diff --git a/build/basics.tcl b/build/basics.tcl
index 7fac2ce08..fce4f17d7 100644
--- a/build/basics.tcl
+++ b/build/basics.tcl
@@ -4,15 +4,14 @@ patch_its_and_go
 pdset
 
 respond "*" ":login db\r"
-sleep 1
+type ":vk\r"
 
 # Normally we'd save the old ITS as OITS, but since it was used for
 # bootstrapping with another configuration, it's no longer any use.
-type ":delete .;@ its\r"
+respond "*" ":delete .;@ its\r"
 
 # The new ITS is now canonical.
 respond "*" ":rename .;@ nits, .;@ its\r"
-sleep 1
 
 respond "*" ":midas sysbin;_syseng;dump\r"
 dump_switches
@@ -117,13 +116,9 @@ expect ":KILL"
 respond "*" ":midas sysbin;_sysen2;find\r"
 expect ":KILL"
 respond "*" ":link sys;ts find,sysbin;find bin\r"
-type ":vk\r"
 respond "*" ":link sys;ts fi,sys;ts find\r"
-type ":vk\r"
 respond "*" ":link sys;ts comb,sys;ts find\r"
-type ":vk\r"
 respond "*" ":link sys2;ts lf,sys;ts find\r"
-type ":vk\r"
 
 respond "*" ":midas sys;ts dskuse_syseng;dskuse\r"
 expect ":KILL"
@@ -405,8 +400,7 @@ respond "*" ":midas sys;ts palx_sysen1;palx\r"
 expect ":KILL"
 
 # GT40 boot ROM.
-respond "*" ":palx gt40;_gt40;bootvt\r"
-expect ":KILL"
+palx "gt40;" "gt40;bootvt"
 
 # PLAN/CREATE
 respond "*" ":midas sys3;ts create_syseng;create\r"
diff --git a/build/build.tcl b/build/build.tcl
index c0702c7b1..c617f65e0 100644
--- a/build/build.tcl
+++ b/build/build.tcl
@@ -173,6 +173,58 @@ proc arpanet {rfc file} {
     }
 }
 
+proc macro10 {target sources} {
+    respond "*" ":macro\r"
+    respond "*" "$target=$sources\r"
+    expect "CORE USED"
+    respond "*" "\003"
+    respond "*" ":kill\r"
+}
+
+proc palx {target sources {actions ""}} {
+    respond "*" ":palx ${target}_$sources\r"
+    eval $actions
+    expect ":KILL"
+}
+
+proc macn11 {target sources {actions ""}} {
+    respond "*" ":macn11\r"
+    respond "*" "${target}_$sources\r"
+    eval $actions
+    expect "CORE USED"
+    respond "*" "\003"
+    respond "*" ":kill\r"
+}
+
+proc loader {files} {
+    respond "*" ":dec sys:loader\r"
+    respond "*" "$files/g\r"
+    expect "EXIT"
+}
+
+proc linker {files} {
+    respond "*" ":dec sys:link\r"
+    respond "*" "$files/go\r"
+    expect "EXIT" {
+        return
+    } "%LNKNED" {
+        # Sometimes there is this error; workaround is to retry.
+        respond "*" "$files/go\r"
+        expect "EXIT"
+    }
+}
+
+proc decuuo {file {dump ":pdump"}} {
+    respond "*" ":start 45\r"
+    respond "Command:" "d"
+    respond "*" "$dump $file\r"
+    respond "*" ":kill\r"
+}
+
+proc cwd {directory} {
+    respond "*" ":cwd $directory\r"
+}
+
 set ip [ip_address [lindex $argv 0]]
 set gw [ip_address [lindex $argv 1]]
 
diff --git a/build/dm.tcl b/build/dm.tcl
index fdef5f90a..8c6f32961 100644
--- a/build/dm.tcl
+++ b/build/dm.tcl
@@ -13,11 +13,9 @@ expect ":KILL"
 
 # Gun down dead demons.
 respond "*" ":link taa; pwfile 999999, sysen1; pwfile >\r"
-type ":vk\r"
 respond "*" ":midas sysbin;_sysen2; gunner\r"
 expect ":KILL"
 respond "*" ":link sys; atsign gunner, sysbin; gunner bin\r"
-type ":vk\r"
 
 # Line printer unspooler demon.
 respond "*" ":midas sys; atsign unspoo_sysen1; unspoo\r"
@@ -41,11 +39,9 @@ expect ":KILL"
 respond "*" ":midas survey; atsign surgiv_surgiv\r"
 expect ":KILL"
 respond "*" ":link sys; atsign surgiv, survey;\r"
-type ":vk\r"
 
 # Survey sender demon.
 respond "*" ":link sys; atsign sursnd, survey;\r"
-type ":vk\r"
 
 # Login program.
 respond "*" ":midas sysbin;_syseng; booter\r"
@@ -72,4 +68,3 @@ respond "*" ":kill\r"
 respond "*" ":kill\r"
 mkdir "(init)"
 respond "*" ":link (init); as hactrn, sys2; ts shell\r"
-type ":vk\r"
diff --git a/build/emacs.tcl b/build/emacs.tcl
index 5dbff6f1a..e72ffb700 100644
--- a/build/emacs.tcl
+++ b/build/emacs.tcl
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ respond "\n" "\033x& compress file\033turnip; view >\r"
 respond "Compressing file" "\030\003"
 respond "*" ":kill\r"
 respond "*" ":tctyp aaa\r"
-respond "*" ":cwd kmp\r"
+cwd "kmp"
 respond "*" "kmp\033\023"
 respond "*" ":dumpt \033turnip;view\r"
 expect "Dumped to"
diff --git a/build/haunt.tcl b/build/haunt.tcl
index c28d92ea7..8b80bc80b 100644
--- a/build/haunt.tcl
+++ b/build/haunt.tcl
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 log_progress "ENTERING BUILD SCRIPT: HAUNT"
 
-respond "*" ":cwd haunt\r"
+cwd "haunt"
 
 # build ops4
 respond "*" "complr\013"
diff --git a/build/ka10/include.tcl b/build/ka10/include.tcl
index 0086ca831..a6cd5baea 100644
--- a/build/ka10/include.tcl
+++ b/build/ka10/include.tcl
@@ -117,7 +117,8 @@ proc make_dskdmp {} {
     # Paper tape DSKDMP.  This is used for booting ITS.
     respond "*" $emulator_escape
     punch_tape "$out/dskdmp.rim"
-    type ":midas ptp:_system;dskdmp\r"
+    type ":vk\r"
+    respond "*" ":midas ptp:_system;dskdmp\r"
     dskdmp_switches "Y"
     expect ":KILL"
 }
diff --git a/build/ka10/processor.tcl b/build/ka10/processor.tcl
index d6b1553aa..e34ed2ebe 100644
--- a/build/ka10/processor.tcl
+++ b/build/ka10/processor.tcl
@@ -25,40 +25,32 @@ expect ":KILL"
 
