diff --git a/__tests__/admin/PrintRecordViews.test.jsx b/__tests__/admin/PrintRecordViews.test.jsx
index 6919693d..d639a577 100644
--- a/__tests__/admin/PrintRecordViews.test.jsx
+++ b/__tests__/admin/PrintRecordViews.test.jsx
@@ -22,27 +22,68 @@ vi.mock("@/lib/config/env", () => ({
   },
 }));
 
-vi.mock("@/lib/actions/users/getUserById", () => ({
-  getUserById: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({
-    user: {
-      _id: "usr_999",
-      name: "Zaynab Idris",
-      email: "zaynab@deenbridge.org",
-      role: "educator",
-      status: "active",
-      createdAt: "2025-03-01T00:00:00Z",
-      walletAddress: "GC3BDSVU7WAKCCGLTDTBQLP3Y4S7G45P6W6Y5Z2XJ3K4L5M6N7P8Q111",
-      bio: "Quran & Tajweed Educator",
-      purchases: [{ id: "p1", title: "Fiqh of Worship", amount: "42.00", date: "2026-01-01" }],
-    },
-  }),
+const getUserByIdMock = vi.hoisted(() => vi.fn());
+const fetchVerificationHistoryMock = vi.hoisted(() => vi.fn());
+
+vi.mock("@/lib/actions/users/getUserById", () => ({ getUserById: getUserByIdMock }));
+vi.mock("@/lib/actions/admin-verification-history", () => ({
+  fetchEducatorVerificationHistory: fetchVerificationHistoryMock,
 }));
 
+const educatorUser = {
+  _id: "usr_999",
+  name: "Zaynab Idris",
+  email: "zaynab@deenbridge.org",
+  role: "educator",
+  status: "active",
+  createdAt: "2025-03-01T00:00:00Z",
+  walletAddress: "GC3BDSVU7WAKCCGLTDTBQLP3Y4S7G45P6W6Y5Z2XJ3K4L5M6N7P8Q111",
+  bio: "Quran & Tajweed Educator",
+  verification: {
+    submittedAt: "2026-01-01T09:00:00.000Z",
+    approvedAt: "2026-01-02T10:00:00.000Z",
+    reviewedBy: "Amina Admin",
+  },
+  purchases: [{ id: "p1", title: "Fiqh of Worship", amount: "42.00", date: "2026-01-01" }],
+};
+
+const defaultHistory = {
+  source: "composed",
+  events: [
+    {
+      id: "approved-1",
+      type: "approved",
+      label: "Approved",
+      actor: "Amina Admin",
+      timestamp: "2026-01-02T10:00:00.000Z",
+      note: null,
+    },
+    {
+      id: "submitted-1",
+      type: "submitted",
+      label: "Submitted",
+      actor: "Zaynab Idris",
+      timestamp: "2026-01-01T09:00:00.000Z",
+      note: null,
+    },
+  ],
+};
+
+function deferred() {
+  let resolve;
+  const promise = new Promise((resolvePromise) => {
+    resolve = resolvePromise;
+  });
+  return { promise, resolve };
+}
+
 describe("Print-Friendly Views for Records (#338)", () => {
   let originalPrint;
 
   beforeEach(() => {
     vi.clearAllMocks();
+    getUserByIdMock.mockResolvedValue({ user: educatorUser });
+    fetchVerificationHistoryMock.mockResolvedValue(defaultHistory);
     originalPrint = window.print;
     window.print = vi.fn();
   });
@@ -91,7 +132,11 @@ describe("Print-Friendly Views for Records (#338)", () => {
       render(<AdminUserDetailPage params={params} />);
     });
 
-    expect(await screen.findByText("Zaynab Idris")).toBeInTheDocument();
+    expect(await screen.findByRole("heading", { name: "Zaynab Idris" })).toBeInTheDocument();
+    expect(await screen.findByText("Verification History")).toBeInTheDocument();
+    expect(screen.getByText("Approved")).toBeInTheDocument();
+    expect(screen.getAllByText(/Actor:/)).toHaveLength(2);
+    expect(screen.getByText(/Backend history endpoint is not available yet/i)).toBeInTheDocument();
 
     const printRoot = document.body.querySelector(".print-root");
     expect(printRoot).toBeInTheDocument();
@@ -104,6 +149,47 @@ describe("Print-Friendly Views for Records (#338)", () => {
     expect(window.print).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
   });
 
