Predicting Tactical Decisions in Professional Football, StatsBomb Conference 2023 [paper]
2. Smartboard: Visual Exploration of Team Tactics with LLM Agent, IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics 2024 [paper]
3. Using Large Language Models to Generate Baseball Spray Charts in the Absence of Numerical Data, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology 2024 [paper]
4. Can Large Language Models Do Analytical Reasoning?, arXiv:2403.04031 [paper]
5. SportsMetrics: Blending Text and Numerical Data to Understand Information Fusion in LLMs, ACL 2024 [paper]
6. Large Language Models on Race Commentary: Towards Granular Data in Cycling Analytics, MLSA 2024 [paper]
7. When Reasoning Meets Information Aggregation: a Case Study with Sports Narratives, EMNLP 2024 [paper]
8. TacticExpert: Spatial-Temporal Graph Language Model for Basketball Tactics, arXiv:2503.10722 [paper]
9. ChatMatch: Exploring the Potential of Hybrid Vision–language Deep Learning Approach for the Intelligent Analysis and Inference of Racket Sports, Computer Speech & Language 2025 [paper]

Game and Player Performance Prediction

1. Predicting in-Game Actions from Interviews of NBA Players, Computational Linguistics 2020 [paper]
2. A Stroke of Genius: Predicting the Next Move in Badminton, CVPR 2024 CVsports Workshop [paper]
3. Social Networks and Large Language Models for Division I Basketball Game Winner Prediction, IEEE Access 2024 [paper]
4. AI for Handball: Predicting and Explaining the 2024 Olympic Games Tournament with Deep Learning and Large Language Models, MathSport International 2025 [paper]
5. Analyzing Key Factors Influencing IPL Cricket Scores Using Explainability and Multimodal Data, Journal of Quantitative Analysis in Sports 2025 [paper]

Sports Education

1. Proactive Autonomous Assignments as Pedagogical Responses to the Rise of Artificial Intelligence Solutions in Sport Management Teaching Practice, Sport Management Education Journal 2023 [paper]
2. Artificial Intelligence in Sport Management Education: Playing the AI Game with ChatGPT, Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sport & Tourism Education 2023 [paper]
3. Artificial Intelligence in Physical Education and Sports: New Horizons with ChatGPT, Mediterranean Journal of Sport Science 2023 [paper]
4. Using ChatGPT to Promote College Students’ Participation in Physical Activities and Its Effect on Mental Health, World Journal of Psychiatry 2024 [paper]
5. Assessing the Practicality of Using Freely Available AI-Based GPT Tools for Coach Learning and Athlete Development, Frontiers in Sports and Active Living 2025 [paper]
6. Harnessing Generative AI in Exercise and Sports Science Education Enhancing Real-World Learning and Overcoming Traditional Barriers in Data Analysis, Advances in Physiology Education, 2025 [paper]
7. Innovating Physical Education with Artificial Intelligence: a Potential Approach, Frontiers in Psychology 2025 [paper]
8. Exploring Opportunities and Challenges Toward ChatGPT for Inclusion in Sport Education, Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sport & Tourism Education 2025 [paper]
9. From Motion Signals to Insights: a Unified Framework for Student Behavior Analysis and Feedback in Physical Education Classes, arXiv:2503.06525 [paper]
10. Artificial Intelligence in Physical Education: Comprehensive Review and Future Teacher Training Strategies, Frontiers in public health 2024 [paper]

Applications for Referees

Sports Refereeing

1. X-VARS: Introducing Explainability in Football Refereeing with Multi-Modal Large Language Models, CVPR 2024 Workshop [paper]
2. Enhancing Football Refereeing with AI: VARS and X-VARS for Assisted Decision-Making, MathSport International 2025 [paper]

Applications for Fans and Social Media

Sports Commentary Generation

1. Soccer Game Summarization Using Audio Commentary, Metadata, and Captions, NarSUM 2022 [paper]
2. Soccer Artificial Intelligence Commentary Service on the Base of Video Analytic and Large Language Models, TELFOR 2023 [paper]
3. MatchTime: Towards Automatic Soccer Game Commentary Generation, EMNLP 2024 [paper]
4. Commentary Generation from Data Records of Multiplayer Strategy Esports Game, NAACL 2024 Student Research Workshop [paper]
5. Personalized Video Comment Generation, EMNLP Findings 2024 [paper]
6. AiCommentator: a Multimodal Conversational Agent for Embedded Visualization in Football Viewing, IUI 2024 [paper]
7. SCBench: a Sports Commentary Benchmark for Video LLMs, arXiv:2412.17637 [paper]
8. Designing for Automated Sports Commentary Systems, IMX 2024 [paper]
9. LLM-Commentator: Novel Fine-Tuning Strategies of Large Language Models for Automatic Commentary Generation Using Football Event Data, Knowledge-Based Systems 2024 [paper]
10. Large Scale Generative AI Text Applied to Sports and Music,ACM SIGKDD 2024 [paper]
11. A Descriptive Basketball Highlight Dataset for Automatic Commentary Generation, MM 2024 [paper]
12. TimeSoccer: an End-to-End Multimodal Large Language Model for Soccer Commentary Generation, arXiv:2504.17365 [paper]
13. Domain Adaptation of VLM for Soccer Video Understanding, CVPR 2025 CVsports Workshop [paper]
14. Live Football Commentary System Providing Background Information, ACL demo 2025 [paper]
15. Player Tracking-Integrated Soccer Game Commentary Generation, IJSAT 2025 [paper]
16. LiveCC: Learning Video LLM with Streaming Speech Transcription at Scale, CVPR 2025 [paper]
17. Multi-Modal Large Language Model with RAG Strategies in Soccer Commentary Generation, WACV 2025 [paper]
18. Player-Centric Multimodal Prompt Generation for Large Language Model Based Identity-Aware Basketball Video Captioning, ICCV 2025 [paper]
19. Enhanced Cricket Commentary Using AI Vision and Multilingual Translation, IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Applications (MPSec ICETA), IEEE 2025 [paper]
20. Temporally-Grounded Language Generation: a Benchmark for Real-Time Vision-Language Models, arXiv:2505.11326 [paper]
21. StreamMind: Unlocking Full Frame Rate Streaming Video Dialogue Through Event-Gated Cognition, arXiv:2503.06220 [paper]

Sports Highlight Generation

1. Multi-Modal Architecture for Cricket Highlights Generation: Using Computer Vision and Large Language Model, ICOSST 2023 [paper]
2. AI-Based Sports Highlight Generation for Social Media, MHV 2024 [paper]
3. Survey Paper on AI Based Sports Highlight Generation for Social Media, Journal of Scientific Research and Technology 2025 [paper]
4. DIAMOND: an LLM-Driven Agent for Context-Aware Baseball Highlight Summarization, REALM 2025 [paper]
5. HIPPO-VIDEO: Simulating Watch Histories with Large Language Models for History-Driven Video Highlighting, COLM 2025 [paper]
6. SportSummarizer: a Unified Multimodal Fusion Transformer for Context-Aware Sports Video Summarization, Neurocomputing 2025 [paper]