 # Name Dragon
 respond "*" ":link syseng;tvkbd rooms, sysen2;\r"
-type ":vk\r"
 respond "*" ":midas sysbin;_sysen2;namdrg\r"
 expect ":KILL"
 respond "*" ":link channa;rakash namdrg, sysbin; namdrg bin\r"
-type ":vk\r"
 
 # STUFF
 respond "*" ":midas sys1;ts stuff_sysen2;stuff\r"
 expect ":KILL"
 respond "*" ":link channa;rakash tvfix, sys1; ts stuff\r"
-type ":vk\r"
 
 # IOELEV, PDP-11 doing I/O for the PDP-10 host.
 # The "AI" IOELEV, also known as CHAOS-11.
 # STUFF prefers to have it in the "." directory.
-respond "*" ":palx dsk0:.;_system;ioelev\r"
-respond "MACHINE NAME =" "AI\r"
-expect ":KILL"
+palx "dsk0:.;" "system;ioelev" { respond "MACHINE NAME =" "AI\r" }
 
 # TV-11.  STUFF prefers it to be in the "." directory.
-respond "*" ":palx dsk0:.;_system;tv\r"
-expect ":KILL"
+palx "dsk0:.;" "system;tv"
 
 # XGP-11.  STUFF prefers it to be SYSBIN; VXGP BIN.
-respond "*" ":palx sysbin;vxgp bin_sysen2;xgp\r"
-expect ":KILL"
+palx "sysbin;vxgp bin" "sysen2;xgp"
 
 # CCONS.  STUFF prefers it to be in the CONS directory.
 mkdir "cons"
-respond "*" ":palx cons;_lmcons;ccons\r"
-expect ":KILL"
+palx "cons;" "lmcons;ccons"
 
 # Old Spacewar
-respond "*" ":cwd spcwar\r"
+cwd "spcwar"
 respond "*" ":midas;324 spcwar; war\r"
 expect ":KILL"
 respond "*" ":midas spcwar; stars\r"
@@ -267,7 +259,7 @@ respond "*" ":midas ptp:_maint;hhtest\r"
 expect ":KILL"
 
 # NTS TECO-6
-respond "*" ":cwd .teco.\r"
+cwd ".teco."
 respond "*" ":midas;73\r"
 expect "MIDAS"
 respond "\n" "TECODM REL_TECO DUMMY\r"
diff --git a/build/kl10/processor.tcl b/build/kl10/processor.tcl
index f0a04e368..87637be8e 100644
--- a/build/kl10/processor.tcl
+++ b/build/kl10/processor.tcl
@@ -45,19 +45,10 @@ expect ":KILL"
 copy_to_klfe "ucode;u1 ram"
 
 # KLDDT
-respond "*" ":cwd kldcp\r"
-respond "*" ":macro\r"
-respond "*" "klddt=klddt\r"
-expect "CORE USED"
-respond "*" "\003"
-respond "*" ":kill\r"
-respond "*" ":dec sys:link\r"
-respond "*" "klddt/go\r"
-respond "EXIT" ":start 45\r"
-respond "Command:" "d"
-respond "*" "\033y"
-respond " " "kldcp; klddt bin\r"
-respond "*" ":kill\r"
+cwd "kldcp"
+macro10 "klddt" "klddt"
+linker "klddt"
+decuuo "kldcp; klddt bin" "\033y"
 respond "*" ":mcnvrt kldcp; klddt bin\r"
 expect ":KILL"
 move_to_klfe "kldcp; klddt a10"
@@ -68,8 +59,7 @@ expect ":KILL"
 
 # KL10 front end debugger.  Put it in the same directory as the
 # "MC" IOELEV.
-respond "*" ":palx sysbin;_syseng; klrug\r"
-expect ":KILL"
+palx "sysbin;" "syseng; klrug"
 # 11STNK expects a copy in the . directory.
 respond "*" ":copy sysbin; klrug bin, .;\r"
 
@@ -79,8 +69,7 @@ expect ":KILL"
 respond "*" ":link .; ts boot11, sys1; ts 11stnk\r"
 
 # KL10 diagnostics console program.
-respond "*" ":palx kldcp;_kldcp\r"
-expect ":KILL"
+palx "kldcp;" "kldcp"
 respond "*" ":11stnk\r"
 respond "*" "R"
 respond "FILENAME" "\r"
@@ -92,37 +81,34 @@ expect ":KILL"
 move_to_klfe ".temp.; kldcp bin"
 
 # KL10 diagnostic console utility
-respond "*" ":palx kldcp;_kldcpu\r"
-expect ":KILL"
+palx "kldcp;" "kldcpu\r"
 respond "*" ":pcnvrt kldcp; kldcpu bin\r"
 move_to_klfe "kldcp; kldcpu a11"
 
 # PDP-11 debugger.
 # 16K is used with the DL10 IOELEV.
-respond "*" ":palx .; 11ddt 16k_kldcp; 11ddt\r"
-respond "PDP11=" "40\r"
-respond "EISSW=" "0\r"
-respond "MAPSW=" "0\r"
-respond "HCOR=" "100000\r"
-respond "TT10SW=" "0\r"
-respond "VT05SW=" "0\r"
-respond "DEBSW=" "0\r"
-expect ":KILL"
+palx ".; 11ddt 16k" "kldcp; 11ddt" {
+    respond "PDP11=" "40\r"
+    respond "EISSW=" "0\r"
+    respond "MAPSW=" "0\r"
+    respond "HCOR=" "100000\r"
+    respond "TT10SW=" "0\r"
+    respond "VT05SW=" "0\r"
+    respond "DEBSW=" "0\r"
+}
 # 14K is used with the console IOELEV.
-respond "*" ":palx dsk0:.;11ddt 14k_kldcp; 11ddt\r"
-respond "PDP11=" "40\r"
-respond "EISSW=" "0\r"
-respond "MAPSW=" "0\r"
-respond "HCOR=" "70000\r"
-respond "TT10SW=" "0\r"
-respond "VT05SW=" "0\r"
-respond "DEBSW=" "0\r"
-expect ":KILL"
+palx "dsk0:.;11ddt 14k" "kldcp; 11ddt" {
+    respond "PDP11=" "40\r"
+    respond "EISSW=" "0\r"
+    respond "MAPSW=" "0\r"
+    respond "HCOR=" "70000\r"
+    respond "TT10SW=" "0\r"
+    respond "VT05SW=" "0\r"
+    respond "DEBSW=" "0\r"
+}
 
 # The KL10 console "MC" IOELEV.
-respond "*" ":palx .; cons11_system;ioelev\r"
-respond "MACHINE NAME =" "MC\r"
-expect ":KILL"
+palx ".; cons11" "system;ioelev" { respond "MACHINE NAME =" "MC\r" }
 respond "*" ":11stnk\r"
 respond "*" "D"
 respond "FILENAME" ".; 11ddt 14k\r"
@@ -138,16 +124,14 @@ move_to_klfe ".temp.; ioelev a11"
 # The KL10 "MC-DL" IOELEV.  Put in same directory as KLRUG BIN.
 # TS BOOT11 stuffs it over DL10 in timesharing.  TS 11BOOT makes a
 # @ BOOT11 to stuff out of timesharing.
-respond "*" ":palx sysbin;_system;ioelev\r"
-respond "MACHINE NAME =" "MC\r"
-expect ":KILL"
+palx "sysbin;" "system;ioelev" { respond "MACHINE NAME =" "MC\r" }
 