+  it("keeps the latest educator history when an earlier request resolves last", async () => {
+    const userAHistory = deferred();
+    const userBHistory = deferred();
+    getUserByIdMock.mockImplementation(async (userId) => ({
+      user: { ...educatorUser, _id: userId, name: userId === "usr_a" ? "Educator A" : "Educator B" },
+    }));
+    fetchVerificationHistoryMock.mockImplementation((userId) =>
+      userId === "usr_a" ? userAHistory.promise : userBHistory.promise
+    );
+
+    let rerender;
+    await act(async () => {
+      ({ rerender } = render(
+        <AdminUserDetailPage params={Promise.resolve({ userId: "usr_a" })} />
+      ));
+    });
+    await waitFor(() => expect(fetchVerificationHistoryMock).toHaveBeenCalledWith("usr_a", expect.any(Object)));
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      rerender(<AdminUserDetailPage params={Promise.resolve({ userId: "usr_b" })} />);
+    });
+    await waitFor(() => expect(fetchVerificationHistoryMock).toHaveBeenCalledWith("usr_b", expect.any(Object)));
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      userBHistory.resolve({
+        source: "backend",
+        events: [{ ...defaultHistory.events[0], id: "user-b", actor: "Reviewer B" }],
+      });
+    });
+    expect(await screen.findByText("Reviewer B")).toBeInTheDocument();
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      userAHistory.resolve({
+        source: "backend",
+        events: [{ ...defaultHistory.events[0], id: "user-a", actor: "Reviewer A" }],
+      });
+    });
+    await waitFor(() => expect(screen.queryByText("Reviewer A")).not.toBeInTheDocument());
+    expect(screen.getByText("Reviewer B")).toBeInTheDocument();
+  });
+
   it("DisputesPage detail modal renders print-root container and print record button", async () => {
     const { container } = render(<DisputesPage />);
 
diff --git a/__tests__/admin/admin-verification-history.service.test.js b/__tests__/admin/admin-verification-history.service.test.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6c1ba5ab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/__tests__/admin/admin-verification-history.service.test.js
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+import { describe, it, expect, vi, beforeEach } from "vitest";
+
+const mockAxios = vi.hoisted(() => ({
+  get: vi.fn(),
+}));
+
+vi.mock("@/lib/config/axios.config", () => ({
+  default: mockAxios,
+}));
+
+import {
+  composeVerificationHistoryFromUser,
+  fetchEducatorVerificationHistory,
+} from "@/lib/actions/admin-verification-history";
+
+describe("admin verification history service", () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    mockAxios.get.mockReset();
+  });
+
+  it("uses backend verification events when the endpoint is available", async () => {
+    mockAxios.get.mockResolvedValue({
+      data: {
+        events: [
+          {
+            id: "evt_1",
+            type: "approved",
+            actor: { name: "Admin reviewer" },
+            timestamp: "2026-01-03T12:00:00.000Z",
+          },
+        ],
+      },
+    });
+
+    const result = await fetchEducatorVerificationHistory("usr_1", {});
+
+    expect(mockAxios.get).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+      "/api/admin/educators/usr_1/verification-history"
+    );
+    expect(result.source).toBe("backend");
+    expect(result.events[0]).toMatchObject({
+      type: "approved",
+      actor: "Admin reviewer",
+      label: "Approved",
+    });
+  });
+
+  it("composes newest-first fallback events from educator record fields", async () => {
+    mockAxios.get.mockRejectedValue(new Error("Not found"));
+
+    const result = await fetchEducatorVerificationHistory("usr_2", {
+      email: "educator@example.com",
+      verification: {
+        submittedAt: "2026-01-01T09:00:00.000Z",
+        infoRequestedAt: "2026-01-02T09:00:00.000Z",
+        approvedAt: "2026-01-03T09:00:00.000Z",
+        reviewedBy: "Amina Admin",
+        infoRequestReason: "Certificate scan was unclear.",
+      },
+    });
+
+    expect(result.source).toBe("composed");
+    expect(result.events.map((event) => event.type)).toEqual([
+      "approved",
+      "info_requested",
+      "submitted",
+    ]);
+    expect(result.events[1].note).toBe("Certificate scan was unclear.");
+  });
+
+  it("normalizes explicit history arrays from the user record", () => {
+    const events = composeVerificationHistoryFromUser({
+      verificationHistory: [
+        { type: "submitted", timestamp: "2026-01-01T00:00:00Z", actor: "Educator" },
+        { type: "re_verified", timestamp: "2026-01-04T00:00:00Z", actor: "Admin" },
+      ],
+    });
+
+    expect(events).toHaveLength(2);
+    expect(events[0].type).toBe("re_verified");
+    expect(events[0].label).toBe("Re-verified");
+  });
+
+  it("does not treat a generic review timestamp as rejection for an approved record", () => {
+    const events = composeVerificationHistoryFromUser({
+      verification: {
+        status: "approved",
+        submittedAt: "2026-01-01T00:00:00Z",
+        reviewedAt: "2026-01-02T00:00:00Z",
+        approvedAt: "2026-01-02T00:00:00Z",
+      },
+    });
+
+    expect(events.map((event) => event.type)).toEqual(["approved", "submitted"]);
+  });
+});
diff --git a/__tests__/admin/useMediaBlur.test.js b/__tests__/admin/useMediaBlur.test.js
index ea509f6e..bc8505b6 100644
--- a/__tests__/admin/useMediaBlur.test.js
+++ b/__tests__/admin/useMediaBlur.test.js
@@ -56,10 +56,15 @@ afterEach(() => {
 // ── Tests ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 
 describe("useMediaBlur", () => {
-  it("starts with blur disabled by default", () => {
+  it("starts with blur disabled by default", async () => {
     const { result } = renderHook(() => useMediaBlur());
-    expect(result.current.loaded).toBe(true);
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      await new Promise((r) => setTimeout(r, 0));
+    });
+
     expect(result.current.blurEnabled).toBe(false);
+    expect(result.current.loaded).toBe(true);
   });
 