Sports News Generation

1. SportsSum2.0: Generating High-Quality Sports News from Live Text Commentary, CIKM 2021 [paper]
2. Knowledge Enhanced Sports Game Summarization, WSDM 2022 [paper]
3. SNIL: Generating Sports News from Insights with Large Language Models, IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics 2024 [paper]
4. Advancing Cricket Narratives: AI-Enhanced Advanced Journaling in the IPL Using Language Models, CONECCT 2024 [paper]
5. BADGE: BADminton Report Generation and Evaluation with LLM, IJCAI 2024 Workshop,arXiv:2406.18116 [paper]
6. Tree-Of-Report: Table-to-Text Generation for Sports Game Reports with Tree-Structured Prompting, ACL-SRW 2025 [paper]

Sports Narratives and Storytelling

1. Generating Factually Consistent Sport Highlights Narrations, MMSports 2023 [paper]
2. Sportify: Question Answering with Embedded Visualizations and Personified Narratives for Sports Video, IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics 2024 [paper]
3. Multimodal AI-Based Summarization and Storytelling for Soccer on Social Media, MMSys 2024 [paper]
4. Large Scale Generative AI Text Applied to Sports and Music, ACM SIGKDD 2024 [paper]
5. SportsBuddy: Designing and Evaluating an AI-Powered Sports Video Storytelling Tool Through Real-World Deployment, PacificVis 2025 [paper]

Public Opinion Analysis in Sports

1. Esports Debut as a Medal Event at 2023 Asian Games: Exploring Public Perceptions with BERTopic and GPT-4 Topic Fine-Tuning, arXiv:2409.18798 [paper]
2. Experience Is All You Need: a Large Language Model Application of Fine-Tuned GPT-3.5 and RoBERTa for Aspect-Based Sentiment Analysis of College Football Stadium Reviews, Sport Management Review 2025 [paper]
3. OneLove Beyond the Field - a Few-Shot Pipeline for Topic and Sentiment Analysis During the FIFA World Cup in Qatar, KONVENS 2024 [paper]
4. INVESTIGATING THE FACTORS INFLUENCING ADOPTION INTENTIONS OF CHATGPT FOR SPORT EVENTS, SPORMETRE Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi 2025 [paper]

Sports Models and Systems

1. Megan - a Sports Chatbot Using OpenAI APIs and Django Framework with Python, International Conference for Convergence in Technology (I2CT) 2024 [paper]
2. BleacherBot: AI Agent as a Sports Co-Viewing Partner, CHI 2025 [paper]
3. Querying Football Matches for Event Data: Towards Using Large Language Models, ISACE 2024 [paper]
4. A System for Triggering Sports Instant Answers on Search Engines, SIGIR 2025 [paper]
5. Demo: Soccer Information Retrieval via Natural Queries Using SoccerRAG, CBMI 2024 [paper]
6. SoccerRAG: Multimodal Soccer Information Retrieval via Natural Queries, CBMI 2024 [paper]
7. Enhancing Structured-Data Retrieval with GraphRAG: Soccer Data Case Study, arxiv:2409.17580 [paper]
8. Soccer-GraphRAG: Applications of GraphRAG in Soccer, IRonGraphs 2024 [paper]
9. Assessing the Accuracy of Large Language Models in Extracting Latest Cricket Information, Scientific Journal of Sport and Performance 2025 [paper]
10. Agentic Generative AI for Media Content Discovery at the National Football League, 2025 [paper]
11. From Play to Replay: Composed Video Retrieval for Temporally Fine-Grained Videos, arXiv:2506.05274 [paper]
12. Korean Football in-Game Conversation State Tracking Dataset for Dialogue and Turn Level Evaluation, Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence 2025 [paper]
13. FootGPT : a Large Language Model Development Experiment on a Minimal Setting, arXiv:2308.08610 [paper]
14. SoccerChat: Integrating Multimodal Data for Enhanced Soccer Game Understanding, arXiv:2505.16630 [paper]
15. Multi-Agent System for Comprehensive Soccer Understanding, arXiv:2505.03735 [paper]
16. Towards Universal Soccer Video Understanding, CVPR 2025 [paper]
17. Domain Adaptation of VLM for Soccer Video Understanding, CVPR 2025 CVsports Workshop [paper]
18. FineQuest: Adaptive Knowledge-Assisted Sports Video Understanding via Agent-of-Thoughts Reasoning, MM 2025 [paper]
19. Sporthesia: Augmenting Sports Videos Using Natural Language, IEEE transactions on visualization and computer graphics 2022 [paper]

Applications for Researchers

Sports Academic Writing

1. ChatGPT for Sample-Size Calculation in Sports Medicine and Exercise Sciences: a Cautionary Note, International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 2023 [paper]
2. AI Did Not Write This Manuscript, or Did It? Can We Trick the AI Text Detector into Generated Texts? the Potential Future of ChatGPT and AI in Sports & Exercise Medicine Manuscript Generation, BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine 2023 [paper]
3. From Human Writing to Artificial Intelligence Generated Text: Examining the Prospects and Potential Threats of ChatGPT in Academic Writing, Biology of sport 2023 [paper]
4. Artificial Intelligence in Sport Scientific Creation and Writing Process, Artificial Intelligence in Sports, Movement, and Health 2024 [paper]
5. Human-Written vs AI-Generated Texts in Orthopedic Academic Literature: Comparative Qualitative Analysis, JMIR formative research 2024 [paper]

Applications for the Sports Industry

Sports Management

1. A Financial Management Maturity Model in Sports Organizations: a Novel Approach Using Artificial Intelligence, JNSSM 2024 [paper]
2. From PDFs to Structured Data: Utilizing LLM Analysis in Sports Database Management, arXiv:2410.17619 [paper]
3. Foresight in Sports Businesses: Exploring Emerging Scenarios Based on AI-Language Models and Financial Management Strategies, Sports Business Journal 2025 [paper]
4. Comprehensive Site Selection Model for Sports Facilities in Iran: Leveraging AI Language Models, Sport Management Journal 2025 [paper]

Sports Talent Scouting

1. Empowering the Sports Scientist with Artificial Intelligence in Training, Performance, and Health Management, Sensors 2024 [paper]
2. Leveraging LLMs and RAG for Enhanced Football Talent Scouting, CAISE 2025 [paper]
3. Footyintel: Creating an AI Scout for Better Talent Recognition, International Journal of Environmental Sciences 2025 [paper]

Sports Tourism

1. Investigating Esports Tourism Research Using Artificial Intelligence Applications: ChatGPT Versus ZekAI, Tourism and Recreation 2025 [paper]
2. AI-Powered ChatGPT in Sports Tourism Benefits, Challenges, and Future Prospects, Redefining Tourism With AI and the Metaverse 2025 [paper]

