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examples.txt
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===== SQUEAK BY EXAMPLE ==========
Below follow all the (displayed) code examples from the book "Squeak by
Example".
For details about this book, see: http://SqueakByExample.org
The examples are provided, as is, for your convenience, in case you want
to copy and paste fragments to Squeak to try out.
Note that in almost all cases the annotation "--> ..." suggests that you
can select and apply <print it> to the previous expression and you should
obtain as a result the value following the arrow.
Many of these actually serve as test cases for the book. For more details
about testing, see the Wiki link under:
http://www.squeaksource.com/SBEtesting.html
===== CHAPTER: Preface ==========
-----
3 + 4 "--> 7 if you select 3+4 and 'print it', you will see 7"
-----
===== CHAPTER: A quick tour of Squeak ==========
-----
Transcript show: 'hello world'; cr.
-----
3 + 4 "--> 7"
-----
testShout
self assert: ('Don''t panic' shout = 'DON''T PANIC!')
-----
shout
^ self asUppercase, '!'
-----
===== CHAPTER: A first application ==========
-----
SimpleSwitchMorph subclass: #SBECell
instanceVariableNames: 'mouseAction'
classVariableNames: ''
poolDictionaries: ''
category: 'SBE-Quinto'
-----
initialize
super initialize.
self label: ''.
self borderWidth: 2.
bounds := 0@0 corner: 16@16.
offColor := Color paleYellow.
onColor := Color paleBlue darker.
self useSquareCorners.
self turnOff
-----
BorderedMorph subclass: #SBEGame
instanceVariableNames: ''
classVariableNames: ''
poolDictionaries: ''
category: 'SBE-Quinto'
-----
initialize
| sampleCell width height n |
super initialize.
n := self cellsPerSide.
sampleCell := SBECell new.
width := sampleCell width.
height := sampleCell height.
self bounds: (5@5 extent: ((width*n) @(height*n)) + (2 * self borderWidth)).
cells := Matrix new: n tabulate: [ :i :j | self newCellAt: i at: j ].
-----
SBEGame>>cellsPerSide
"The number of cells along each side of the game"
^ 10
-----
SBEGame>>newCellAt: i at: j
"Create a cell for position (i,j) and add it to my on-screen
representation at the appropriate screen position. Answer the new cell"
| c origin |
c := SBECell new.
origin := self innerBounds origin.
self addMorph: c.
c position: ((i - 1) * c width) @ ((j - 1) * c height) + origin.
c mouseAction: [self toggleNeighboursOfCellAt: i at: j].
-----
SBEGame>>toggleNeighboursOfCellAt: i at: j
(i > 1) ifTrue: [ (cells at: i - 1 at: j ) toggleState].
(i < self cellsPerSide) ifTrue: [ (cells at: i + 1 at: j) toggleState].
(j > 1) ifTrue: [ (cells at: i at: j - 1) toggleState].
(j < self cellsPerSide) ifTrue: [ (cells at: i at: j + 1) toggleState].
-----
SBECell>>mouseAction: aBlock
^ mouseAction := aBlock
-----
SBECell>>mouseUp: anEvent
mouseAction value
-----
SBEGame>>newCellAt: i at: j
"Create a cell for position (i,j) and add it to my on-screen
representation at the appropriate screen position. Answer the new cell"
| c origin |
c := SBECell new.
origin := self innerBounds origin.
self addMorph: c.
c position: ((i - 1) * c width) @ ((j - 1) * c height) + origin.
c mouseAction: [self toggleNeighboursOfCellAt: i at: j].
^ c
-----
MCHttpRepository
location: 'http://www.squeaksource.com/!\emph{YourProject}!'
user: '!\emph{yourInitials}!'
password: '!\emph{yourPassword}!'
-----
MCHttpRepository
location: 'http://www.squeaksource.com/!\emph{YourProject}!'
user: ''
password: ''
-----
===== CHAPTER: Syntax in a nutshell ==========
-----
(Smalltalk includes: Class) ifTrue: [ Transcript show: Class superclass ]
-----
+ - / \ * ~ < > = @ % | & ! ? ,
-----
2 raisedTo: 1 + 3 factorial "--> 128"
-----
1 + 2 * 3 "--> 9"
-----
1 + (2 * 3) "--> 7"
-----
Transcript cr.
Transcript show: 'hello world'.