   it("uses overrideDefault when no stored value exists", async () => {
diff --git a/__tests__/verification/VerificationPage.test.jsx b/__tests__/verification/VerificationPage.test.jsx
index 02398bcf..a20add64 100644
--- a/__tests__/verification/VerificationPage.test.jsx
+++ b/__tests__/verification/VerificationPage.test.jsx
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
  * VerificationPage - status center component tests
  */
 
-import { describe, it, expect, vi, beforeEach, afterEach } from "vitest";
+import { describe, it, expect, vi, beforeAll, beforeEach, afterEach } from "vitest";
 import { render, screen, fireEvent, waitFor } from "@testing-library/react";
 import { VERIFICATION_STATUS } from "@/lib/actions/educators/fetchVerificationStatus";
 
@@ -66,14 +66,15 @@ function clickBtn(testId) {
   if (inner) fireEvent.click(inner);
 }
 let _VerificationPage;
-beforeEach(async () => {
+beforeAll(async () => {
+  const mod = await import("@/app/[locale]/account/verification/page");
+  _VerificationPage = mod.default;
+}, 60000);
+
+beforeEach(() => {
   _hookState.current = makeHook();
   mockPush.mockClear();
   mockFetchSignedUrl.mockClear();
-  if (!_VerificationPage) {
-    const mod = await import("@/app/[locale]/account/verification/page");
-    _VerificationPage = mod.default;
-  }
 });
 afterEach(() => vi.clearAllMocks());
 
diff --git a/app/[locale]/admin/courses/[courseId]/page.jsx b/app/[locale]/admin/courses/[courseId]/page.jsx
index 2d2fa2da..6119d2d1 100644
--- a/app/[locale]/admin/courses/[courseId]/page.jsx
+++ b/app/[locale]/admin/courses/[courseId]/page.jsx
@@ -2,11 +2,11 @@
 
 import { useState, useEffect } from "react";
 import { useParams } from "next/navigation";
-import { 
-  Accordion, 
-  AccordionContent, 
-  AccordionItem, 
-  AccordionTrigger 
+import {
+  Accordion,
+  AccordionContent,
+  AccordionItem,
+  AccordionTrigger
 } from "@/components/ui/accordion";
 import { Play, BookOpen, FileText, Settings, ShieldAlert, Calendar, BarChart3, Tag } from "lucide-react";
 import { PageShell } from "@/components/ui/page-shell";
diff --git a/app/[locale]/admin/users/[userId]/page.jsx b/app/[locale]/admin/users/[userId]/page.jsx
index 876318ed..0d94ce6b 100644
--- a/app/[locale]/admin/users/[userId]/page.jsx
+++ b/app/[locale]/admin/users/[userId]/page.jsx
@@ -17,42 +17,74 @@ import { Avatar, AvatarFallback } from "@/components/ui/avatar";
 import {
   Printer,
   User,
-  Mail,
-  Shield,
-  Calendar,
   Wallet,
   ExternalLink,
-  BookOpen,
-  GraduationCap,
-  Activity,
-  CheckCircle,
+  Clock,
+  FileCheck,
   Film,
   PauseCircle,
   PlayCircle,
 } from "lucide-react";
 import { getUserById } from "@/lib/actions/users/getUserById";
+import { fetchEducatorVerificationHistory } from "@/lib/actions/admin-verification-history";
 import { getExplorerUrl } from "@/lib/utils/stellarExplorer";
 import { config } from "@/lib/config/env";
 import { cn } from "@/lib/utils";
 import { CreatorReelsControlDialog } from "@/components/admin/CreatorReelsControlDialog";
 