Sports Understanding

Specialized Sports Understanding

1. QASports: A Question Answering Dataset about Sports, Dataset Showcase Workshop (DSW) 2023 [paper]
2. Beyond the Imitation Game: Quantifying and Extrapolating the Capabilities of Language Models, TMLR 2023 [paper]
3. Sports-QA: A Large-Scale Video Question Answering Benchmark for Complex and Professional Sports [paper]
4. SportQA: A Benchmark for Sports Understanding in Large Language Models, NAACL 2024 [paper]
5. SPORTU: A Comprehensive Sports Understanding Benchmark for Multimodal Large Language Models, ICLR 2025 [paper]
6. FSBench: A Figure Skating Benchmark for Advancing Artistic Sports Understanding, CVPR 2025 [paper]
7. LiveCC: Learning Video LLM with Streaming Speech Transcription at Scale, CVPR 2025 [paper]
8. Sports Intelligence: Assessing the Sports Understanding Capabilities of Language Models Through Question Answering from Text to Video, Electronics 2025 [paper]
9. FineBadminton: A Multi-Level Dataset for Fine-Grained Badminton Video Understanding, MM 2025 [paper]
10. FineQuest: Adaptive Knowledge-Assisted Sports Video Understanding via Agent-of-Thoughts Reasoning, MM 2025 [paper]

General Video Understanding

1. InternVid: a Large-Scale Video-Text Dataset for Multimodal Understanding and Generation, ICLR 2024 [paper]
2. E.T. Bench: Towards Open-Ended Event-Level Video-Language Understanding, NeurIPS 2024 [paper]
3. Ego-Exo4D: Understanding Skilled Human Activity from First- and Third-Person Perspectives, CVPR 2024 [paper]
4. LVBench: an Extreme Long Video Understanding Benchmark, arXiv:2406.08035 [paper]
5. VideoVista: a Versatile Benchmark for Video Understanding and Reasoning,arXiv 2025 [paper]
6. FIOVA: a Multi-Annotator Benchmark for Human-Aligned Video Captioning, arXiv:2410.15270 [paper]
7. Neptune: the Long Orbit to Benchmarking Long Video Understanding, arXiv:2412.09582 [paper]
8. Enhancing Multimodal LLM for Detailed and Accurate Video Captioning Using Multi-Round Preference Optimization, arXiv:2410.06682 [paper]
9. Video-SALMONN 2: Captioning-Enhanced Audio-Visual Large Language Models, arXiv:2506.15220 [paper]
10. MMWorld: Towards Multi-Discipline Multi-Faceted World Model Evaluation in Videos, ICLR 2025 [paper]
11. LongVILA: Scaling Long-Context Visual Language Models for Long Videos, ICLR 2025 [paper]
12. MLVU: Benchmarking Multi-Task Long Video Understanding, CVPR 2025 [paper]
13. Video-MME: the First-Ever Comprehensive Evaluation Benchmark of Multi-Modal LLMs in Video Analysis, CVPR 2025 [paper]
14. MotionBench: Benchmarking and Improving Fine-Grained Video Motion Understanding for Vision Language Models, CVPR 2025 [paper]
15. OVO-Bench: How Far Is Your Video-LLMs from Real-World Online Video Understanding? CVPR 2025 [paper]
16. VISTA: Enhancing Long-Duration and High-Resolution Video Understanding by VIdeo SpatioTemporal Augmentation, CVPR 2025 [paper]
17. HarmonySet: a Comprehensive Dataset for Understanding Video-Music Semantic Alignment and Temporal Synchronization, CVPR 2025 [paper]
18. VideoA11y-40K: a Large-Scale Dataset for Accessible Video Understanding , CHI 2025 [paper]
19. TUNA: Comprehensive Fine-Grained Temporal Understanding Evaluation on Dense Dynamic Videos, ACL 2025 [paper]
20. WorldSense: Evaluating Real-World Omnimodal Understanding for Multimodal LLMs, arXiv:2502.04326 [paper]
21. V-STaR: Benchmarking Video-LLMs on Video Spatio-Temporal Reasoning, arXiv:2503.11495 [paper]
22. MINERVA: Evaluating Complex Video Reasoning, arXiv:2505.00681 [paper]
23. MAVERIX: Multimodal Audio-Visual Evaluation Reasoning IndeX, arXiv:2503.21699 [paper]
24. RTV-Bench: Benchmarking MLLM Continuous Perception, Understanding and Reasoning Through Real-Time Video, arXiv:2505.02064 [paper]
25. VidText: Towards Comprehensive Evaluation for Video Text Understanding, arXiv:2505.22810 [paper]
26. SIV-Bench: a Video Benchmark for Social Interaction Understanding and Reasoning, arXiv:2506.05425 [paper]
27. ExAct: a Video-Language Benchmark for Expert Action Analysis, arXiv:2506.06277 [paper]
28. VRBench: a Benchmark for Multi-Step Reasoning in Long Narrative Videos, arXiv:2506.10857 [paper]
29. Understanding and Benchmarking the Trustworthiness in Multimodal LLMs for Video Understanding, arXiv:2506.12336 [paper]
30. CausalStep: a Benchmark for Explicit Stepwise Causal Reasoning in Videos, arXiv:2507.16878 [paper]
31. EgoExoBench: a Benchmark for First- and Third-Person View Video Understanding in MLLMs, arXiv:2507.18342 [paper]
32. WildVideo: Benchmarking LMMs for Understanding Video-Language Interaction, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 2025 [paper]
33. ST-VLM: Kinematic Instruction Tuning for Spatio-Temporal Reasoning in Vision-Language Models, arXiv:2503.19355 [paper]
34. LiveCC: Learning Video LLM with Streaming Speech Transcription at Scale, CVPR 2025 [paper]

Related Surveys

1. Artificial intelligence in sport: A narrative review of applications, challenges and future trends, Journal of Sports Sciences 2025 [paper]
2. Language and Multimodal Models in Sports: A Survey of Datasets and Applications, arXiv:2406.12252 [paper]
3. Large Language Models in Sport Science & Medicine: Opportunities, Risks and Considerations, arXiv 2023 [paper]
4. Impact of ChatGPT Technology on Sports Industry, Journal of New Media and Economics (JNME) 2024 [paper]
5. Sport and the Promise of Artificial Intelligence: Human and Machine Futures, Sociology of Sport Journal 2024 [paper]
6. A Review of Artificial Intelligence in Sports: Applications, Ethical Concerns, and Legal Frameworks [paper]
7. A deep introspection into the role of ChatGPT for transforming hospitality, leisure, sport, and tourism education, Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sport & Tourism Education 2024 [paper]
8. Artificial intelligence in health and sport sciences: Promise, progress, and prudence, Journal of Sport and Health Science 2025 [paper]
9. Challenges and opportunities of artificial intelligence implementation within sports science and sports medicine teams, Frontiers in Sports and Active Living 2024 [paper]
10. Using Large Language Models to Enhance Exercise Recommendations and Physical Activity in Clinical and Healthy Populations: Scoping Review, JMIR Medical Informatics 2025 [paper]

Years

2020

1. Predicting in-Game Actions from Interviews of NBA Players, Computational Linguistics 2020 [paper]

2021

1. SportsSum2.0: Generating High-Quality Sports News from Live Text Commentary, CIKM 2021 [paper]

2022

1. Soccer Game Summarization Using Audio Commentary, Metadata, and Captions, NarSUM 2022[paper]
2. Knowledge Enhanced Sports Game Summarization , WSDM 2022 [paper]
3. Sporthesia: Augmenting Sports Videos Using Natural Language, IEEE transactions on visualization and computer graphics 2022 [paper]