Transcript cr
-----
Transcript cr;
show: 'hello world';
cr
-----
String>>lineCount
"Answer the number of lines represented by the receiver,
where every cr adds one line."
| cr count |
cr := Character cr.
count := 1 min: self size.
self do:
[:c | c == cr ifTrue: [count := count + 1]].
^ count
-----
[ 1 + 2 ] value "--> 3"
-----
[ :x | 1 + x ] value: 2 "--> 3"
[ :x :y | x + y ] value: 1 value: 2 "--> 3"
-----
[ :x :y | | z | z := x+ y. z ] value: 1 value: 2 "--> 3"
-----
| x |
x := 1.
[ :y | x + y ] value: 2 "--> 3"
-----
(17 * 13 > 220)
ifTrue: [ 'bigger' ]
ifFalse: [ 'smaller' ] "--> 'bigger'"
-----
n := 1.
[ n < 1000 ] whileTrue: [ n := n*2 ].
n "--> 1024"
-----
n := 1.
[ n > 1000 ] whileFalse: [ n := n*2 ].
n "--> 1024"
-----
n := 1.
10 timesRepeat: [ n := n*2 ].
n "--> 1024"
-----
result := String new.
1 to: 10 do: [:n | result := result, n printString, ' '].
result "--> '1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 '"
-----
result := String new.
(1 to: 10) do: [:n | result := result, n printString, ' '].
result "--> '1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 '"
-----
(1 to: 10) collect: [ :each | each * each ] "--> #(1 4 9 16 25 36 49 64 81 100)"
-----
'hello there' select: [ :char | char isVowel ] "--> 'eoee'"
'hello there' reject: [ :char | char isVowel ] "--> 'hll thr'"
'hello there' detect: [ :char | char isVowel ] "--> $e"
-----
(1 to: 10) inject: 0 into: [ :sum :each | sum + each ] "--> 55"
-----
+ aNumber
"Primitive. Add the receiver to the argument and answer with the result
if it is a SmallInteger. Fail if the argument or the result is not a
SmallInteger Essential No Lookup. See Object documentation whatIsAPrimitive."
<primitive: 1>
^ super + aNumber
-----
===== CHAPTER: Understanding message syntax ==========
-----
89 sin "--> 0.860069405812453"
3 sqrt "--> 1.732050807568877"
Float pi "--> 3.141592653589793"
'blop' size "--> 4"
true not "--> false"
Object class "--> Object class The class of Object is Object class (!)"
-----
100@100 "--> 100@100 creates a Point object"
3 + 4 "--> 7"
10 - 1 "--> 9"
4 <= 3 "--> false"
(4/3) * 3 = 4 "--> true equality is just a binary message, and Fractions are exact"
(3/4) == (3/4) "--> false two equal Fractions are not the same object"
-----
1 to: 10 "--> (1 to: 10) creates an interval"
Color r: 1 g: 0 b: 0 "--> Color red creates a new color"
12 between: 8 and: 15 "--> true"
nums := Array newFrom: (1 to: 5).
nums at: 1 put: 6.
nums "--> #(6 2 3 4 5)"
-----
1000 factorial / 999 factorial "--> 1000"
2 raisedTo: 1 + 3 factorial "--> 128"
-----
1 + 2 * 3 "--> 9"
1 + (2 * 3) "--> 7"
-----
[:aClass | aClass methodDict keys select: [:aMethod | (aClass>>aMethod) isAbstract ]] value: Boolean "--> an IdentitySet(#or: #| #and: #& #ifTrue: #ifTrue:ifFalse: #ifFalse: #not #ifFalse:ifTrue:)"
-----
aPen color: Color yellow
(1) Color yellow "unary message is sent first"
"--> aColor"
(2) aPen color: aColor "keyword message is sent next"
-----
aPen go: 100 + 20
(1) 100 + 20 "binary message first"
"--> 120"
(2) aPen go: 120 "then keyword message"
-----
1.5 tan rounded asString = (((1.5 tan) rounded) asString) "--> true parentheses not needed here"
3 + 4 factorial "--> 27 (not 5040)"
(3 + 4) factorial "--> 5040"
-----
(FMSound lowMajorScaleOn: FMSound clarinet) play
"(1) send the message clarinet to the FMSound class to create a clarinet sound.