+const VERIFICATION_BADGE_STYLES = {
+  submitted: "bg-blue-100 text-blue-800 border-blue-200",
+  info_requested: "bg-amber-100 text-amber-800 border-amber-200",
+  approved: "bg-green-100 text-green-800 border-green-200",
+  rejected: "bg-red-100 text-red-800 border-red-200",
+  re_verified: "bg-emerald-100 text-emerald-800 border-emerald-200",
+};
+
+function isMentorRecord(user) {
+  const role = String(user?.role || "").toLowerCase();
+  return role === "educator" || role === "mentor";
+}
+
+function formatVerificationTimestamp(timestamp) {
+  if (!timestamp) return "Timestamp unavailable";
+  const date = new Date(timestamp);
+  if (Number.isNaN(date.getTime())) return "Timestamp unavailable";
+  return date.toLocaleString("en-US", {
+    year: "numeric",
+    month: "short",
+    day: "numeric",
+    hour: "2-digit",
+    minute: "2-digit",
+  });
+}
+
 export default function AdminUserDetailPage({ params }) {
   const { userId } = use(params);
   const [reelsDialogOpen, setReelsDialogOpen] = useState(false);
   const [creatorReelsPaused, setCreatorReelsPaused] = useState(false);
   const [user, setUser] = useState(null);
+  const [verificationHistory, setVerificationHistory] = useState({
+    source: null,
+    events: [],
+    loading: true,
+    error: null,
+  });
   const [loading, setLoading] = useState(true);
 
   useEffect(() => {
+    let isActive = true;
+
     async function loadUser() {
       setLoading(true);
       try {
         const res = await getUserById(userId);
+        if (!isActive) return;
+        let resolvedUser;
         if (res?.user) {
-          setUser(res.user);
+          resolvedUser = res.user;
         } else {
           // Mock fallback user record if backend endpoint is not connected
-          setUser({
+          resolvedUser = {
             _id: userId,
             name: "Amina Yusuf",
             email: "amina@deenbridge.org",
@@ -63,14 +95,45 @@ export default function AdminUserDetailPage({ params }) {
             bio: "Senior Arabic & Quranic Studies Educator at DeenBridge.",
             coursesCount: 8,
             booksCount: 3,
+            verification: {
+              submittedAt: "2025-01-16T09:00:00Z",
+              reviewedAt: "2025-01-17T14:30:00Z",
+              approvedAt: "2025-01-17T14:30:00Z",
+              reviewedBy: "Admin review team",
+            },
             purchases: [
               { id: "p1", title: "Tafsir of Surah Al-Fatihah", amount: "$24.50", date: "2026-01-10" },
               { id: "p2", title: "The Sealed Nectar", amount: "$9.99", date: "2026-02-01" },
             ],
-          });
+          };
+        }
+        setUser(resolvedUser);
+
+        if (isMentorRecord(resolvedUser)) {
+          try {
+            const history = await fetchEducatorVerificationHistory(userId, resolvedUser);
+            if (!isActive) return;
+            setVerificationHistory({
+              source: history.source,
+              events: Array.isArray(history.events) ? history.events : [],
+              loading: false,
+              error: null,
+            });
+          } catch (err) {
+            if (!isActive) return;
+            setVerificationHistory({
+              source: null,
+              events: [],
+              loading: false,
+              error: err?.message || "Failed to load verification history",
+            });
+          }
+        } else {
+          setVerificationHistory({ source: null, events: [], loading: false, error: null });
         }
       } catch {
-        setUser({
+        if (!isActive) return;
+        const fallbackUser = {
           _id: userId,
           name: "Amina Yusuf",
           email: "amina@deenbridge.org",
@@ -81,16 +144,35 @@ export default function AdminUserDetailPage({ params }) {
           bio: "Senior Arabic & Quranic Studies Educator at DeenBridge.",
           coursesCount: 8,
           booksCount: 3,
+          verification: {
+            submittedAt: "2025-01-16T09:00:00Z",
+            reviewedAt: "2025-01-17T14:30:00Z",
+            approvedAt: "2025-01-17T14:30:00Z",
+            reviewedBy: "Admin review team",
+          },
           purchases: [
             { id: "p1", title: "Tafsir of Surah Al-Fatihah", amount: "$24.50", date: "2026-01-10" },
             { id: "p2", title: "The Sealed Nectar", amount: "$9.99", date: "2026-02-01" },
           ],
+        };
+        setUser(fallbackUser);
+        const history = await fetchEducatorVerificationHistory(userId, fallbackUser);
+        if (!isActive) return;
+        setVerificationHistory({
+          source: history.source,
+          events: Array.isArray(history.events) ? history.events : [],
+          loading: false,
+          error: null,
         });
       } finally {
-        setLoading(false);
+        if (isActive) setLoading(false);
       }
     }
     loadUser();
+
+    return () => {
+      isActive = false;
+    };
   }, [userId]);
 
   const handlePrint = () => {
@@ -211,6 +293,69 @@ export default function AdminUserDetailPage({ params }) {
               </CardContent>
             </Card>
 