2023

1. QASports: a Question Answering Dataset About Sports, Dataset Showcase Workshop (DSW) 2023 [paper]
2. Beyond the Imitation Game: Quantifying and Extrapolating the Capabilities of Language Models, TMLR 2023 [paper]
3. MAAIG: Motion Analysis and Instruction Generation, MM Asia 2023 [paper]
4. The Role of ChatGPT in Sports Trauma: a Mini Review on Strengths and Limits of Open AI Application, Discover Artificial Intelligence 2023 [paper]
5. Interdisciplinary Inquiry via PanelGPT: Application to Explore Chatbot Application in Sports Rehabilitation, medRxiv 2023 [paper]
6. Artificial Intelligence in Sports Medicine: Could GPT-4 Make Human Doctors Obsolete?, Annals of Biomedical Engineering 2023 [paper]
7. Artificial Intelligence and ChatGPT in Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, Journal of Experimental Orthopaedics 2023 [paper]
8. Chatbot Generative Pre-Trained Transformer and Artificial Intelligence in Sports Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Saudi Journal of Sports Medicine 2023 [paper]
9. ChatGPT Is a Breakthrough in Science and Education but Fails a Test in Sports and Exercise Psychology, Baltic Journal of Sport and Health Sciences 2023 [paper]
10. Increasing Physical Activity Using an Just-in-Time Adaptive Digital Assistant Supported by Machine Learning: a Novel Approach for Hyper-Personalised mHealth Interventions, Journal of Biomedical Informatics 2023 [paper]
11. TacticalGPT: Uncovering the Potential of LLMs for Predicting Tactical Decisions in Professional Football, StatsBomb Conference 2023 [paper]
12. Proactive Autonomous Assignments as Pedagogical Responses to the Rise of Artificial Intelligence Solutions in Sport Management Teaching Practice, Sport Management Education Journal 2023 [paper]
13. Artificial Intelligence in Sport Management Education: Playing the AI Game with ChatGPT, Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sport & Tourism Education 2023 [paper]
14. Artificial Intelligence in Physical Education and Sports: New Horizons with ChatGPT, Mediterranean Journal of Sport Science 2023 [paper]
15. Soccer Artificial Intelligence Commentary Service on the Base of Video Analytic and Large Language Models, TELFOR 2023 [paper]
16. Bridging Multimedia Modalities: Enhanced Multimodal AI Understanding and Intelligent Agents, ICMI 2023 [paper]
17. Multi-Modal Architecture for Cricket Highlights Generation: Using Computer Vision and Large Language Model, ICOSST 2023 [paper]
18. Generating Factually Consistent Sport Highlights Narrations, MMSports 2023 [paper]
19. ChatGPT for Sample-Size Calculation in Sports Medicine and Exercise Sciences: a Cautionary Note, International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 2023 [paper]
20. AI Did Not Write This Manuscript, or Did It? Can We Trick the AI Text Detector into Generated Texts? the Potential Future of ChatGPT and AI in Sports & Exercise Medicine Manuscript Generation, BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine 2023 [paper]
21. From Human Writing to Artificial Intelligence Generated Text: Examining the Prospects and Potential Threats of ChatGPT in Academic Writing, Biology of sport 2023 [paper]
22. Large Language Models in Sport Science & Medicine: Opportunities, Risks and Considerations, arXiv:2305.03851 [paper]
23. From Human Writing to Artificial Intelligence Generated Text: Examining the Prospects and Potential Threats of ChatGPT in Academic Writing, Biology of sport 2023 [paper]
24. Artificial Intelligence and ChatGPT in Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, Journal of Experimental Orthopaedics 2023 [paper]
25. FootGPT : a Large Language Model Development Experiment on a Minimal Setting [paper]
26. Large Language Models in Sport Science & Medicine: Opportunities, Risks and Considerations, arXiv 2023 [paper]