(2) send this sound to FMSound as argument to the lowMajorScaleOn: keyword message.
(3) play the resulting sound."
-----
(65 @ 325 extent: 134 @ 100) center
(1) 65@325 "binary"
"--> aPoint"
(2) 134@100 "binary"
"--> anotherPoint"
(3) aPoint extent: anotherPoint "keyword"
"--> aRectangle"
(4) aRectangle center "unary"
"--> 132@375"
-----
3 + 4 * 5 "--> 35 (not 23) Binary messages sent from left to right"
3 + (4 * 5) "--> 23"
1 + 1/3 "--> (2/3) and not 4/3"
1 + (1/3) "--> (4/3)"
1/3 + 2/3 "--> (7/9) and not 1"
(1/3) + (2/3) "--> 1"
-----
"As there is no priority among binary messages, the leftmost message + is evaluated first even if by the rules of arithmetic the * should be sent first."
20 + 2 * 5
(1) 20 + 2 "--> 22"
(2) 22 * 5 "--> 110"
-----
"The messages surrounded by parentheses are evaluated first therefore * is sent prior to + which produces the correct behaviour."
20 + (2 * 5)
(1) (2 * 5) "--> 10"
(2) 20 + 10 "--> 30"
-----
aDict
at: (rotatingForm
rotateBy: angle
magnify: 2
smoothing: 1)
put: 3
-----
(x isNil)
ifTrue:[...]
-----
ord := OrderedCollection new.
(ord includes: $a)
ifTrue:[...]
-----
[ x isReady ] whileTrue: [ y doSomething ] "both the receiver and the argument must be blocks"
4 timesRepeat: [ Beeper beep ] "the argument is evaluated more than once, so must be a block"
(x isReady) ifTrue: [ y doSomething ] "receiver is evaluated once, so is not a block"
-----
| box |
box := 20@30 corner: 60@90.
box containsPoint: 40@50 "--> true"
-----
Transcript show: 'Squeak is '.
Transcript show: 'fun '.
Transcript cr.
-----
Transcript
show: 'Squeak is';
show: 'fun ';
cr
-----
Point new setX: 25 setY: 35; isZero "--> false"
-----
===== CHAPTER: The Smalltalk object model ==========
-----
3 + 4 "--> 7 send '+ 4' to 3, yielding 7"
20 factorial "--> 2432902008176640000 send factorial, yielding a big number"
-----
1 class "--> SmallInteger"
20 factorial class "--> LargePositiveInteger"
'hello' class "--> ByteString"
#(1 2 3) class "--> Array"
(4@5) class "--> Point"
Object new class "--> Object"
-----
Point>>dist: aPoint
"Answer the distance between aPoint and the receiver."
| dx dy |
dx := aPoint x - x.
dy := aPoint y - y.
^ ((dx * dx) + (dy * dy)) sqrt
-----
1@1 dist: 4@5 "--> 5.0"
-----
aColor := Color blue. "Class side method blue"
aColor "--> Color blue"
aColor red "--> 0.0 Instance side accessor method red"
aColor blue "--> 1.0 Instance side accessor method blue"
-----
Object subclass: #Dog
instanceVariableNames: ''
classVariableNames: ''
poolDictionaries: ''
category: 'SBE-CIV'
Dog class
instanceVariableNames: 'count'
Dog subclass: #Hyena
instanceVariableNames: ''
classVariableNames: ''
poolDictionaries: ''
category: 'SBE-CIV'
-----
Dog class>>initialize
super initialize.
count := 0.
Dog class>>new
count := count +1.
^ super new
Dog class>>count
^ count
-----
Dog initialize.
Hyena initialize.
Dog count "--> 0"
Hyena count "--> 0"
Dog new.
Dog count "--> 1"
Dog new.
Dog count "--> 2"
Hyena new.
Hyena count "--> 1"
-----
Object subclass: #WebServer
instanceVariableNames: 'sessions'
classVariableNames: ''
poolDictionaries: ''
category: 'Web'
-----
WebServer class
instanceVariableNames: 'uniqueInstance'
-----
WebServer class>>uniqueInstance
uniqueInstance ifNil: [uniqueInstance := self new].
^ uniqueInstance
-----
SmallInteger superclass "--> Integer"
Integer superclass "--> Number"
Number superclass "--> Magnitude"
Magnitude superclass "--> Object"
Object superclass "--> ProtoObject"
ProtoObject superclass "--> nil"
-----
Magnitude>>< aMagnitude
"Answer whether the receiver is less than the argument."