+            {isMentorRecord(user) && (
+              <Card className="border shadow-none">
+                <CardHeader className="pb-2">
+                  <CardTitle className="text-sm font-semibold flex items-center gap-2">
+                    <FileCheck className="h-4 w-4 text-primary" />
+                    Verification History
+                  </CardTitle>
+                  <CardDescription className="text-xs">
+                    Full audit trail of educator verification events, newest first
+                  </CardDescription>
+                </CardHeader>
+                <CardContent className="p-4">
+                  {verificationHistory.loading ? (
+                    <p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">Loading verification history...</p>
+                  ) : verificationHistory.error ? (
+                    <p className="text-xs text-destructive">{verificationHistory.error}</p>
+                  ) : verificationHistory.events.length > 0 ? (
+                    <div className="space-y-3">
+                      {verificationHistory.source === "composed" && (
+                        <p className="rounded-md border border-amber-200 bg-amber-50 px-3 py-2 text-xs text-amber-900">
+                          Backend history endpoint is not available yet; this timeline is composed from verification record fields.
+                        </p>
+                      )}
+                      <ol className="relative border-l pl-4">
+                        {verificationHistory.events.map((event) => (
+                          <li key={event.id} className="relative pb-5 last:pb-0">
+                            <span className="absolute -left-[21px] top-0 flex h-3 w-3 rounded-full border-2 border-background bg-primary" />
+                            <div className="flex flex-col gap-2 sm:flex-row sm:items-start sm:justify-between">
+                              <div className="space-y-1">
+                                <div className="flex flex-wrap items-center gap-2">
+                                  <Badge
+                                    variant="outline"
+                                    className={cn(
+                                      "capitalize font-semibold",
+                                      VERIFICATION_BADGE_STYLES[event.type] || "bg-muted"
+                                    )}
+                                  >
+                                    {event.label}
+                                  </Badge>
+                                  <span className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">
+                                    Actor: <span className="font-medium text-foreground">{event.actor}</span>
+                                  </span>
+                                </div>
+                                {event.note && (
+                                  <p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">{event.note}</p>
+                                )}
+                              </div>
+                              <time className="inline-flex items-center gap-1 text-xs text-muted-foreground">
+                                <Clock className="h-3 w-3" />
+                                {formatVerificationTimestamp(event.timestamp)}
+                              </time>
+                            </div>
+                          </li>
+                        ))}
+                      </ol>
+                    </div>
+                  ) : (
+                    <p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">No verification events recorded yet.</p>
+                  )}
+                </CardContent>
+              </Card>
+            )}
+
             {/* Wallet & Stellar Chain Information */}
             <Card className="border shadow-none">
               <CardHeader className="pb-2">
diff --git a/app/[locale]/dashboard/ai/context.jsx b/app/[locale]/dashboard/ai/context.jsx
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fe7c3d3c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/[locale]/dashboard/ai/context.jsx
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+"use client";
+
+import { createContext, useContext } from "react";
+
+const AiLayoutContext = createContext({
+  chatData: { messages: [], chatId: null },
+  onChatUpdate: null,
+  onOpenSidebar: null,
+});
+
+export function AiLayoutProvider({ value, children }) {
+  return <AiLayoutContext.Provider value={value}>{children}</AiLayoutContext.Provider>;
+}
+
+export function useAiLayout() {
+  return useContext(AiLayoutContext);
+}
diff --git a/app/[locale]/dashboard/ai/layout.js b/app/[locale]/dashboard/ai/layout.js
index fe854e25..8d428504 100644
--- a/app/[locale]/dashboard/ai/layout.js
+++ b/app/[locale]/dashboard/ai/layout.js
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 "use client";
-import React, { useState } from "react";
+import { useState } from "react";
 import { X } from "lucide-react";
 import { AiSidebar } from "@/components/organisms/dashboard/ai/Ai-Sidebar";
+import { AiLayoutProvider } from "./context";
 
 export default function Layout({ children }) {
   const [currentChatId, setCurrentChatId] = useState(null);
@@ -59,13 +60,15 @@ export default function Layout({ children }) {
 
       {/* Chat panel */}
       <div className="flex min-w-0 flex-1 flex-col">
-        {children &&
-          typeof children === "object" &&
-          React.cloneElement(children, {
+        <AiLayoutProvider
+          value={{
             chatData,
             onChatUpdate: setCurrentChatId,
             onOpenSidebar: () => setSidebarOpen(true),
-          })}
+          }}
+        >
+          {children}
+        </AiLayoutProvider>
       </div>
     </div>
   );
diff --git a/app/[locale]/dashboard/ai/page.jsx b/app/[locale]/dashboard/ai/page.jsx
index 3e18d1af..093a89b1 100644
--- a/app/[locale]/dashboard/ai/page.jsx
+++ b/app/[locale]/dashboard/ai/page.jsx
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ import {
   poppins_500,
   poppins_600,
 } from "@/lib/config/font.config";
+import { useAiLayout } from "./context";
 
 const markdownComponents = {
   p: ({ children }) => (
@@ -95,7 +96,7 @@ const AiAvatar = ({ size = 32 }) => (
   </span>
 );
 