 # 11BOOT
 respond "*" ":midas;324 sys3;ts 11boot_syseng;11boot\r"
 expect ":KILL"
 # Note, must be run with symbols loaded.
 # Takes IOELEV BIN and KLRUG BIN from the current directory.
-respond "*" ":cwd sysbin\r"
+cwd "sysbin"
 respond "*" "11boot\033\013"
 expect ":KILL"
 respond "*" ":move sysbin;@ boot11, .;\r"
diff --git a/build/ks10/include.tcl b/build/ks10/include.tcl
index de52590f8..0377ff2b8 100644
--- a/build/ks10/include.tcl
+++ b/build/ks10/include.tcl
@@ -81,7 +81,6 @@ proc prepare_frontend {} {
     pdset
 
     respond "*" ":login db\r"
-    sleep 1
     type ":vk\r"
 
     respond "*" ":midas sysbin;_kshack;ksfedr\r"
diff --git a/build/ks10/processor.tcl b/build/ks10/processor.tcl
index 971b8145b..fc5337a64 100644
--- a/build/ks10/processor.tcl
+++ b/build/ks10/processor.tcl
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ log_progress "ENTERING BUILD SCRIPT: PROCESSOR"
 # Programs particular to the KS10 processor.
 
 # KNS10, KS10 console
-respond "*" ":cwd kshack\r"
+cwd "kshack"
 respond "*" ":cross\r"
 respond "*" "FOR21.DAT/PTP,KNS10.PNT/M80/OCT/CRF/EQ:PASS2:SCECOD=CONDEF.M80,HCORE.M80,CMDS.M80,SUBRTN.M80,DR.M80,MSG.M80,STORE.M80\r"
 expect "Core used"
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ expect ":KILL"
 respond "*" ":copy kshack; mcr ram, .; ram ram\r"
 
 # Update microcode on frontend filesystem.
-type ":ksfedr\r"
+respond "*" ":ksfedr\r"
 respond "!" "write\r"
 respond "Are you sure" "yes\r"
 respond "Which file" "ram\r"
diff --git a/build/lisp.tcl b/build/lisp.tcl
index 8a7edf6aa..8b02622f0 100644
--- a/build/lisp.tcl
+++ b/build/lisp.tcl
@@ -787,7 +787,7 @@ respond "UKBD" "(quit)"
 expect ":KILL"
 
 # Lisp Logo
-respond "*" ":cwd llogo\r"
+cwd "llogo"
 respond "*" ":complr\r"
 respond "_" "germ\r"
 respond "_" "ioc\r"
@@ -835,7 +835,7 @@ respond "_" "\032"
 type ":kill\r"
 
 # 2500 microcode
-respond "*" ":cwd minsky\r"
+cwd "minsky"
 respond "*" "lisp\013"
 respond "Alloc?" "n\r"
 respond "*" "(setq gc-overflow '(lambda (x) t))"
diff --git a/build/mark.tcl b/build/mark.tcl
index b29b11382..0806d8b49 100644
--- a/build/mark.tcl
+++ b/build/mark.tcl
@@ -15,9 +15,9 @@ start_dskdmp_its
 
 pdset
 respond "*" ":login db\r"
-sleep 1
+type ":vk\r"
 
-type $emulator_escape
+respond "*" $emulator_escape
 mount_tape "$out/minsrc.tape"
 
 type ":dump\r"
diff --git a/build/misc.tcl b/build/misc.tcl
index 445494c80..2720eef4a 100644
--- a/build/misc.tcl
+++ b/build/misc.tcl
@@ -52,12 +52,10 @@ respond "*" ":pdump .teco.; ts 335\r"
 respond "*" ":kill\r"
 
 respond "*" ":link teach;teach emacs,emacs;teach emacs\r"
-type ":vk\r"
 respond "*" "teach\033\023"
 respond "*" ":emacs\r"
 expect ":KILL"
 respond "*" ":link sys2;ts teachemacs,emacs;tstch >\r"
-type ":vk\r"
 
 # nsalv, timesharing version
 respond "*" ":midas sys1;ts nsalv_kshack;nsalv\r"
@@ -86,19 +84,12 @@ expect ":KILL"
 respond "*" ":midas sysbin;_sysen3;whoj\r"
 expect ":KILL"
 respond "*" ":link sys1;ts talk,sysbin;whoj bin\r"
-type ":vk\r"
 respond "*" ":link sys1;ts who,sysbin;whoj bin\r"
-type ":vk\r"
 respond "*" ":link sys1;ts whoj,sysbin;whoj bin\r"
-type ":vk\r"
 respond "*" ":link sys1;ts whom,sysbin;whoj bin\r"
-type ":vk\r"
 respond "*" ":link sys2;ts users,sysbin;whoj bin\r"
-type ":vk\r"
 respond "*" ":link sys1;ts w,sys1;ts who\r"
-type ":vk\r"
 respond "*" ":link sys2;ts u,sys2;ts users\r"
-type ":vk\r"
 
 #Inter-Entity Communication
 respond "*" ":midas sysbin;_sysen2; iec\r"
@@ -466,75 +457,57 @@ respond "*" ":midas sys3; ts mmodem_gz; mmodem\r"
 expect ":KILL"
 
 # Compile ADVENT and dump it out with DECUUO.
-respond "*" ":cwd games\r"
+cwd "games"
 respond "*" ":dec sys:f40\r"
 respond "*" "advent=advent\r"
 expect "CORE USED"
 respond "*" "\032"
 type ":kill\r"
-respond "*" ":dec sys:loader\r"
-respond "*" "advent/g\r"
-respond "EXIT" ":start\r"
+loader "advent"
+respond "*" ":start\r"
 respond "*" "\032"
-type ":start 45\r"
-respond "Command:" "d"
-respond "*" ":pdump sys3; ts advent\r"
-respond "*" ":kill\r"
+type ":vk\r"
+decuuo "sys3; ts advent"
 
 # 350-point ADVENT
-respond "*" ":cwd games\r"
+cwd "games"
 respond "*" ":dec sys:f40\r"
 respond "*" "adv3sr=adv3sr\r"
 respond "*" "adv3sb=adv3sb\r"
 expect "CORE USED"
 respond "*" "\032"
 type ":kill\r"
-respond "*" ":dec sys:loader\r"
-respond "*" "adv3sb\r"
-respond "*" "adv3sr\r"
-respond "*" "/g\r"
-respond "EXIT" ":start\r"
+loader "adv3sb,adv3sr"
+respond "*" ":start\r"
 respond "*" "adv3db.1"
 respond "*" "\032"
-type ":start 45\r"
-respond "Command:" "d"
-respond "*" ":pdump games; ts adv350\r"
-respond "*" ":kill\r"
+type ":vk\r"
+decuuo "games; ts adv350"
 