2024

1. Soccer Artificial Intelligence Commentary Service on the Base of Video Analytic and Large Language Models, TELFOR 2023 [paper]
2. SportQA: a Benchmark for Sports Understanding in Large Language Models, NAACL 2024 [paper]
3. InternVid: a Large-Scale Video-Text Dataset for Multimodal Understanding and Generation, ICLR 2024 [paper]
4. E.T. Bench: Towards Open-Ended Event-Level Video-Language Understanding, NeurIPS 2024 [paper]
5. Ego-Exo4D: Understanding Skilled Human Activity from First- and Third-Person Perspectives, CVPR 2024 [paper]
6. Artificial Intelligence in Sport: Exploring the Potential of Using ChatGPT in Resistance Training Prescription, Biology of sport 2024 [paper]
7. Using Artificial Intelligence for Exercise Prescription in Personalised Health Promotion: a Critical Evaluation of OpenAI's GPT-4 Model, Biology of Sport 2024 [paper]
8. ChatGPT and Exercise Prescription: Human vs. Machine or Human Plus Machine?, Journal of Sport and Health Science 2024 [paper]
9. Infusing Behavior Science into Large Language Models for Activity Coaching, PLOS Digital Health 2024 [paper]
10. The Potential of Large Language Model Chatbots for Application to Epilepsy: Let's Talk About Physical Exercise, Epilepsy & Behavior Reports 2024 [paper]
11. Optimizing Athletic Performance Through Advanced Nutrition Strategies: Can AI and Digital Platforms Have a Role in Ultraendurance Sports?, Biology of Sport 2024 [paper]
12. Who Could and Should Give Exercise Prescription: Physicians, Exercise and Health Scientists, Fitness Trainers, or ChatGPT?, Journal of Sport and Health Science 2024 [paper]
13. Does ChatGPT Provide Comprehensive and Accurate Information Regarding the Effects, Types and Programming of Core Exercises?, Turkish Journal of Kinesiology 2024 [paper]
14. ChatGPT Generated Training Plans for Runners Are Not Rated Optimal by Coaching Experts, but Increase in Quality with Additional Input Information, Journal of sports science & medicine 2024 [[paper](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10915606/
15. The Impact of LLM Hallucinations on Motor Skill Learning: a Case Study in Badminton, IEEE Access 2024 [paper]
16. Assessing ChatGPT's Competency in Addressing Interdisciplinary Inquiries on Chatbot Uses in Sports Rehabilitation: Simulation Study, JMIR Medical Education 2024 [paper]
17. Evaluating the Qualitative and Quantitative Performance of Generative AI on Knowledge in Sports Medicine: the Case of GPT, General Aspects of Applying Generative AI in Higher Education: Opportunities and Challenges 2024 [paper]
18. Large Language Models for Wearable Sensor-Based Human Activity Recognition, Health Monitoring, and Behavioral Modeling: a Survey of Early Trends, Datasets, and Challenges, Sensors 2024 [paper]
19. HARGPT: Are LLMs Zero-Shot Human Activity Recognizers?, FMSys 2024 [paper]
20. LLaSA: Large Multimodal Agent for Human Activity Analysis Through Wearable Sensors, arXiv 2024 [paper]
21. Rugby Scene Classification Enhanced by Vision Language Model, CVPR 2024 CVsports Workshop [paper]
22. ActionAtlas: a VideoQA Benchmark for Domain-Specialized Action Recognition, NeurIPS 2024 [paper]
23. Smartboard: Visual Exploration of Team Tactics with LLM Agent, IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics 2024 [paper]
24. Using Large Language Models to Generate Baseball Spray Charts in the Absence of Numerical Data, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology 2024 [paper]
25. SportsMetrics: Blending Text and Numerical Data to Understand Information Fusion in LLMs, ACL 2024 [paper]
26. Large Language Models on Race Commentary: Towards Granular Data in Cycling Analytics, MLSA 2024 [paper]
27. When Reasoning Meets Information Aggregation: a Case Study with Sports Narratives, EMNLP 2024 [paper]
28. A Stroke of Genius: Predicting the Next Move in Badminton, CVPR 2024 CVsports Workshop [paper]
29. Social Networks and Large Language Models for Division I Basketball Game Winner Prediction, IEEE Access 2024 [paper]
30. Using ChatGPT to Promote College Students' Participation in Physical Activities and Its Effect on Mental Health, World Journal of Psychiatry 2024 [paper]
31. X-VARS: Introducing Explainability in Football Refereeing with Multi-Modal Large Language Models, CVPR 2024 Workshop [paper]
32. MatchTime: Towards Automatic Soccer Game Commentary Generation, EMNLP 2024 [paper]
33. Commentary Generation from Data Records of Multiplayer Strategy Esports Game, NAACL 2024 Student Research Workshop [paper]
34. Personalized Video Comment Generation, EMNLP Findings 2024 [paper]
35. AiCommentator: a Multimodal Conversational Agent for Embedded Visualization in Football Viewing, IUI 2024 [paper]
36. Designing for Automated Sports Commentary Systems, IMX 2024 [paper]
37. LLM-Commentator: Novel Fine-Tuning Strategies of Large Language Models for Automatic Commentary Generation Using Football Event Data, Knowledge-Based Systems 2024 [paper]
38. [M] Large Scale Generative AI Text Applied to Sports and Music,ACM SIGKDD 2024 [paper]
39. A Descriptive Basketball Highlight Dataset for Automatic Commentary Generation, MM 2024 [paper]
40. Assessment of Personalized Exercise Prescriptions Issued by ChatGPT 4.0 and Intelligent Health Promotion Systems for Patients with Hypertension Comorbidities Based on the Transtheoretical Model: A Comparative Analysis, Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare 2024 [paper]
41. AI-Based Sports Highlight Generation for Social Media, MHV 2024 [paper]
42. SNIL: Generating Sports News from Insights with Large Language Models, IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics 2024 [paper]
43. Advancing Cricket Narratives: AI-Enhanced Advanced Journaling in the IPL Using Language Models, CONECCT 2024 [paper]
44. BADGE: BADminton Report Generation and Evaluation with LLM, IJCAI 2024 Workshop [paper]
45. Sportify: Question Answering with Embedded Visualizations and Personified Narratives for Sports Video, IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics 2024 [paper]
46. Multimodal AI-Based Summarization and Storytelling for Soccer on Social Media, MMSys 2024 [paper]
47. Esports Debut as a Medal Event at 2023 Asian Games: Exploring Public Perceptions with BERTopic and GPT-4 Topic Fine-Tuning, arXiv:2409.18798 [paper]
48. OneLove Beyond the Field - a Few-Shot Pipeline for Topic and Sentiment Analysis During the FIFA World Cup in Qatar, KONVENS 2024 [paper]
49. Megan - a Sports Chatbot Using OpenAI APIs and Django Framework with Python, International Conference for Convergence in Technology (I2CT) 2024 [paper]
50. Querying Football Matches for Event Data: Towards Using Large Language Models, ISACE 2024 [paper]
51. Artificial Intelligence in Physical Education: Comprehensive Review and Future Teacher Training Strategies, Frontiers in public health 2024 [paper]
52. Demo: Soccer Information Retrieval via Natural Queries Using SoccerRAG, CBMI 2024 [paper]
53. SoccerRAG: Multimodal Soccer Information Retrieval via Natural Queries, CBMI 2024 [paper]
54. Soccer-GraphRAG: Applications of GraphRAG in Soccer, IRonGraphs 2024 [paper]
55. Empowering the Sports Scientist with Artificial Intelligence in Training, Performance, and Health Management, Sensors 2024 [paper]
56. Artificial Intelligence in Sport Scientific Creation and Writing Process, Artificial Intelligence in Sports, Movement, and Health 2024 [paper]
57. Human-Written vs AI-Generated Texts in Orthopedic Academic Literature: Comparative Qualitative Analysis, JMIR formative research 2024 [paper]
58. Impact of ChatGPT Technology on Sports Industry, Journal of New Media and Economics（JNME）2024 [paper]
59. Towards a Personal Health Large Language Model, AIM-FM Workshop @ NeurIPS'24 Oral 2024 [paper]
60. A Deep Introspection into the Role of ChatGPT for Transforming Hospitality, Leisure, Sport, and Tourism Education, Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sport & Tourism Education 2024 [paper]
61. Challenges and Opportunities of Artificial Intelligence Implementation Within Sports Science and Sports Medicine Teams, Frontiers in Sports and Active Living 2024 [paper]
62. The Impact of LLM Hallucinations on Motor Skill Learning: a Case Study in Badminton, IEEE Access 2024 [paper]
63. Sports-QA: a Large-Scale Video Question Answering Benchmark for Complex and Professional Sports, arXiv:2401.01505 [paper]
64. LVBench: an Extreme Long Video Understanding Benchmark, arXiv:2406.08035 [paper]
65. Enhancing Multimodal LLM for Detailed and Accurate Video Captioning Using Multi-Round Preference Optimization, arXiv:2410.06682 [paper]
66. FIOVA: a Multi-Annotator Benchmark for Human-Aligned Video Captioning, arXiv:2410.15270 [paper]
67. Neptune: the Long Orbit to Benchmarking Long Video Understanding, arXiv:2412.09582 [paper]
68. Multi-Dimensional Insights: Benchmarking Real-World Personalization in Large Multimodal Models, arXiv:2412.12606 [paper]
69. SCBench: a Sports Commentary Benchmark for Video LLMs, arXiv:2412.17637 [paper]
70. Enhancing Structured-Data Retrieval with GraphRAG: Soccer Data Case Study, arXiv:2409.17580 [paper]
71. A Financial Management Maturity Model in Sports Organizations: a Novel Approach Using Artificial Intelligence, JNSSM 2024 [paper]
72. From PDFs to Structured Data: Utilizing LLM Analysis in Sports Database Management, arXiv:2410.17619 [paper]
73. Language and Multimodal Models in Sports: a Survey of Datasets and Applications, arXiv:2406.12252 [paper]
74. Can Large Language Models Do Analytical Reasoning?, arXiv:2403.04031 [paper]
75. AI for Handball: Predicting and Explaining the 2024 Olympic Games Tournament with Deep Learning and Large Language Models, MathSport International 2025 [paper]
76. Assessing the Accuracy of Large Language Models in Extracting Latest Cricket Information, Scientific Journal of Sport and Performance 2025 [paper]
77. Agentic Generative AI for Media Content Discovery at the National Football League, 2025 [paper]
78. Diagnostic Applications of AI in Sports: a Comprehensive Review of Injury Risk Prediction Methods, Diagnostics 2024 [paper]
79. Language and Multimodal Models in Sports: A Survey of Datasets and Applications, arXiv:2406.12252 [paper]
80. Impact of ChatGPT Technology on Sports Industry, Journal of New Media and Economics (JNME) 2024 [paper]
81. Sport and the Promise of Artificial Intelligence: Human and Machine Futures, Sociology of Sport Journal 2024 [paper]
82. A deep introspection into the role of ChatGPT for transforming hospitality, leisure, sport, and tourism education, Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sport & Tourism Education 2024 [paper]
83. Challenges and opportunities of artificial intelligence implementation within sports science and sports medicine teams, Frontiers in Sports and Active Living 2024 [paper]