-export default function Dashboard({ chatData, onChatUpdate, onOpenSidebar }) {
+function Dashboard({ chatData, onChatUpdate, onOpenSidebar }) {
   const { user } = useAuth();
   const [messages, setMessages] = useState([]);
   const [inputMessage, setInputMessage] = useState("");
@@ -416,3 +417,15 @@ export default function Dashboard({ chatData, onChatUpdate, onOpenSidebar }) {
     </div>
   );
 }
+
+export default function DashboardPage() {
+  const { chatData, onChatUpdate, onOpenSidebar } = useAiLayout();
+
+  return (
+    <Dashboard
+      chatData={chatData}
+      onChatUpdate={onChatUpdate}
+      onOpenSidebar={onOpenSidebar}
+    />
+  );
+}
diff --git a/app/[locale]/dashboard/courses/[courseId]/CourseDetailPageClient.jsx b/app/[locale]/dashboard/courses/[courseId]/CourseDetailPageClient.jsx
index 5263f599..df4d9fef 100644
--- a/app/[locale]/dashboard/courses/[courseId]/CourseDetailPageClient.jsx
+++ b/app/[locale]/dashboard/courses/[courseId]/CourseDetailPageClient.jsx
@@ -13,9 +13,9 @@ import { useHasCourse, usePurchaseCourse } from "@/hooks/usePurchase";
 import { useCourseProgress, formatTime } from "@/hooks/useCourseProgress";
 import { Progress } from "@/components/ui/progress";
 import { toast } from "sonner";
-import { 
-  Wallet, RotateCcw, Play, Star, BookOpen, Tag, Users, MessageSquare, Lock, 
-  CheckCircle2, GraduationCap, Clock, BarChart3, AlertTriangle 
+import {
+  Wallet, RotateCcw, Play, Star, BookOpen, Tag, Users, MessageSquare, Lock,
+  CheckCircle2, GraduationCap, Clock, BarChart3, AlertTriangle
 } from "lucide-react";
 import PaymentModal from "@/components/stellar/PaymentModal";
 import { useStellar } from "@/components/stellar/StellarProvider";
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ export default function CourseDetailClient({ course }) {
           <div className="relative space-y-4">
             <div className="flex flex-wrap items-center gap-2">
               {flagCount > 0 && (
-                <Link 
+                <Link
                   href={`/admin/reports?type=course&id=${course._id}`}
                   className="flex items-center gap-1.5 rounded-full border border-red-500/20 bg-red-500/10 px-3 py-1 text-xs text-red-600 transition hover:bg-red-500/20"
                 >
@@ -89,10 +89,10 @@ export default function CourseDetailClient({ course }) {
           </div>
         </Panel>
         {/* ... remainder of content remains unchanged ... */}
-        <PaymentModal 
-          isOpen={showPaymentModal} 
-          onClose={() => setShowPaymentModal(false)} 
-          course={course} 
+        <PaymentModal
+          isOpen={showPaymentModal}
+          onClose={() => setShowPaymentModal(false)}
+          course={course}
         />
       </div>
     </div>
diff --git a/app/api/documents/signed-url/route.js b/app/api/documents/signed-url/route.js
index 86df1797..4acfa486 100644
--- a/app/api/documents/signed-url/route.js
+++ b/app/api/documents/signed-url/route.js
@@ -1,11 +1,15 @@
 import { NextResponse } from 'next/server';
-import cloudinary from 'cloudinary';
+import crypto from 'node:crypto';
 
-cloudinary.v2.config({
-  cloud_name: process.env.CLOUDINARY_CLOUD_NAME,
-  api_key: process.env.CLOUDINARY_API_KEY,
-  api_secret: process.env.CLOUDINARY_API_SECRET,
-});
+function signCloudinaryRequest(params, apiSecret) {
+  const payload = Object.entries(params)
+    .filter(([, value]) => value !== undefined && value !== null && value !== '')
+    .sort(([a], [b]) => a.localeCompare(b))
+    .map(([key, value]) => `${key}=${value}`)
+    .join('&');
+
+  return crypto.createHash('sha1').update(`${payload}${apiSecret}`).digest('hex');
+}
 