 # 448-point ADVENT
-respond "*" ":cwd games\r"
+cwd "games"
 respond "*" ":dec sys:f40\r"
 respond "*" "adv4ma=adv4ma\r"
 respond "*" "adv4su=adv4su\r"
 expect "CORE USED"
 respond "*" "\032"
 type ":kill\r"
-respond "*" ":dec sys:loader\r"
-respond "*" "adv4ma\r"
-respond "*" "adv4su\r"
-respond "*" "/g\r"
-respond "EXIT" ":start\r"
+loader "adv4ma,adv4su"
+respond "*" ":start\r"
 respond "*" "adv4db.2"
 respond "Are you a wizard?" "\032"
-type ":start 45\r"
-respond "Command:" "d"
-respond "*" ":pdump games; ts adv448\r"
-respond "*" ":kill\r"
+type ":vk\r"
+decuuo "games; ts adv448"
 
 # TREK
-respond "*" ":cwd games\r"
+cwd "games"
 respond "*" ":dec sys:f40\r"
 respond "*" "trek=trek\r"
 expect "CORE USED"
 respond "*" "\032"
 type ":kill\r"
-respond "*" ":dec sys:loader\r"
-respond "*" "trek\r"
-respond "*" "/g\r"
-respond "EXIT" ":start 45\r"
-respond "Command:" "d"
-respond "*" ":pdump games; ts trek\r"
-respond "*" ":kill\r"
+loader "trek"
+decuuo "games; ts trek"
 
 # Tech II chess: timesharing, using TV display
 respond "*" ":midas games;ts chess2_rg;chess2\r"
@@ -558,8 +531,7 @@ respond "*" ":midas games;ts ckr_agb;ckr\r"
 expect ":KILL"
 
 # Dazzle Dart, video game for the Logo group PDP-11/45
-respond "*" ":palx bs;_dazzle\r"
-expect ":KILL"
+palx "bs;" "dazzle"
 
 # TOSBLK, convert from PALX binary to SBLK.
 respond "*" ":midas pdp11;ts tosblk_tosblk\r"
@@ -574,7 +546,7 @@ respond "*" ":midas sys1;ts wumpus_games; wumpus\r"
 expect ":KILL"
 
 # Jotto
-respond "*" ":cwd games\r"
+cwd "games"
 respond "*" ":midas jotto\r"
 expect ":KILL"
 respond "*" ":job jotto\r"
@@ -614,82 +586,47 @@ expect ":KILL"
 respond "*" ":link sys1;ts %,sys1;ts who%\r"
 
 # MACRO-10
-respond "*" ":cwd decsys\r"
+cwd "decsys"
 respond "*" ":dec sys:macro\r"
 respond "*" "macro=macro\r"
 expect "CORE USED"
 respond "*" "\003"
 respond "*" ":kill\r"
-respond "*" ":dec sys:link\r"
-respond "*" "macro/go\r"
-# Strange error here.  Workaround is to retry.
-expect "%LNKNED"
-respond "*" "macro/go\r"
-respond "*" ":start 45\r"
-respond "Command" "d"
-respond "*" ":pdump sys2; ts macro\r"
-respond "*" ":kill\r"
+linker "macro"
+decuuo "sys2; ts macro"
 respond "*" ":delete decsys; macro shr\r"
 # Assemble with itself, now no errors
-respond "*" ":macro\r"
-respond "*" "macro=macro\r"
-expect "CORE USED"
-respond "*" "\003"
-respond "*" ":kill\r"
-respond "*" ":dec sys:link\r"
-respond "*" "macro/go\r"
-expect "%LNKNED"
-respond "*" "macro/go\r"
-respond "*" ":start 45\r"
-respond "Command" "d"
-respond "*" ":pdump sys2; ts macro\r"
-respond "*" ":kill\r"
+macro10 "macro" "macro"
+linker "macro"
+decuuo "sys2; ts macro"
 
 # MACSYM and MONSYM universal files.
-respond "*" ":cwd decsys\r"
-respond "*" ":macro\r"
-respond "*" "macsym.unv=macsym.mac\r"
-expect "CORE USED"
-respond "*" "\003"
-respond "*" ":kill\r"
-respond "*" ":macro\r"
-respond "*" "monsym.unv=monsym.mac\r"
-expect "CORE USED"
-respond "*" "\003"
-respond "*" ":kill\r"
+cwd "decsys"
+macro10 "macsym.unv" "macsym.mac"
+macro10 "monsym.unv" "monsym.mac"
 
 # MACTEN and UUOSYM universal files.
-respond "*" ":macro\r"
-respond "*" "macten.unv=macten.mac\r"
-expect "CORE USED"
-respond "*" "\003"
-respond "*" ":kill\r"
-respond "*" ":macro\r"
-respond "*" "uuosym.unv=uuosym.mac\r"
-expect "CORE USED"
-respond "*" "\003"
-respond "*" ":kill\r"
+macro10 "macten.unv" "macten.mac"
+macro10 "uuosym.unv" "uuosym.mac"
 
 # CROSS, assembler
-respond "*" ":macro\r"
-respond "*" "cross=cross\r"
-expect "CORE USED"
-respond "*" "\003"
-respond "*" ":kill\r"
-respond "*" ":dec sys:loader\r"
-respond "*" "cross/g\r"
-respond "*" ":start 45\r"
-respond "Command:" "d"
-respond "*" ":pdump sys1; ts cross\r"
-respond "*" ":kill\r"
+macro10 "cross" "cross"
+loader "cross"
+decuuo "sys1; ts cross"
 
 # Old PALX
-respond "*" ":midas sys3;ts plx143_rms;palx 143\r"
+respond "*" ":midas 11logo;ts palx_rms;palx 143\r"
 expect ":KILL"
 
 # Phil Budne's PALX Game of Life.
-respond "*" ":cwd budd\r"
-respond "*" ":palx live palx\r"
+cwd "budd"
+palx "budd;" "live palx"
+
+# MACN11, pdp-11 cross assembler
+cwd "decsys"
+macro10 "macn11" "macn11.hdr,macn11.mac"
+loader "macn11"
+decuuo "sys3; ts macn11"
 
 # Cookie Bear
 respond "*" ":midas gls; ts check_gls; check\r"
@@ -997,7 +934,7 @@ respond "*" ":midas kcc;ts 20xcsv_20xcsv\r"
 expect ":KILL"
 
 # Run GETSYM to get all monitor symbols.
-respond "*" ":cwd kcc\r"
+cwd "kcc"
 respond "*" ":getsym\r"
 expect ":KILL"
 
@@ -1293,7 +1230,6 @@ respond "@" "imlac; ssv22 iml_sysbin; ssv22 bin\r"
 respond "@" "\021"
 expect ":KILL"
 respond "*" ":link imlac; .prgm. normal, imlac; ssv22 iml\r"
-type ":vk\r"
 
 # Assemble SSV4.
 respond "*" ":midas imlac; ts assv4_assv4\r"
@@ -1369,7 +1305,7 @@ respond "*" ":pdump c; ts cc\r"
 respond "*" ":kill\r"
 