2025

1. Experience Is All You Need: a Large Language Model Application of Fine-Tuned GPT-3.5 and RoBERTa for Aspect-Based Sentiment Analysis of College Football Stadium Reviews, Sport Management Review 2025 [paper]
2. FSBench: a Figure Skating Benchmark for Advancing Artistic Sports Understanding, CVPR 2025 [paper]
3. SPORTU: a Comprehensive Sports Understanding Benchmark for Multimodal Large Language Models, ICLR 2025 [paper]
4. FineBadminton: a Multi-Level Dataset for Fine-Grained Badminton Video Understanding, ACM MM 2025 [paper]
5. FineQuest: Adaptive Knowledge-Assisted Sports Video Understanding via Agent-of-Thoughts Reasoning, MM 2025 [paper]
6. Video-MME: the First-Ever Comprehensive Evaluation Benchmark of Multi-Modal LLMs in Video Analysis, CVPR 2025 [paper]
7. MLVU: Benchmarking Multi-Task Long Video Understanding, CVPR 2025 [paper]
8. MotionBench: Benchmarking and Improving Fine-Grained Video Motion Understanding for Vision Language Models, CVPR 2025 [paper]
9. OVO-Bench: How Far Is Your Video-LLMs from Real-World Online Video Understanding? CVPR 2025 [paper]
10. VISTA: Enhancing Long-Duration and High-Resolution Video Understanding by VIdeo SpatioTemporal Augmentation, CVPR 2025 [paper]
11. HarmonySet: a Comprehensive Dataset for Understanding Video-Music Semantic Alignment and Temporal Synchronization, CVPR 2025 [paper]
12. VideoA11y-40K: a Large-Scale Dataset for Accessible Video Understanding , CHI 2025 [paper]
13. MIP-GAF: a MLLM-Annotated Benchmark for Most Important Person Localization and Group Context Understanding, WACV 2025 [paper]
14. Visualizing Exercise Data from Combat Exergame for Exploring the Insight from Personal Informatics with Large Language Models, CHI EA 2025 [paper]
15. Reproducibility and Quality of Hypertrophy-Related Training Plans Generated by GPT-4 and Google Gemini as Evaluated by Coaching Experts, Biology of Sport 2025 [paper]
16. Evaluating the Potential Role of AI Chatbots in Designing Personalized Exercise Programs for Weight Management, International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction 2025 [paper]
17. Acceptance and Trust in AI-Generated Exercise Plans Among Recreational Athletes and Quality Evaluation by Experienced Coaches a Pilot Study, BMC Research Notes 2025 [paper]
18. Can People with Epilepsy Trust AI Chatbots for Information on Physical Exercise?, Epilepsy & Behavior 2025 [paper]
19. GPTCoach: Towards LLM-Based Physical Activity Coaching, CHI 2025 [paper]
20. Digital Coaches: an Alternative to Expert Coaches for Men's Fitness Goals, Physical Activity Review 2025 [paper]
21. A Multi-Agent Digital Twin Framework for AI-Driven Fitness Coaching, IMX 2025 [paper]
22. GPT- 4 as a Virtual Fitness Coach: a Case Study Assessing Its Effectiveness in Providing Weight Loss and Fitness Guidance, BMC Public Health 2025 [paper]
23. T3Set: a Multimodal Dataset with Targeted Suggestions for LLM-Based Virtual Coach in Table Tennis Training, KDD 2025 [paper]
24. Table Tennis Coaching System Based on a Multimodal Large Language Model with a Table Tennis Knowledge Base, PloS one 2025 [paper]
25. Enhancing Athletic Performance Through AI: an Iterative Prompt Engineering Approach for LLM-Based Coaching Feedback, International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction 2025 [paper]
26. Intent-Aware Personalized Feedback Generation from Coach-Athlete Dialogues in Sports Training, Journal of King Saud University Computer and Information Sciences 2025 [paper]
27. Balancing Act: Generative AI Tools and Scope of Practice in Health Coaching, American Journal of Health Promotion 2025 [paper])]
28. Examining the Ability of Artificial Intelligence with ChatGPT-4.0 to Create an Exercise Program: Case Scenario Examples "Lumbar Disc Herniation, Chronic Migraine, and Urge Urinary Incontinence, Turkish Journal of Kinesiology 2025[paper]
29. The Sports Nutrition Knowledge of Large Language Model (LLM) Artificial Intelligence (AI) Chatbots: an Assessment of Accuracy, Completeness, Clarity, Quality of Evidence, and Test-Retest Reliability, PLOS One 2025 [paper]
30. ExpertAF: Expert Actionable Feedback from Video, CVPR 2025 [paper]
31. Expert Comment Generation Considering Sports Skill Level Using a Large Multimodal Model with Video and Spatial-Temporal Motion Features, Sensors 2025 [paper]
32. LEGOLAS: Learning & Enhancing Golf Skills Through LLM-Augmented System, CHI EA 2025 [paper]
33. CoachMe: Decoding Sport Elements with a Reference-Based Coaching Instruction Generation Model, ACL 2025 [paper]
34. RAG-LLM Based Evaluation Pathway and Technological Exploration for the Scientific Validity of Mass Fitness, ASSC 6th 2025 [paper]
35. Characteristics and Perceived Suitability of Artificial Intelligence-Driven Sports Coaches: a Pilot Study on Psychological and Perceptual Factors, Frontiers in Sports and Active Living 2025 [paper]
36. Full-Parameter Fine-Tuning Method of LLMs for Sports Injury Prevention and Treatment, IJMCMC 2025 [paper]
37. Comparative Evaluation of Artificial Intelligence Models GPT-4 and GPT-3.5 in Clinical Decision-Making in Sports Surgery and Physiotherapy: a Cross-Sectional Study, BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making 2025 [paper]
38. Evaluation of the Phi-3-Mini SLM for Identification of Texts Related to Medicine, Health, and Sports Injuries, ICMI 2025 [paper]
39. Generative AI in Sport and Exercise Psychology: Exploring Opportunities and Overcoming Challenges, Sport and Exercise Psychology Review 2025 [paper]
40. Assessment of Recommendations Provided to Athletes Regarding Sleep Education by GPT-4o and Google Gemini: Comparative Evaluation Study, JMIR Formative Research 2025 [paper]
41. Multisport YODA: Leveraging LLMs for Cognition Based Comprehensive Performance Analytics, MathSport International 2025 [paper]
42. Soccer-CLIP: Vision Language Model for Soccer Action Spotting, IEEE Access 2025 [paper]
43. F³Set: Towards Analyzing Fast, Frequent, and Fine-Grained Events from Videos, ICLR 2025 [paper]
44. Improving LLM Video Understanding with 16 Frames per Second, ICML 2025 [paper]
45. Do We Need Large VLMs for Spotting Soccer Actions?, arXiv:2506.17144 [paper]