^self subclassResponsibility
-----
>= aMagnitude
"Answer whether the receiver is greater than or equal to the argument."
^(self < aMagnitude) not
-----
Character>>< aCharacter
"Answer true if the receiver's value < aCharacter's value."
^self asciiValue < aCharacter asciiValue
-----
Trait named: #TAuthor
uses: { }
category: 'SBE-Quinto'
-----
TAuthor>>author
"Returns author initials"
^ 'on' "oscar nierstrasz"
-----
BorderedMorph subclass: #SBEGame
uses: TAuthor
instanceVariableNames: 'cells'
classVariableNames: ''
poolDictionaries: ''
category: 'SBE-Quinto'
-----
SBEGame new author "--> 'on'"
-----
Object subclass: #Behavior
uses: TPureBehavior @ {#basicAddTraitSelector:withMethod:->#addTraitSelector:withMethod:}
instanceVariableNames: 'superclass methodDict format'
classVariableNames: 'ObsoleteSubclasses'
poolDictionaries: ''
category: 'Kernel-Classes'
-----
3 + 4 "--> 7 send message + with argument 4 to integer 3"
(1@2) + 4 "--> 5@6 send message + with argument 4 to point (1@2)"
-----
anEllipse := EllipseMorph new.
-----
anEllipse defaultColor "--> Color yellow"
-----
EllipseMorph>>defaultColor
"answer the default color/fill style for the receiver"
^ Color yellow
-----
Morph>>openInWorld
"Add this morph to the world. If in MVC, then provide a Morphic window for it."
self couldOpenInMorphic
ifTrue: [self openInWorld: self currentWorld]
ifFalse: [self openInMVC]
-----
Morph>>openInWorld
"Add this morph to the world. If in MVC,
then provide a Morphic window for it."
self couldOpenInMorphic
ifTrue: [self openInWorld: self currentWorld]
ifFalse: [self openInMVC].
^ self "Don't do this unless you mean it!"
-----
BorderedMorph>>initialize
"initialize the state of the receiver"
super initialize.
self borderInitialize
-----
anEllipse initString "--> '(EllipseMorph newBounds: (0@0 corner: 50@40) color: Color yellow) setBorderWidth: 1 borderColor: Color black'"
-----
Morph>>initString
^ String streamContents: [:s | self fullPrintOn: s]
-----
BorderedMorph>>fullPrintOn: aStream
aStream nextPutAll: '('.
!\textbf{super fullPrintOn: aStream.}!
aStream nextPutAll: ') setBorderWidth: '; print: borderWidth;
nextPutAll: ' borderColor: ' , (self colorString: borderColor)
-----
Transcript show: 'Squeak is fun and powerful' ; cr
-----
Smalltalk at: #Boolean "--> Boolean"
-----
Smalltalk at: #Smalltalk "-->a SystemDictionary(lots of globals)}"
-----
(Smalltalk at: #Smalltalk) == Smalltalk "--> true"
-----
SystemOrganization categoryOfElement: #Magnitude "--> #'Kernel-Numbers'"
-----
Object subclass: #Color
instanceVariableNames: 'rgb cachedDepth cachedBitPattern'
classVariableNames: 'Black Blue BlueShift Brown CachedColormaps ColorChart ColorNames ComponentMask ComponentMax Cyan DarkGray Gray GrayToIndexMap Green GreenShift HalfComponentMask HighLightBitmaps IndexedColors LightBlue LightBrown LightCyan LightGray LightGreen LightMagenta LightOrange LightRed LightYellow Magenta MaskingMap Orange PaleBlue PaleBuff PaleGreen PaleMagenta PaleOrange PalePeach PaleRed PaleTan PaleYellow PureBlue PureCyan PureGreen PureMagenta PureRed PureYellow RandomStream Red RedShift TranslucentPatterns Transparent VeryDarkGray VeryLightGray VeryPaleRed VeryVeryDarkGray VeryVeryLightGray White Yellow'
poolDictionaries: ''
category: 'Graphics-Primitives'
-----
Color class>>colorNames
ColorNames ifNil: [self initializeNames].