 # CLIB
-respond "*" ":cwd clib\r"
+cwd "clib"
 respond "*" ":midas c10cor cmid\r"
 respond "*" ":midas c10fo cmid\r"
 respond "*" ":midas c10int cmid\r"
@@ -1414,7 +1350,7 @@ expect ":KILL"
 respond "*" ":delete c; \[crel\] 16\r"
 
 # CC
-respond "*" ":cwd c\r"
+cwd "c"
 respond "*" ":copy ts cc, ts occ\r"
 respond "*" ":cc cc.>\r"
 expect ":KILL"
@@ -1485,7 +1421,7 @@ expect "Done."
 patch_clib_16
 
 # C library for drawing on a TV display.
-respond "*" ":cwd clib\r"
+cwd "clib"
 respond "*" ":cc tv.>\r"
 expect ":KILL"
 
@@ -1504,7 +1440,7 @@ respond "*" ":midas sys2; ts otj6_tj6; otj6\r"
 expect ":KILL"
 
 # Alan Snyder's R typesetting language.
-respond "*" ":cwd r\r"
+cwd "r"
 respond "*" ":cc rcntrl rdev rexpr rfile rfonts richar ridn rin rin1 rin2\r"
 respond "*" ":cc rits rline rlpt rmain rmisc rout rreadr rreg rreq1 rreq2\r"
 respond "*" ":cc rreq3 rtext rtoken rtrap rvaria rxgp\r"
@@ -1547,7 +1483,7 @@ proc build_c_program {input output {libs {}}} {
 }
 
 # OINIT
-respond "*" ":cwd c\r"
+cwd "c"
 build_c_program "sysen2/oinit" "sys3/ts.oinit"
 
 # RALP
@@ -1609,76 +1545,62 @@ respond "*" ":midas sys1; ts gtload_syseng; gtload\r"
 expect ":KILL"
 
 # RUG, PDP-11 debugger.
-respond "*" ":cwd pdp11\r"
-respond "*" ":palx rug\r"
-respond "?" "2\r"
-respond "?" "100000\r"
-respond "?" "1\r"
-respond "?" "1\r"
-expect ":KILL"
+cwd "pdp11"
+palx "pdp11;" "rug" {
+    respond "?" "2\r"
+    respond "?" "100000\r"
+    respond "?" "1\r"
+    respond "?" "1\r"
+}
 
 # URUG, GT40 debugger.
-respond "*" ":palx sysbin;_sysen2;urug\r"
-respond "=YES" "1\r"
-respond "37000" "37000\r"
-expect ":KILL"
+palx "sysbin;" "sysen2;urug" {
+    respond "=YES" "1\r"
+    respond "37000" "37000\r"
+}
 
 # GT40 Lunar Lander.
-respond "*" ":palx gt40;_gt40;gtlem\r"
-expect ":KILL"
+palx "gt40;" "gt40;gtlem"
 
 # MINITS
-respond "*" ":cwd mits.s\r"
-respond "*" ":palx test_config\r"
-respond ":::" "777\r"
-expect ":KILL"
+cwd "mits.s"
+palx "test" "config" {
+    respond ":::" "777\r"
+}
 
 # MINITS boot ROM for an Interlan network interface.
-respond "*" ":cwd mits.b\r"
-respond "*" ":palx bootil\r"
-respond "Interlan CSR?" "0\r"
-respond "Chaos address of Interlan board?" "0\r"
-expect "Which set of downloading hosts?"
-respond ")" "0\r"
-respond "Start address?" "0\r"
-respond "Do you want a power up/boot support" "0\r"
-respond "Boot PROM mapping kludge?" "0\r"
-respond "Start of temporary data storage?" "150000\r"
-expect ":KILL"
+cwd "mits.b"
+palx "mits.b;" "bootil" {
+    respond "Interlan CSR?" "0\r"
+    respond "Chaos address of Interlan board?" "0\r"
+    expect "Which set of downloading hosts?"
+    respond ")" "0\r"
+    respond "Start address?" "0\r"
+    respond "Do you want a power up/boot support" "0\r"
+    respond "Boot PROM mapping kludge?" "0\r"
+    respond "Start of temporary data storage?" "150000\r"
+}
 
 # ITS universal file.
-respond "*" ":cwd decsys\r"
-respond "*" ":macro\r"
-respond "*" "sits.unv=sits.mac\r"
-expect "CORE USED"
-respond "*" "\003"
-respond "*" ":kill\r"
+cwd "decsys"
+macro10 "sits.unv" "sits.mac"
 
 # Datacomputer file transfer.
-respond "*" ":cwd mrc\r"
-respond "*" ":macro\r"
-respond "*" "dftp=dftp\r"
-expect "CORE USED"
-respond "*" "\003"
-respond "*" ":kill\r"
-respond "*" ":dec sys:link\r"
-respond "*" "dftp/go\r"
-expect "EXIT"
-respond "*" ":start 45\r"
-respond "Command" "d"
-respond "*" ":pdump sys1; ts dftp\r"
-respond "*" ":kill\r"
+cwd "mrc"
+macro10 "dftp" "dftp"
+linker "dftp"
+decuuo "sys1; ts dftp"
 
 # PDP-11 Lisp.
-respond "*" ":palx rms;_lisp11\r"
-respond "System (RANDOM, SIMULATOR, LOGO, MATH, or STANFORD)?" "SIMULATOR\r"
-expect ":KILL"
+palx "rms;" "lisp11" {
+    respond "System (RANDOM, SIMULATOR, LOGO, MATH, or STANFORD)?" "SIMULATOR\r"
+}
 
 # Logo RUG.  STUFF prefers it to be RUG; AR BIN.
-respond "*" ":palx rug;_ar\r"
-# We'll just do the Logo PDP-11/45.
-respond "COMPUTER=" "1\r"
-expect ":KILL"
+palx "rug;" "ar" {
+    # We'll just do the Logo PDP-11/45.
+    respond "COMPUTER=" "1\r"
+}
 
 # PUNCH, punch out paper tapes in the Logo RUG format.
 respond "*" ":midas rug; ts punch_punch\r"
@@ -1688,80 +1610,58 @@ expect ":KILL"
 respond "*" ":midas rug;_loder\r"
 expect ":KILL"
 respond "*" ":link sys; ts nloder, rug; loder bin\r"
-type ":vk\r"
 respond "*" ":link sys1; ts mloder, rug; loder bin\r"
-type ":vk\r"
 