 export async function GET(request) {
   const { searchParams } = new URL(request.url);
@@ -22,18 +26,33 @@ export async function GET(request) {
   }
 
   try {
+    const cloudName = process.env.CLOUDINARY_CLOUD_NAME;
+    const apiKey = process.env.CLOUDINARY_API_KEY;
+    const apiSecret = process.env.CLOUDINARY_API_SECRET;
+
+    if (!cloudName || !apiKey || !apiSecret) {
+      return NextResponse.json({ error: 'Cloudinary credentials are not configured' }, { status: 500 });
+    }
+
     const expiresInSeconds = parseInt(process.env.SIGNED_URL_EXPIRATION_SECONDS, '10') || 60;
+    const timestamp = Math.floor(Date.now() / 1000);
     const expiresAt = Math.floor(Date.now() / 1000) + expiresInSeconds;
 
     // Generate a signed URL with a short expiration.
     // Note: This route must be protected by authentication and authorization in production.
-    const signedUrl = cloudinary.v2.utils.private_download_url(id, '', {
-      resource_type: resourceType,
+    const signatureParams = {
+      timestamp,
+      public_id: id,
       type: 'authenticated',
-      sign_url: true,
       expires_at: expiresAt,
-      secure: true,
+    };
+    const signature = signCloudinaryRequest(signatureParams, apiSecret);
+    const signedParams = new URLSearchParams({
+      ...Object.fromEntries(Object.entries(signatureParams).map(([key, value]) => [key, String(value)])),
+      signature,
+      api_key: apiKey,
     });
+    const signedUrl = `https://api.cloudinary.com/v1_1/${cloudName}/${resourceType}/download?${signedParams.toString()}`;
 
     // Do not log or cache the signed URL.
     return NextResponse.json({ url: signedUrl, expiresInSeconds });
@@ -41,4 +60,4 @@ export async function GET(request) {
     // Avoid logging error details as the error may contain sensitive information.
     return NextResponse.json({ error: 'Unable to generate signed URL' }, { status: 500 });
   }
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/components/admin/BulkCoursePublishDialog.jsx b/components/admin/BulkCoursePublishDialog.jsx
index 0e39ac14..09befa93 100644
--- a/components/admin/BulkCoursePublishDialog.jsx
+++ b/components/admin/BulkCoursePublishDialog.jsx
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ export default function BulkCoursePublishDialog({ open, onOpenChange, courses, o
             Are you sure you want to set these courses to live? This action will make them visible to all students.
           </DialogDescription>
         </DialogHeader>
-        
+
         <ScrollArea className="max-h-60 border rounded-md p-2 my-2">
           <ul className="text-sm space-y-1">
             {courses.map(c => <li key={c.id}>• {c.title}</li>)}
@@ -47,8 +47,8 @@ export default function BulkCoursePublishDialog({ open, onOpenChange, courses, o
 