^ ColorNames
-----
Color class>>initialize
!\ldots!
self initializeNames
-----
ArrayedCollection subclass: #Text
instanceVariableNames: 'string runs'
classVariableNames: ''
!\textbf{poolDictionaries: 'TextConstants'}!
category: 'Collections-Text'
-----
Text>>testCR
^ CR == Character cr
-----
===== CHAPTER: The Squeak programming environment ==========
-----
SystemNavigation default browseAllCallsOn: #checkExtent: .
-----
SystemNavigation default browseAllCallsOn: #drawOn: from: ScaleMorph .
-----
SystemNavigation default browseAllImplementorsOf: #checkExtent: .
-----
Object>>asSQL
String>>asSQL
Date>>asSQL
-----
refactory := PackageInfo named: 'RefactoringEngine'.
-----
MCHttpRepository
location: 'http://squeaksource.com/SqueakByExample'
user: ''
password: ''
-----
self - TimeStamp today
-----
suffix
"assumes that I'm a file name, and answers my suffix, the part after the last dot"
| dot dotPosition |
dot := FileDirectory dot.
dotPosition := (self size to: 1 by: -1) detect: [ :i | (self at: i) = dot ].
^ self copyFrom: dotPosition to: self size
-----
testSuffixFound
self assert: 'readme.txt' suffix = 'txt'
-----
testSuffixFound
self assert: 'readme.txt' suffix = 'txt'.
self assert: 'read.me.txt' suffix = 'txt'
-----
suffix
"assumes that I'm a file name, and answers my suffix, the part after the last dot"
| dot dotPosition |
dot := FileDirectory dot asCharacter.
dotPosition := (self size to: 1 by: -1) detect: [ :i | (self at: i) = dot ].
self halt.
^ self copyFrom: dotPosition to: self size
-----
testSuffixNotFound
self assert: 'readme' suffix = ''
-----
Smalltalk recover: 10000.
ChangeList browseRecentLog.
ChangeList browseRecent: 2000.
-----
===== CHAPTER: SUnit ==========
-----
TestCase subclass: #ExampleSetTest
instanceVariableNames: 'full empty'
classInstanceVariableNames: ''
poolDictionaries: ''
category: 'MyTest'
-----
ExampleSetTest>>setUp
empty := Set new.
full := Set with: 5 with: 6
-----
ExampleSetTest>>testIncludes
self assert: (full includes: 5).
self assert: (full includes: 6)
-----
ExampleSetTest>>testOccurrences
self assert: (empty occurrencesOf: 0) = 0.
self assert: (full occurrencesOf: 5) = 1.
full add: 5.
self assert: (full occurrencesOf: 5) = 1
-----
ExampleSetTest>>testRemove
full remove: 5.
self assert: (full includes: 6).
self deny: (full includes: 5)
-----
ExampleSetTest>>testRemove
"self run: #testRemove"
full remove: 5.
self assert: (full includes: 6).
self deny: (full includes: 5)
-----
(ExampleSetTest selector: #testRemove) debug
-----
ExampleSetTest debug: #testRemove
-----
ExampleSetTest>>testIllegal
self should: [empty at: 5] raise: Error.
self should: [empty at: 5 put: #zork] raise: Error
-----
ExampleSetTest>>testIllegal
self should: [empty at: 5] raise: TestResult error.
self should: [empty at: 5 put: #zork] raise: TestResult error
-----
ExampleSetTest run: #testRemove "--> 1 run, 1 passed, 0 failed, 0 errors"
-----
ExampleSetTest suite run "--> 5 run, 5 passed, 0 failed, 0 errors"
-----
TestResource subclass: #MyTestResource
instanceVariableNames: ''
MyTestCase class>>resources
"associate the resource with this class of test cases"
^{ MyTestResource }
-----
| e |
e := 42.
self assert: e = 23
description: 'expected 23, got ', e printString
-----
#assert:description:
#deny:description:
#should:description:
#shouldnt:description:
-----
aCollection do: [ :each | self assert: each even]
-----
aCollection do:
[:each |
self
assert: each even
description: each printString , ' is not even'
resumable: true]
-----
TestCase>>run
| result |
result := TestResult new.
self run: result.
^result
-----
TestCase>>run: aResult
aResult runCase: self
-----
TestResult>>runCase: aTestCase
| testCasePassed |
testCasePassed := true.