46. [M] Domain Adaptation of VLM for Soccer Video Understanding, CVPR 2025 CVsports Workshop [paper]
47. From Beats to Scores: a Multi-Modal Framework for Comprehensive Figure Skating Assessment, CVPR 2025 CVsports Workshop [paper]
48. Fine-Tuning Large Multimodal Models for Fitness Action Quality Assessment, UMAP adjunct 2025 [paper]
49. FitnessAgent: a Unified Agent Framework for Open-Set and Personalized Fitness Evaluation, ICRA 2025 [paper]
50. LLM-FMS: a Fine-Grained Dataset for Functional Movement Screen Action Quality Assessment, PloS one 2025 [paper]
51. ChatMatch: Exploring the Potential of Hybrid Vision-Language Deep Learning Approach for the Intelligent Analysis and Inference of Racket Sports, Computer Speech & Language 2025 [paper]
52. AI for Handball: Predicting and Explaining the 2024 Olympic Games Tournament with Deep Learning and Large Language Models, MathSport International 2025 [paper]
53. Analyzing Key Factors Influencing IPL Cricket Scores Using Explainability and Multimodal Data, Journal of Quantitative Analysis in Sports 2025 [paper]
54. ChatPPG: Multi-Modal Alignment of Large Language Models for Time-Series Forecasting in Table Tennis [paper]
55. Assessing the Practicality of Using Freely Available AI-Based GPT Tools for Coach Learning and Athlete Development, Frontiers in Sports and Active Living 2025 [paper]
56. Harnessing Generative AI in Exercise and Sports Science Education Enhancing Real-World Learning and Overcoming Traditional Barriers in Data Analysis, Advances in Physiology Education, 2025 [paper]
57. Innovating Physical Education with Artificial Intelligence: a Potential Approach, Frontiers in Psychology 2025 [paper]
58. Exploring Opportunities and Challenges Toward ChatGPT for Inclusion in Sport Education, Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sport & Tourism Education 2025 [paper]
59. Promises and Perils of Generative Artificial Intelligence: A Narrative Review Informing Its Ethical and Practical Applications in Clinical Exercise Physiology, BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation 2025 [paper]
60. Enhancing Football Refereeing with AI: VARS and X-VARS for Assisted Decision-Making, MathSport International 2025 [paper]
61. TimeSoccer: an End-to-End Multimodal Large Language Model for Soccer Commentary Generation, arXiv:2504.17365 [paper]
62. [M] Domain Adaptation of VLM for Soccer Video Understanding, CVPR 2025 CVsports Workshop [paper]
63. Live Football Commentary System Providing Background Information, ACL demo 2025 [paper]
64. Player Tracking-Integrated Soccer Game Commentary Generation, IJSAT 2025 [paper]
65. LiveCC: Learning Video LLM with Streaming Speech Transcription at Scale, CVPR 2025 [paper]
66. Multi-Modal Large Language Model with RAG Strategies in Soccer Commentary Generation, WACV 2025 [paper]
67. Player-Centric Multimodal Prompt Generation for Large Language Model Based Identity-Aware Basketball Video Captioning, ICCV 2025 [paper]
68. Enhanced Cricket Commentary Using AI Vision and Multilingual Translation, IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Applications (MPSec ICETA) 2025 [paper]
69. Survey Paper on AI Based Sports Highlight Generation for Social Media, Journal of Scientific Research and Technology 2025 [paper]
70. DIAMOND: an LLM-Driven Agent for Context-Aware Baseball Highlight Summarization, REALM 2025 [paper]
71. HIPPO-VIDEO: Simulating Watch Histories with Large Language Models for History-Driven Video Highlighting, COLM 2025 [paper]
72. SportSummarizer: a Unified Multimodal Fusion Transformer for Context-Aware Sports Video Summarization, Neurocomputing 2025 [paper]
73. Tree-Of-Report: Table-to-Text Generation for Sports Game Reports with Tree-Structured Prompting, ACL-SRW 2025 [paper]
74. SportsBuddy: Designing and Evaluating an AI-Powered Sports Video Storytelling Tool Through Real-World Deployment, PacificVis 2025 [paper]
75. INVESTIGATING THE FACTORS INFLUENCING ADOPTION INTENTIONS OF CHATGPT FOR SPORT EVENTS, SPORMETRE Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi 2025 [paper]
76. BleacherBot: AI Agent as a Sports Co-Viewing Partner, CHI 2025 [paper]
77. A System for Triggering Sports Instant Answers on Search Engines, SIGIR 2025 [paper]
78. Assessing the Accuracy of Large Language Models in Extracting Latest Cricket Information, Scientific Journal of Sport and Performance 2025 [paper]
79. Agentic Generative AI for Media Content Discovery at the National Football League, 2025 [paper]
80. From Play to Replay: Composed Video Retrieval for Temporally Fine-Grained Videos, arXiv:2506.05274 [paper]
81. Korean Football in-Game Conversation State Tracking Dataset for Dialogue and Turn Level Evaluation, Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence 2025 [paper]
82. Towards Universal Soccer Video Understanding, CVPR 2025 [paper]
83. [M] Domain Adaptation of VLM for Soccer Video Understanding, CVPR 2025 CVsports Workshop [paper]
84. Foresight in Sports Businesses: Exploring Emerging Scenarios Based on AI-Language Models and Financial Management Strategies, Sports Business Journal 2025 [paper]
85. Comprehensive Site Selection Model for Sports Facilities in Iran: Leveraging AI Language Models, Sport Management Journal 2025 [paper]
86. Leveraging LLMs and RAG for Enhanced Football Talent Scouting, CAISE 2025 [paper]
87. Footyintel: Creating an AI Scout for Better Talent Recognition, International Journal of Environmental Sciences 2025 [paper]
88. Investigating Esports Tourism Research Using Artificial Intelligence Applications: ChatGPT Versus ZekAI, Tourism and Recreation 2025 [paper]
89. AI-Powered ChatGPT in Sports Tourism Benefits, Challenges, and Future Prospects, Redefining Tourism With AI and the Metaverse 2025 [paper]
90. Artificial Intelligence in Sport: a Narrative Review of Applications, Challenges and Future Trends, Journal of Sports Sciences 2025 [paper]
91. The Effects of Chat GPT Generated Exercise Program in Healthy Overweight Young Adults: A Pilot Study, Journal of Human Sport and Exercise 2025 [paper]