 # SITS.
-respond "*" ":cwd sits\r"
-respond "*" ":palx sits\r"
-expect ":KILL"
+cwd "sits"
+palx "sits;" "sits"
 
 # Salvager for the SITS file system.
-respond "*" ":palx salv\r"
-expect ":KILL"
+palx "sits;" "salv"
 
 # System Sphere for SITS.
-respond "*" ":palx sysspr\r"
-expect ":KILL"
+palx "sits;" "sysspr"
 
 # DDT for SITS.
-respond "*" ":palx ddt\r"
-expect ":KILL"
+palx "sits;" "ddt"
 
 # Font loader daemon for SITS.
-respond "*" ":palx fnt\r"
-expect ":KILL"
+palx "sits;" "fnt"
 
 # INQUIR for SITS.
-respond "*" ":palx inquir\r"
-expect ":KILL"
+palx "sits;" "inquir"
 
 # DIRED for SITS.
-respond "*" ":palx dired\r"
-expect ":KILL"
+palx "sits;" "dired"
 
 # TECO for SITS.
-respond "*" ":cwd rjl\r"
-respond "*" ":palx teco\r"
-expect ":KILL"
+cwd "rjl"
+palx "rjl;" "teco"
 
 # SLOGO, 11LOGO for SITS.
-respond "*" ":cwd nlogo\r"
-respond "*" ":palx slogo_@slogo\r"
-expect ":KILL"
+cwd "nlogo"
+palx "slogo" "@slogo"
 
 # HLOGO, "Hal hack" 11LOGO.
-respond "*" ":palx hlogo_@hlogo\r"
-expect ":KILL"
+palx "hlogo" "@hlogo"
 
 # ITSCOM, ITS-SITS communication.
-respond "*" ":cwd bee\r"
-respond "*" ":palx itscom\r"
-expect ":KILL"
+cwd "bee"
+palx "bee;" "itscom"
 
 # ITS, SITS file transfer.
-respond "*" ":cwd gld\r"
-respond "*" ":palx its\r"
-expect ":KILL"
+cwd "gld"
+palx "gld;" "its"
 
 # TORTIS
 respond "*" ":midas;324 radia;_tortis\r"
 expect ":KILL"
 
 # BBN Logo
-respond "*" ":cwd bbn\r"
-respond "*" ":macro\r"
-respond "*" "logo=logo\r"
-expect "CORE USED"
-respond "*" "\003"
-respond "*" ":kill\r"
-respond "*" ":dec sys:loader\r"
-respond "*" "logo/g\r"
-respond "EXIT" ":start 45\r"
-respond "Command:" "d"
-respond "*" ":pdump bbn; ts logo\r"
-respond "*" ":kill\r"
+cwd "bbn"
+macro10 "logo" "logo"
+loader "logo"
+decuuo "bbn; ts logo"
 
 # CLOGO
 respond "*" ":midas sys; ts clogo_rjl; logo\r"
@@ -1775,7 +1675,7 @@ respond "DFLAG=" "1\r"
 expect ":KILL"
 
 # NVMIDS, Nova assembler
-respond "*" ":cwd nova\r"
+cwd "nova"
 respond "*" ":midas;73\r"
 expect "MIDAS"
 respond "\n" "TS NVMIDS_NVMIDS >\r"
@@ -1812,13 +1712,13 @@ respond "\n" "TIME MACHIN\r"
 expect ":KILL"
 
 # 11LOGO
-respond "*" ":cwd 11logo\r"
-respond "*" ":plx143 /H/M/CL BIN,N CREF_SYSTEM,TYI,READ,EVAL,TURTLE,ZEND\r"
-respond "ASSSW=" "0\r"
-expect ":KILL"
+cwd "11logo"
+palx "/H/M/CL BIN,N CREF" "SYSTEM,TYI,READ,EVAL,TURTLE,ZEND" {
+    respond "ASSSW=" "0\r"
+}
 
 # Apple II Logo
-respond "*" ":cwd aplogo\r"
+cwd "aplogo"
 respond "*" ":cross\r"
 respond "*" "logo/ptp,logo=logo\r"
 expect "Core used"
@@ -1826,7 +1726,7 @@ respond "*" "\003"
 respond "*" ":kill\r"
 
 # Atari 800 terminal emulator Chameleon by Jack Palevich.
-respond "*" ":cwd atlogo\r"
+cwd "atlogo"
 respond "*" ":cross\r"
 respond "*" "supdup,supdup=supdup/m65\r"
 expect "Core used"
@@ -1879,7 +1779,7 @@ respond "*" ":midas mudsys;ts stink_sysen2;stink 121t\r"
 expect ":KILL"
 
 # Move hello world xfiles into an archive.
-respond "*" ":cwd hello\r"
+cwd "hello"
 respond "*" ":move dsk:c xfile, ar:\r"
 respond "*" ":move dsk:clu xfile, ar:\r"
 respond "*" ":move dsk:clu xxfile, ar:\r"
diff --git a/build/muddle.tcl b/build/muddle.tcl
index 591282f7e..e4482ec6e 100644
--- a/build/muddle.tcl
+++ b/build/muddle.tcl
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ log_progress "ENTERING BUILD SCRIPT: MUDDLE"
 mkdir "mudsav"
 
 proc build_muddle {dir version} {
-	respond "*" ":cwd $dir\r"
+	cwd "$dir"
 
 	respond "*" ":xfile mud$version assem\r"
 	expect -timeout 300 "Assembly done!"
diff --git a/build/sail.tcl b/build/sail.tcl
index 5866c07d9..990a22362 100644
--- a/build/sail.tcl
+++ b/build/sail.tcl
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 log_progress "ENTERING BUILD SCRIPT: SAIL"
 
 # stktrn
-respond "*" ":cwd sail\r"
+cwd "sail"
 respond "*" ":fail stktrn\r"
 
 # jobdat
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ respond "*" ":link sys1; ts pc, datdrw; pc bin\r"
 respond "*" ":link sys1; ts scnv, datdrw; scnv bin\r"
 
 # The drawing program needs WL; BOARDS REL
-respond "*" ":cwd wl\r"
+cwd "wl"
 respond "*" ":fail boards\r"
 respond ";^C" ";\003"
 
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ respond "SELECTED" ";\003"
 respond "*" "\032:kill\r"
 
 # SUDS drawing program
-respond "*" ":cwd draw\r"
+cwd "draw"
 respond "*" ":fail d\r"
 respond ";^C" ";\003"
 respond "*" "\032:kill\r"
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ respond "\n" ":pdump datdrw; lay bin\r"
 respond "*" ":kill\r"
 
 # SUDS wirelist program.
-respond "*" ":cwd wl\r"
+cwd "wl"
 respond "*" ":fail wl\r"
 respond "*" "wboard\r"
 respond "*" "\032:kill\r"
diff --git a/build/shrdlu.tcl b/build/shrdlu.tcl
index e0ef4f470..b204225c6 100644
--- a/build/shrdlu.tcl
+++ b/build/shrdlu.tcl
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 log_progress "ENTERING BUILD SCRIPT: SHRDLU"
 
-respond "*" ":cwd shrdlu\r"
+cwd "shrdlu"
 