[[aTestCase runCase]
on: self class failure
do:
[:signal |
failures add: aTestCase.
testCasePassed := false.
signal return: false]]
on: self class error
do:
[:signal |
errors add: aTestCase.
testCasePassed := false.
signal return: false].
testCasePassed ifTrue: [passed add: aTestCase]
-----
TestCase>>runCase
self setUp.
[self performTest] ensure: [self tearDown]
-----
TestCase class>>testSelectors
^self selectors asSortedCollection asOrderedCollection select: [:each |
('test*' match: each) and: [each numArgs isZero]]
-----
TestSuite>>run
| result |
result := TestResult new.
self areAllResourcesAvailable
ifFalse: [^TestResult signalErrorWith:
'Resource could not be initialized'].
[self run: result] ensure: [self resources do:
[:each | each reset]].
^result
-----
TestSuite>>run: aResult
self tests do:
[:each |
self sunitChanged: each.
each run: aResult]
-----
TestResource class>>isAvailable
^self current notNil
-----
TestResource class>>current
current isNil ifTrue: [current := self new].
^current
-----
TestResource>>initialize
self setUp
-----
===== CHAPTER: Basic Classes ==========
-----
Browser new printString "--> 'a Browser'"
-----
TTCFont>>printOn: aStream
aStream nextPutAll: 'TTCFont(';
nextPutAll: self familyName; space;
print: self pointSize; space;
nextPutAll: self subfamilyName;
nextPut: $)
-----
TTCFont allInstances anyOne printString "--> 'TTCFont(BitstreamVeraSans 6 Bold)'"
-----
true "--> true"
3@4 "--> 3@4"
$a "--> $a"
#(1 2 3) "--> #(1 2 3)"
-----
{10@10 . 100@100} "--> {10@10 . 100@100}"
{Browser new . 100@100} "--> an Array(a Browser 100@100)"
-----
#(10@10 100@100) "--> #(10 #@ 10 100 #@ 100)"
-----
Point>>printOn: aStream
"The receiver prints on aStream in terms of infix notation."
x printOn: aStream.
aStream nextPut: $@.
y printOn: aStream
-----
Interval>>printOn: aStream
aStream nextPut: $(;
print: start;
nextPutAll: ' to: ';
print: stop.
step ~= 1 ifTrue: [aStream nextPutAll: ' by: '; print: step].
aStream nextPut: $)
-----
1 to: 10 "--> (1 to: 10) intervals are self-evaluating"
-----
Object>>= anObject
"Answer whether the receiver and the argument represent the same object.
If = is redefined in any subclass, consider also redefining the message hash."
^ self == anObject
-----
(1 + 2 i) = (1 + 2 i) "--> true same value"
(1 + 2 i) == (1 + 2 i) "--> false but different objects"
-----
Complex>>= anObject
anObject isComplex
ifTrue: [^ (real = anObject real) & (imaginary = anObject imaginary)]
ifFalse: [^ anObject adaptToComplex: self andSend: #=]
-----
(1 + 2 i) ~= (1 + 4 i) "--> true"
-----
Complex>>hash
"Hash is reimplemented because = is implemented."
^ real hash bitXor: imaginary hash.
-----
#'lulu' = 'lulu' "--> true"
'lulu' = #'lulu' "--> true"
-----
1 class "--> SmallInteger"
-----
1 isMemberOf: SmallInteger "--> true must be precisely this class"
1 isMemberOf: Integer "--> false"
1 isMemberOf: Number "--> false"
1 isMemberOf: Object "--> false"
-----
1 isKindOf: SmallInteger "--> true"
1 isKindOf: Integer "--> true"
1 isKindOf: Number "--> true"
1 isKindOf: Object "--> true"
1 isKindOf: String "--> false"
1/3 isKindOf: Number "--> true"
1/3 isKindOf: Integer "--> false"
-----
1 respondsTo: #, "--> false"
-----
a1 := { { 'harry' } }.
a1 "--> #(#('harry'))"
a2 := a1 shallowCopy.
a2 "--> #(#('harry'))"
(a1 at: 1) at: 1 put: 'sally'.
a1 "--> #(#('sally'))"
a2 "--> #(#('sally')) the subarray is shared!"
-----
a1 := { { 'harry' } } .
a2 := a1 copyTwoLevel.