         <DialogFooter>
           <Button variant="outline" onClick={() => onOpenChange(false)}>Cancel</Button>
-          <Button 
-            disabled={loading || (needsConfirmation && confirmation !== "PUBLISH")} 
+          <Button
+            disabled={loading || (needsConfirmation && confirmation !== "PUBLISH")}
             onClick={handleConfirm}
           >
             {loading ? "Publishing..." : "Confirm Publish"}
diff --git a/lib/actions/admin-verification-history.js b/lib/actions/admin-verification-history.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a807e70d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/actions/admin-verification-history.js
@@ -0,0 +1,186 @@
+/**
+ * Admin educator verification history service.
+ *
+ * TODO(backend): GET /api/admin/educators/:educatorId/verification-history
+ *   - Auth: admin session.
+ *   - 200 -> { events: [{ id, type, label, actor, timestamp, note }] }
+ *
+ * Until that endpoint is available, this module composes the timeline from the
+ * educator/user record fields already returned to the detail page.
+ */
+
+import axiosInstance from "@/lib/config/axios.config";
+
+const EVENT_LABELS = {
+  submitted: "Submitted",
+  info_requested: "Info requested",
+  approved: "Approved",
+  rejected: "Rejected",
+  re_verified: "Re-verified",
+};
+
+const EVENT_ORDER = [
+  "re_verified",
+  "approved",
+  "rejected",
+  "info_requested",
+  "submitted",
+];
+
+function firstDefined(...values) {
+  return values.find((value) => value !== undefined && value !== null && value !== "");
+}
+
+function normalizeActor(value) {
+  if (!value) return "System";
+  if (typeof value === "string") return value;
+  return value.name || value.email || value.id || "System";
+}
+
+function normalizeTimestamp(value) {
+  if (!value) return null;
+  const date = new Date(value);
+  return Number.isNaN(date.getTime()) ? null : date.toISOString();
+}
+
+function normalizeEvent(raw, index = 0) {
+  const type = raw.type || raw.status || raw.action || "submitted";
+  const timestamp = normalizeTimestamp(
+    firstDefined(raw.timestamp, raw.ts, raw.createdAt, raw.created_at, raw.at)
+  );
+
+  return {
+    id: raw.id || `${type}-${timestamp || index}`,
+    type,
+    label: raw.label || EVENT_LABELS[type] || type.replace(/_/g, " "),
+    actor: normalizeActor(raw.actor || raw.reviewedBy || raw.admin || raw.requestedBy),
+    timestamp,
+    note: raw.note || raw.reason || raw.comment || raw.summary || null,
+  };
+}
+
+function sortNewestFirst(events) {
+  return [...events].sort((a, b) => {
+    const aTime = a.timestamp ? new Date(a.timestamp).getTime() : 0;
+    const bTime = b.timestamp ? new Date(b.timestamp).getTime() : 0;
+    return bTime - aTime;
+  });
+}
+
+function readVerificationRecord(user = {}) {
+  return (
+    user.verification ||
+    user.verificationRecord ||
+    user.educatorVerification ||
+    user.educatorApplication ||
+    user.application ||
+    user
+  );
+}
+
+function buildEvent(record, user, type, timestampFields, actorFields, noteFields = []) {
+  const timestamp = normalizeTimestamp(
+    firstDefined(...timestampFields.map((field) => record[field] ?? user[field]))
+  );
+  if (!timestamp) return null;
+
+  return normalizeEvent({
+    type,
+    timestamp,
+    actor: firstDefined(...actorFields.map((field) => record[field] ?? user[field])),
+    note: firstDefined(...noteFields.map((field) => record[field] ?? user[field])),
+  });
+}
+
+export function composeVerificationHistoryFromUser(user = {}) {
+  const record = readVerificationRecord(user);
+  const verificationStatus = String(
+    firstDefined(record.status, record.verificationStatus, user.verificationStatus, user.status) || ""
+  ).toLowerCase();
+  const sourceEvents =
+    record.history ||
+    record.timeline ||
+    record.events ||
+    user.verificationHistory ||
+    user.verificationEvents;
+
+  if (Array.isArray(sourceEvents) && sourceEvents.length > 0) {
+    return sortNewestFirst(sourceEvents.map(normalizeEvent));
+  }
+
+  const reviewerFields = ["reviewedBy", "reviewer", "approvedBy", "rejectedBy", "actor"];
+  const events = EVENT_ORDER.map((type) => {
+    if (type === "submitted") {
+      return buildEvent(
+        record,
+        user,
+        type,
+        ["submittedAt", "submitted_at", "applicationSubmittedAt"],
+        ["submittedBy", "createdBy", "name", "email"]
+      );
+    }
+    if (type === "info_requested") {
+      return buildEvent(
+        record,
+        user,
+        type,
+        ["infoRequestedAt", "info_requested_at", "changesRequestedAt"],
+        ["infoRequestedBy", ...reviewerFields],
+        ["infoRequestReason", "changesRequestedReason", "reviewNote"]
+      );
+    }
+    if (type === "approved") {
+      return buildEvent(
+        record,
+        user,
+        type,
+        ["approvedAt", "approved_at"],
+        reviewerFields,
+        ["approvalNote", "reviewNote"]
+      );
+    }
+    if (type === "rejected") {
+      const rejectedTimestampFields = ["rejectedAt", "rejected_at"];
+      if (verificationStatus === "rejected") {
+        rejectedTimestampFields.push("reviewedAt", "reviewed_at");
+      }
+      return buildEvent(
+        record,
+        user,
+        type,
+        rejectedTimestampFields,
+        reviewerFields,
+        ["rejectionReason", "reason", "reviewNote"]
+      );
+    }
+    return buildEvent(
+      record,
+      user,
+      type,
+      ["reverifiedAt", "reVerifiedAt", "re_verified_at"],
+      ["reverifiedBy", "reVerifiedBy", ...reviewerFields],
+      ["reverificationNote", "reviewNote"]
+    );
+  }).filter(Boolean);
+
+  return sortNewestFirst(events);
+}
+
+export async function fetchEducatorVerificationHistory(educatorId, fallbackUser) {
+  try {
+    const { data } = await axiosInstance.get(
+      `/api/admin/educators/${educatorId}/verification-history`
+    );
+    const events = Array.isArray(data?.events) ? data.events : data?.history;
+    return {
+      source: "backend",
+      events: sortNewestFirst(Array.isArray(events) ? events.map(normalizeEvent) : []),
+    };
+  } catch {
+    // Fallback path required until the backend admin endpoint exists.
+    return {
+      source: "composed",
+      events: composeVerificationHistoryFromUser(fallbackUser),
+    };
+  }
+}