 # first, compile all the sources that should be compiled
 
diff --git a/build/timestamps.txt b/build/timestamps.txt
index 0a62fce41..316565dba 100644
--- a/build/timestamps.txt
+++ b/build/timestamps.txt
@@ -283,6 +283,8 @@ decsys/lnklod.shr 197811110602.40
 decsys/lnkscn.shr 197811110609.48
 decsys/lnkxit.shr 197811110601.58
 decsys/loader.shr 197603142216.18
+decsys/macn11.hdr 197411160000.00
+decsys/macn11.mac 197501140000.00
 decsys/macro.shr 197603142216.26
 decsys/macten.mac 197501040000.00
 decsys/sits.mac 197609010303.16
@@ -887,6 +889,7 @@ info/lispt.22 197803112120.26
 _info_/lisp.trace 197501181143.25
 _info_/lisp.whovar 198102200255.12
 _info_/lmodem.help 198106051040.17
+info/macn11.doc 197411060000.00
 info/macsym.12 198303130147.18
 info/mail.12 198201140231.54
 info/meter.1 197707100346.21
diff --git a/build/typeset.tcl b/build/typeset.tcl
index e1b601dc5..1fec1c2fb 100644
--- a/build/typeset.tcl
+++ b/build/typeset.tcl
@@ -16,5 +16,5 @@ respond "_" "lmdoc;paper_lmdoc;paper\r"
 expect ":KILL"
 
 # R manual.
-respond "*" ":cwd r\r"
+cwd "r"
 respond "*" ":r rman.r\r"
diff --git a/doc/info/macn11.doc b/doc/info/macn11.doc
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..507866caa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/info/macn11.doc
@@ -0,0 +1,358 @@
+
+
+
+
+
+          MACN11 is a PDP-11 MACRO language assembler  which  operates
+     on the PDP-10.  This document describes version 3 of MACN11; with
+     the exception of differences listed in the following pages, it is
+     compatible  with  the  language  accepted  by  MACRO-11 under DOS
+     Version 9, as  described  in  DEC's  DOS/BATCH  assembler  manual
+     (order no.  DEC-11-LASMA-A-D).
+
+          Bug reports, comments,  and  suggestions  concerning  either
+     version of MACN11 are welcome via net mail to Raveling@ISIB.
+
+	Notes on MACN11 Version 3                          Page   2
+
+
+
+  	--------  Language Variations from MACRO-11  ---------
+
+
+
+             <<  Features not yet supported  >>
+
+
+          .PSECT          -- Not recognized at present.
+          .DSABL    REG  -- Parsed properly but ignored;
+                    Register definitions are always enabled
+                    at present.
+
+
+               Both of these features will be supported in version 4.
+
+
+
+
+
+               << Differences in defaults >>
+
+
+          Default  modes  for  the  .LIST/.NLIST   and   .ENABL/.DSABL
+          directives  can be changed by assembly parameters in MACN11.
+          In the configuration maintained by ISI these defaults  match
+          MACRO-11's except for the following:
+
+               .NLIST    TTM  ; [format listings for lpt output]
+               .ENABL    LC   ; [don't fold lower case]
+
+
+
+
+	Notes on MACN11 Version 3                          Page   3
+
+
+
+                <<  Language extensions  >>
+
+
+     .ASCII & .ASCIZ 
+
+          MACN11 allows multiple expressions, rather  than  just  one,
+          within  brackets.   Expressions  are  delimited  by  commas.
+          E.g., "<cr><lf>" can be written as "<cr,lf>".
+
+
+     .ENABL & .DSABL
+
+          These verbs recognize two nonstandard operands:
+
+          NSF (Nonstandard features): Enabled by default.
+               Enabling NSF allows use of MACN11's extended  features.
+               Disabling  limits  the  acceptable  source  language to
+               being strictly compatible with MACRO-11.
+
+          ISD (Internal Symbol Definitions): Disabled by default
+               Enabling ISD includes definitions of internal  symbols,
+               as well as global symbols, in the object module output.
+               These definitions allow generation of  a  symbol  table
+               for debuggers such as DDT-11.
+
+          HOV (Hexadecimal override): Disabled  by  default.   If  the
+               current  radix  is 16 and HOV is enabled, then terms of
+               expressions which begin with A-F are assumed to be  hex
+               numbers, rather than symbols.  E.g.,
+
+                    .ENABL    HOV ; Enabling hex override causes
+                    MOV   A,R0 ; this instruction to load 10. into
+                              ; R0, rather than the address of a
+                              ; word labelled A.
+
+
+     .ENDM 
+
+          Interior macro definitions within a nest can  be  terminated
+          by  a  .ENDM  whose  operand  is  the  name  of  an exterior
+          definition.
+
+
+     Hexadecimal numbers
+
+          Hex numbers, using the digits 0-9 and A-F, may be  used  via
+          extensions  of the existing radix control functions.  .RADIX
+          accepts 16 as a valid operand to  set  the  current  default
+          radix,  and temporary radix control includes "H" in addition
+          to the standard "D", "O", and "B".
+
+          When using hexadecimal as the default radix it  is  normally
+          necessary  to  prefix  numbers  beginning  with  A-F by a 0;
+
+	Notes on MACN11 Version 3                          Page   4
+
+
+
+          otherwise they would be parsed as symbols.   Use  of  .ENABL
+          HOV  eliminates  this  need  at  the  cost of making symbols
+          beginning with A-F inaccessible.
+
+
+     Logical shift operator ("_")
+
+          An additional binary operator is  recognized  in  expression
+          evaluation.   "a_b"  is evaluated as "the value of a shifted
+          left b bits".  If b is negative, the term is shifted  right.
+          Both  a  and  b may be any valid term, including a bracketed
+          expression.
+
+          A common use for  this  operator  is  in  defining  symbolic
+          values  for  bit masks.  For example, "INTENA = 1_6" defines
+          an interrupt enable mask as a 1 in bit 6.
+
+
+     .PDP10
+
+          The ".PDP10" directive is recognized, but is ignored.   This
+          is for the sake of assembling Bliss-11 compiler output.
+
+
+
+     Predefined symbols
+
+          Symbols can be predefined by assembling their  symbol  table
+          entries  into MACN11.  At present register names (R0-R7, SP,
+          and PC) and ".MACN." are defined in this  way.   .MACN.   is
+          equated to the assembler's version number.
+
+
+     Radix 50 terms in expressions: ^R
+
+          "^R" is recognized  as  a  unary  operator  in  expressions,
+          indicating   that  the  next  three  characters  are  to  be
+          converted to radix 50 format for use as a 16-bit value.  Any
+          character  without  a  radix  50  equivalent is treated as a
+          delimiter, and is taken as equivalent to trailing blanks  in
+          evaluating the term.
+
+
+     .SBHED 
+
+          A  new  directive,  .SBHED,  specifies  a   subheading;   it
+          functions  as  a conditional .PAGE followed by a .SBTTL.  It
+          skips to a new page unless the most  recent  listing  output
+          was  a  page  skip,  then  outputs  a standard page heading.
+          .SBHED's operand field is included in the table of  contents
+          and in all page subheadings until another .SBHED or a .SBTTL
+          is issued.  The .SBHED directive itself is  the  first  line
+          listed below the new page heading.
+
+	Notes on MACN11 Version 3                          Page   5
+
+
+
+	----------------  Operating  Procedures  -----------------
+
+
+
+          Operating  procedures  for  MACN11  version  3  are   nearly
+     identical to MACRO-11's.  The only differences are the following:
+
+          "=" and "_" are accepted as synonyms for "<".
+          The /PA switch is accepted but is ignored.
+          An additional switch, /FO, is available to specify
+               the PDP-10 file format for object output.