(a1 at: 1) at: 1 put: 'sally'.
a1 "--> #(#('sally'))"
a2 "--> #(#('harry')) fully independent state"
-----
a1 := { { { 'harry' } } } .
a2 := a1 deepCopy.
(a1 at: 1) at: 1 put: 'sally'.
a1 "--> #(#('sally'))"
a2 "--> #(#(#('harry')))"
-----
a1 := { 'harry' }.
a2 := { a1 }.
a1 at: 1 put: a2.
a1 deepCopy "--> !\emph{... does not terminate!}!"
-----
Object>>copy
"Answer another instance just like the receiver. Subclasses typically override postCopy;
they typically do not override shallowCopy."
^self shallowCopy postCopy
-----
Stack>>pop
"Return the first element and remove it from the stack."
self assert: [ self isEmpty not ].
^self linkedList removeFirst element
-----
1 doIfNotNil: [ :arg | arg printString, ' is not nil' ]
"--> !\emph{SmallInteger(Object)>>doIfNotNil: has been deprecated. use ifNotNilDo:}!"
-----
Object>>subclassResponsibility
"This message sets up a framework for the behavior of the class' subclasses.
Announce that the subclass should have implemented this message."
self error: 'My subclass should have overridden ', thisContext sender selector printString
-----
Number new + 1 "--> !\emph{Error: My subclass should have overridden \#+}!"
-----
ProtoObject>>initialize
"Subclasses should redefine this method to perform initializations on instance creation"
-----
Behavior>>new
"Answer a new initialized instance of the receiver (which is a class) with no indexable
variables. Fail if the class is indexable."
^ self basicNew initialize
-----
Magnitude>> < aMagnitude
"Answer whether the receiver is less than the argument."
^self subclassResponsibility
Magnitude>> > aMagnitude
"Answer whether the receiver is greater than the argument."
^aMagnitude < self
-----
1 + 2.5 "--> 3.5 Addition of two numbers"
3.4 * 5 "--> 17.0 Multiplication of two numbers"
8 / 2 "--> 4 Division of two numbers"
10 - 8.3 "--> 1.7 Subtraction of two numbers"
12 = 11 "--> false Equality between two numbers"
12 ~= 11 "--> true Test if two numbers are different"
12 > 9 "--> true Greater than"
12 >= 10 "--> true Greater or equal than"
12 < 10 "--> false Smaller than"
100@10 "--> 100@10 Point creation"
-----
1000 factorial / 999 factorial "--> 1000"
-----
Float pi "--> 3.141592653589793"
Float infinity "--> Infinity"
Float infinity isInfinite "--> true"
-----
6/8 "--> (3/4)"
(6/8) class "--> Fraction"
-----
6/8 * 4 "--> 3"
-----
SmallInteger maxVal = ((2 raisedTo: 30) - 1) "--> true"
SmallInteger minVal = (2 raisedTo: 30) negated "--> true"
-----
(SmallInteger maxVal + 1) class "--> LargePositiveInteger"
(SmallInteger minVal - 1) class "--> LargeNegativeInteger"
-----
n := 2.
3 timesRepeat: [ n := n*n ].
n "--> 256"
-----
$a < $b "--> true"
-----
Character space = (Character value: Character space asciiValue) "--> true"
-----
Character value: 1 "--> Character value: 1"
Character value: 32 "--> Character space"
Character value: 97 "--> $a"
-----
$a asString "--> 'a'"
$a "--> $a"
$a printString "--> '$a'"
-----
(Character value: 97) == $a "--> true"
-----
Character characterTable size "--> 256"
(Character value: 500) == (Character value: 500) "--> false"
-----
'hello world' class "--> ByteString"
-----
'hel','lo' == 'hello' "--> false"
-----
('hel','lo') asSymbol == #hello "--> true"
-----
'hello' at: 2 put: $u; yourself "--> 'hullo'"
-----
#hello at: 2 put: $u "--> error!"
-----
#hello indexOf: $o "--> 5"
-----
'*or*' match: 'zorro' "--> true"
-----
(4 factorial > 20) ifTrue: [ 'bigger' ] ifFalse: [ 'smaller' ] "--> 'bigger'"
-----
True>>ifTrue: trueAlternativeBlock ifFalse: falseAlternativeBlock
^trueAlternativeBlock value
False>>ifTrue: trueAlternativeBlock ifFalse: falseAlternativeBlock
^falseAlternativeBlock value
-----
True>>not
"Negation--answer false since the receiver is true."