92. Using Large Language Models to Enhance Exercise Recommendations and Physical Activity in Clinical and Healthy Populations: Scoping Review, JMIR Medical Informatics 2025 [paper]
93. Sports and Women's Sports: Gender Bias in Text Generation with Olympic Data, NAACL short 2025 [paper]
94. Ethical Implications of Artificial Intelligence in Sport: a Systematic Scoping Review, Journal of Sport and Health Science 2025 [paper]
95. Balancing Act: Generative AI Tools and Scope of Practice in Health Coaching, American Journal of Health Promotion 2025 [paper]
96. Generative AI in Sport and Exercise Psychology: Exploring Opportunities and Overcoming Challenges, Sport and Exercise Psychology Review 2025 [paper]
97. WorldSense: Evaluating Real-World Omnimodal Understanding for Multimodal LLMs, arXiv:2502.04326 [paper]
98. V-STaR: Benchmarking Video-LLMs on Video Spatio-Temporal Reasoning, arXiv:2503.11495 [paper]
99. ST-VLM: Kinematic Instruction Tuning for Spatio-Temporal Reasoning in Vision-Language Models, arXiv:2503.19355 [paper]
100. MINERVA: Evaluating Complex Video Reasoning, arXiv:2505.00681 [paper]
101. RTV-Bench: Benchmarking MLLM Continuous Perception, Understanding and Reasoning Through Real-Time Video, arXiv:2505.02064 [paper]
102. VidText: Towards Comprehensive Evaluation for Video Text Understanding, arXiv:2505.22810 [paper]
103. ExAct: a Video-Language Benchmark for Expert Action Analysis, arXiv:2506.06277 [paper]
104. MAVERIX: Multimodal Audio-Visual Evaluation Reasoning IndeX, arXiv:2503.21699 [paper]
105. EgoExoBench: a Benchmark for First- and Third-Person View Video Understanding in MLLMs, arXiv:2507.18342 [paper]
106. VideoVista: a Versatile Benchmark for Video Understanding and Reasoning,arXiv 2025 [paper]
107. WildVideo: Benchmarking LMMs for Understanding Video-Language Interaction, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 2025 [paper]
108. TUNA: Comprehensive Fine-Grained Temporal Understanding Evaluation on Dense Dynamic Videos, ACL 2025 [paper]
109. MMWorld: Towards Multi-Discipline Multi-Faceted World Model Evaluation in Videos, ICLR 2025 [paper]
110. LongVILA: Scaling Long-Context Visual Language Models for Long Videos, ICLR 2025 [paper]
111. VRBench: a Benchmark for Multi-Step Reasoning in Long Narrative Videos, arXiv:2506.10857 [paper]
112. Understanding and Benchmarking the Trustworthiness in Multimodal LLMs for Video Understanding, arXiv:2506.12336 [paper]
113. CausalStep: a Benchmark for Explicit Stepwise Causal Reasoning in Videos, arXiv:2507.16878 [paper]
114. Video-SALMONN 2: Captioning-Enhanced Audio-Visual Large Language Models, arXiv:2506.15220 [paper]
115. SIV-Bench: a Video Benchmark for Social Interaction Understanding and Reasoning, arXiv:2506.05425 [paper]
116. MMSEARCH:UNVEILING THE POTENTIAL OF LARGE MODELS AS MULTI-MODAL SEARCH ENGINES, ICLR 2025 [paper]
117. MomentSeeker: a Task-Oriented Benchmark for Long-Video Moment Retrieval, arXiv:2502.12558 [paper]
118. SV3.3B: a Sports Video Understanding Model for Action Recognition, arXiv:2507.17844 [paper]
119. Enhancing Sports Strategy with Video Analytics and Data Mining: Assessing the Effectiveness of Multimodal LLMs in Tennis Video Analysis, arXiv:2507.02904 [paper]
120. From Motion Signals to Insights: a Unified Framework for Student Behavior Analysis and Feedback in Physical Education Classes, arXiv:2503.06525 [paper]
121. Enhanced Cricket Commentary Using AI Vision and Multilingual Translation, IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Applications (MPSec ICETA) 2025 [paper]
122. MIP-GAF: a MLLM-Annotated Benchmark for Most Important Person Localization and Group Context Understanding, WACV 2025 [paper]
123. Temporally-Grounded Language Generation: a Benchmark for Real-Time Vision-Language Models, arXiv:2505.11326 [paper]
124. StreamMind: Unlocking Full Frame Rate Streaming Video Dialogue Through Event-Gated Cognition, arXiv:2503.06220 [paper]
125. SoccerChat: Integrating Multimodal Data for Enhanced Soccer Game Understanding, arXiv:2505.16630 [paper]
126. Multi-Agent System for Comprehensive Soccer Understanding, arXiv:2505.03735 [paper]
127. ChatGPT-4o-Generated Exercise Plans for Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus—Assessment of Their Safety and Other Quality Criteria by Coaching Experts, IEEE Access 2025 [paper]
128. Harnessing Generative Artificial Intelligence for Exercise and Training Prescription: Applications and Implications in Sports and Physical Activity—A Systematic Literature Review, Applied Sciences 2025 [paper]
129. Sports Intelligence: Assessing the Sports Understanding Capabilities of Language Models Through Question Answering from Text to Video, Electronics 2025 [paper]
130. A 10-Week Large Language Model (LLM)-Generated Versus Human-Made Volleyball Training Program on the Jumping Performance of Collegiate Volleyball Athletes, Journal of Physical Education 2025 [paper]
131. The AI Coach: A 5-Week AI-Generated Calisthenics Training Program on Health-Related Physical Fitness Components of Untrained Collegiate Students, Journal of Human Sport and Exercise 2025 [paper]
132. Artificial intelligence in sport: A narrative review of applications, challenges and future trends, Journal of Sports Sciences 2025 [paper]
133. A Review of Artificial Intelligence in Sports: Applications, Ethical Concerns, and Legal Frameworks [paper]
134. Artificial intelligence in health and sport sciences: Promise, progress, and prudence, Journal of Sport and Health Science 2025 [paper]
135. Using Large Language Models to Enhance Exercise Recommendations and Physical Activity in Clinical and Healthy Populations: Scoping Review, JMIR Medical Informatics 2025 [paper]

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🤝 Contribution

If you have a paper, project, or dataset that fits into this resource, please feel free to open a pull request. We welcome contributions!

📚 Citation

If you find this repository useful for your research or work, please consider citing our paper:

@article{xu2025largemodels,
  title   = {A Survey of Large Models in Sports},
  author  = {Yichen Xu and Jianzhe Ma and Chuhan Wang and Zhonghao Cao and Liangyu Chen and Wenxuan Wang and Qin Jin},
  year    = {2025}
}