+          Cross references are pretty disgusting.
+
+          Details of these differences are included in the description
+     below.
+
+
+
+
+          MACN11  assembles  one  or  more  source   files,   normally
+     producing  two files: a relocatable object module and an assembly
+     listing.  Command string syntax is similar to MACRO-11's.
+
+          Object files normally are generated in packed  format,  with
+     each  PDP-11  word  right-adjusted  in  a  PDP-10 halfword.  This
+     format is standard for other utilities which may deal with  these
+     files (LNKX11, LINK11, FILEX, etc.).
+
+
+     Command Input String
+
+
+          When MACN11 is ready for a command it  lists  its  name  and
+     version  number  on  the user's terminal, then outputs a "*" on a
+     new line.  In return it expects the following sort of string:
+
+
+     object,listing<source1,source2,...,sourcen
+
+
+     "<" separates output file specifications from input  specs.   "="
+          and "_" are equally acceptable.
+
+          Each field in the command string specifies a file  name  and
+          may  include  optional switches.  File names must conform to
+          DEC  conventions  (6-byte   file   name,   optional   3-byte
+          extension).   If  the  extension is omitted on any file name
+          the assembler chooses a suitable default.
+
+          A PPN (project-programmer  number)  may  be  supplied  where
+          MACRO-11  would  accept  a  UIC  (user identification code).
+          Under Tenex this is treated as a directory number.  MACN11's
+          source  contains  assembly  parameters to allow it to accept
+
+	Notes on MACN11 Version 3                          Page   6
+
+
+
+          PPNs in the formats used by CMU and Stanford.
+
+
+     Object is normally a relocatable object module  file,  ready  for
+          input  to  LNKX11  or  LINK-11.   Its  default  extension is
+          ".OBJ".  Absolute  binary  output,  with  default  extension
+          ".BIN", can be generated by using ".ENABL ABS" in the source
+          program, or by including a "/EN:ABS" switch in  the  command
+          string.
+
+          Object file format may be specified with the  "/FO"  switch.
+          "/FO:P"  generates  packed  output (1 PDP-11 word per PDP-10
+          halfword), and is the default.   "/FO:I"  forces  image-mode
+          output, with one 8-bit byte per PDP-10 word.
+
+
+     Listing is an ASCII file with  a  default  extension  of  ".LST".
+          Cross  references  may  be obtained by using a "/CRF" switch
+          with the listing file; this generates a file with  extension
+          ".CRF",  which  must  be  run  through  CREF.  The resulting
+          listing is terrible.  It looks a little better if  "/NL:SEQ"
+          is  also  specified,  but  that doesn't cure the readability
+          problems.  In addition, not all references  to  symbols  are
+          recorded  in the cross reference.  All of these woes will be
+          fixed by moving cross reference processing into MACN11; this
+          will be done no later than version 5 of the assembler.
+
+
+     Source files are in ASCII, with the following default  extensions
+          recognized by the assembler:
+
+               ".M11", ".P11", ".MAC", blank
+
+
+          Either the object file or the listing file,  but  not  both,
+     may  be  omitted.   Any  number of source files (except 0) may be
+     used.
+
+	Notes on MACN11 Version 3                          Page   7
+
+
+
+-------------  Assembler Generation Options  --------------
+
+
+
+          The  source  for  MACN11  contains  a  number  of   assembly
+     parameters  to allow customizing it for individual installations.
+     Most, but not all,  are  clustered  on  a  couple  pages  at  the
+     beginning.  The most useful of these parameters, and their values
+     in the ISI source, are .  .  .
+
+
+      Name           Default Value    Meaning
+     --------        -----------     ---------------------------------
+
+     CCLSW               0           1 => Generate CCL support
+
+     CMUSW               0           1 => Handle CMU PPNs
+                                          in file names
+
+     STANSW              0           1 => Handle Stanford PPNs
+
+     PAGSIZ           D54            Number of lines per page
+                                     on listing output
+
+     ENDEF   LCFLG+PNCFLG+REGFLG     Default .ENABL modes; bit names
+                                     are "xxxFLG", where "xxx" is an
+                                     operand of .ENABL/.DSABL.
+
+     LDEF  777777-LLD-LME-LMEB-LTTM  Default .LIST modes; bit names
+                                     are "Lxxx", where "xxx" is an
+                                     operand of .LIST/.NLIST.
+
+
+
+          Additional symbols can be  predefined  by  assembling  their
+     definitions  into  the  prototype  symbol  table  which begins at
+     location PERMST, near the end of the  assembly.   This  table  is
+     kept  in  ascending  order  by  the  .RAD50 (mod 40) value of the
+     symbol, which is equivalent to alphabetic order  except  for  "."
+     and "$".  Entry format is .  .  .
+
+             XWD                     ; type-flags,value
+             GENM40  N,A,M,E     ; 1-6 characters
+
+     Type flags may be .  .  .
+
+     DEFSYM  -- Symbol is defined
+     REGSYM  -- Symbol identifies a register
+     GLBSYM  -- Symbol is global (external if DEFSYM not set)
+
+	Notes on MACN11 Version 3                          Page   8
+
+
+
+     ---------  Internal Symbol Definitions  ----------
+
+
+
+             When ISD is enabled, internal symbol  definition  entries
+     When  .ENABL ISD is in effect, internal symbol definition entries
+     are included in  the  generated  object  module's  global  symbol
+     dictionary.   These  are type 2 GSD entries, which are identified
+     in appendix B (B.1.3) of  the  DOS/Batch  Linker  manual.   Their
+     format is:
+
+
+             ---------------------------------
+             !            Symbol             !
+             !             Name              !
+             ---------------------------------
+             !      2        !     Flags     !
+             ---------------------------------
+             !            Value              !
+             ---------------------------------
+
+
+     The symbol name is two words in .RAD50 format.
+
+     The flag byte currently has only one bit defined: Bit 0 is set if
+     the symbol is a register name.  All undefined bits are set to 0.
+
+     The value is identical to that field in global symbol name  (type
+     4) entries: It is the symbol's offset from the start of the csect
+     identified by the most recent type 1  (csect  name)  entry.   ISD
+     values  are  absolute  if they follow the absolute csect's type 1
+     entry.î

\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/doc/programs.md b/doc/programs.md
index b05e8d2e2..885782bb3 100644
--- a/doc/programs.md
+++ b/doc/programs.md
@@ -210,6 +210,7 @@
 - LUSER, request help from registered list of logged-in users.
 - MBXLOC, lock a mailbox.
 - MACDMP, standalone program loader/dumper for DECtape.
+- MACN11, PDP-11 cross assembler.
 - MACN80, Z80 cross assembler.
 - MACRO-10, DEC assembler.
 - MACSYMA, symbolic manipulation system.
diff --git a/src/decsys/macn11.hdr b/src/decsys/macn11.hdr
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..aa092f612
Binary files /dev/null and b/src/decsys/macn11.hdr differ
diff --git a/src/decsys/macn11.mac b/src/decsys/macn11.mac
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d9bbb0972
Binary files /dev/null and b/src/decsys/macn11.mac differ