^false
-----
(1>2) & (3<4) "--> false must evaluate both sides"
(1>2) and: [ 3<4 ] "--> false only evaluate receiver"
(1>2) and: [ (1/0) > 0 ] "--> false argument block is never evaluated, so no exception"
-----
===== CHAPTER: Collections ==========
-----
students select: [ :each | each gpa < threshold ]
-----
Array with: 1 "--> #(1)"
Array with: 1 with: 2 "--> #(1 2)"
Array with: 1 with: 2 with: 3 "--> #(1 2 3)"
Array with: 1 with: 2 with: 3 with: 4 "--> #(1 2 3 4)"
Array with: 1 with: 2 with: 3 with: 4 with: 5 "--> #(1 2 3 4 5)"
Array with: 1 with: 2 with: 3 with: 4 with: 5 with: 6 "--> #(1 2 3 4 5 6)"
-----
(1 to: 5) asOrderedCollection addAll: '678'; yourself "--> an OrderedCollection(1 2 3 4 5 $6 $7 $8)"
-----
Array withAll: #(7 3 1 3) "--> #(7 3 1 3)"
OrderedCollection withAll: #(7 3 1 3) "--> an OrderedCollection(7 3 1 3)"
SortedCollection withAll: #(7 3 1 3) "--> a SortedCollection(1 3 3 7)"
Set withAll: #(7 3 1 3) "--> a Set(7 1 3)"
Bag withAll: #(7 3 1 3) "--> a Bag(7 1 3 3)"
Dictionary withAll: #(7 3 1 3) "--> a Dictionary(1->7 2->3 3->1 4->3 )"
-----
Array newFrom: #(7 3 1 3) "--> #(7 3 1 3)"
OrderedCollection newFrom: #(7 3 1 3) "--> an OrderedCollection(7 3 1 3)"
SortedCollection newFrom: #(7 3 1 3) "--> a SortedCollection(1 3 3 7)"
Set newFrom: #(7 3 1 3) "--> a Set(7 1 3)"
Bag newFrom: #(7 3 1 3) "--> a Bag(7 1 3 3)"
Dictionary newFrom: {1 -> 7. 2 -> 3. 3 -> 1. 4 -> 3} "--> a Dictionary(1->7 2->3 3->1 4->3 )"
-----
anArray := Array new: 5.
anArray at: 1 put: 4.
anArray at: 2 put: 3/2.
anArray at: 3 put: 'ssss'.
anArray at: 1 "--> 4"
-----
Array with: 4 with: 3/2 with: 'lulu' "--> {4 . (3/2) . 'lulu'}"
-----
#(1 'here') size "--> 2"
-----
#(1+2) "--> #(1 #+ 2)"
-----
{ 1 + 2 } "--> #(3)"
{(1/2) asFloat} at: 1 "--> 0.5"
{10 atRandom . 1/3} at: 2 "--> (1/3)"
-----
anArray := #(1 2 3 4 5 6) copy.
anArray at: 3 "--> 3"
anArray at: 3 put: 33.
anArray at: 3 "--> 33"
-----
ordCol := OrderedCollection new.
ordCol add: 'Seaside'; add: 'SqueakSource'; addFirst: 'Monticello'.
ordCol "--> an OrderedCollection('Monticello' 'Seaside' 'SqueakSource')"
-----
ordCol add: 'Monticello'.
ordCol remove: 'Monticello'.
ordCol "--> an OrderedCollection('Seaside' 'SqueakSource' 'Monticello')"
-----
res := ordCol remove: 'zork' ifAbsent: [33].
res "--> 33"
-----
#(1 2 3) asOrderedCollection "--> an OrderedCollection(1 2 3)"
'hello' asOrderedCollection "--> an OrderedCollection($h $e $l $l $o)"
-----
Interval from: 1 to: 100 "--> (1 to: 100)"
-----
(Interval from: 1 to: 100) = (1 to: 100) "--> true"
-----
(Interval from: 1 to: 100 by: 0.5) size "--> 199"
(1 to: 100 by: 0.5) at: 198 "--> 99.5"
(1/2 to: 54/7 by: 1/3) last "--> (15/2)"
-----
colors := Dictionary new.
colors at: #yellow put: Color yellow.