diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3f9634d --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitignore @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +# Compiled Object files, Static and Dynamic libs (Shared Objects) +*.o +*.a +*.so + +# Folders +_obj +_test + +# Architecture specific extensions/prefixes +*.[568vq] +[568vq].out + +*.cgo1.go +*.cgo2.c +_cgo_defun.c +_cgo_gotypes.go +_cgo_export.* + +_testmain.go + +*.exe +*.test +*.prof +present diff --git a/2016/go17-compiler.slide b/2016/go17-compiler.slide new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c8bf97b --- /dev/null +++ b/2016/go17-compiler.slide @@ -0,0 +1,262 @@ +Utilizing the Go 1.7 SSA Compiler + +Copenhagen Gophers Meetup +20 Sep 2016 + +Klaus Post +Vivino, Senior Backend Engineer +klauspost@gmail.com + + +* Go SSA Compiler + +Main feature of the compiler in Go 1.7 is a "Static Single Assignment" compiler. + +Used by some of our favorite tools: + +- go vet +- gorename +- Go Guru (former Go Oracle) +- safesql + +NOW: + +- go build + +* What does SSA do? + +(stolen from: [[https://talks.golang.org/2014/static-analysis.slide#10][Static analysis tools talks]] by Alan Donovan) + +Extremely simplified: + +Programs are lowered into Static Single-Assignment form (SSA): + +- simplifies dataflow analyses since _reaching_ _definitions_ are implicit +- invented 1991, now mainstream (gcc, llvm) + +All Go programs can be expressed using only ~30 basic instructions + +Simple, explicit, high-level, high source fidelity + +.link http://godoc.org/golang.org/x/tools/go/ssa golang.org/x/tools/go/ssa + + +* SSA Example + + func fib(x int) int { + if x < 2 { + return x + } + return fib(x-1) + fib(x-2) + } + +↓ + + func fib(x int) int: + 0: entry P:0 S:2 + t0 = x < 2:int bool + if t0 goto 1 else 2 + 1: if.then P:1 S:0 + return x + 2: if.done P:1 S:0 + t1 = x - 1:int int + t2 = fib(t1) int + t3 = x - 2:int int + t4 = fib(t3) int + t5 = t2 + t4 int + return t5 + +* More Information on SSA + +Go Static Analysis Tools by Alan Donovan + +.image go17-compiler/donovan-talk.png + +.link http://vimeo.com/114736889 Watch the talk on Vimeo + +.link https://talks.golang.org/2014/static-analysis.slide#1 Slides + +* What does it mean? + +- Better code generation +- Easy optimizations +- Cross platform optimizations + += Faster Go programs. AMD64 for now, others already shaping up. + +.image go17-compiler/pixel-gopher-256.png + +* SSA "rules" + +SSA rules allows to specify optimizations in a relatively simple syntax which is converted into code. + +Example: "b = a * -1" + + // Convert x * -1 to -x. The front-end catches some but not all of these. + (Mul8 (Const8 [-1]) x) -> (Neg8 x) + (Mul16 (Const16 [-1]) x) -> (Neg16 x) + +.link https://github.com/golang/go/blob/master/src/cmd/compile/internal/ssa/rewritegeneric.go#L5760 Generated Code + +.link https://github.com/golang/go/tree/master/src/cmd/compile/internal/ssa/gen Current SSA Rewrite Rules + +* Bound Check Elimination + +GC and Bounds Checks are the reason for most of the performance difference between C and Go. + +SSA only helps GC to a smaller degree through "escape analysis". + +However, SSA helps eliminating bounds checks, by having an easier path for tracing values. + +Go 1.7 is now eliminating way more bounds checks, since it is easier to analyze program flow. + +* Bounds Check Elimination Example + + +Simple, by type: + + var a [256]int + + // byte can never be > 255 + for i := 0; i < 50000; i++ { + _ = a[byte(i)] + } + + +By masking lookup: + + var b [4096]int + + // Mask 11 lower bits + for i := 0; i < 50000; i++ { + _ = b[i&4095] + } + + + +* Bounds Check Elimination Example + +What about slices and not arrays? + +Help the compiler! + +Example from compress/flate: + + // matchLen returns the number of matching bytes in a and b + // up to length 'max'. Both slices must be at least 'max' + // bytes in size. + func matchLen(a, b []byte, max int) int { + a = a[:max] + b = b[:len(a)] + for i, av := range a { + if b[i] != av { + return i + } + } + return max + } + +* Identifying Bounds Checks + +.code go17-compiler/bounds.go + +* Make the compiler tell us + +.code go17-compiler/bounds_hl.go + + $ go build -gcflags="-d=ssa/check_bce/debug=1" bounds.go + # command-line-arguments + .\bounds.go:7: Found IsInBounds + +Signifies one or more bounds check in the loop. + +* Let's fix it + +.code go17-compiler/bounds_fix.go + + $ go build -gcflags="-d=ssa/check_bce/debug=1" bounds.go + # command-line-arguments + .\bounds.go:5: Found IsSliceInBounds + .\bounds.go:8: Found IsInBounds + +Hmmm... Have we just made it worse? + +Guess Go isn't perfect (yet). + +* Let's fix it (again) + +.code go17-compiler/bounds_fixed.go + + $ go build -gcflags="-d=ssa/check_bce/debug=1" bounds.go + # command-line-arguments + .\bounds.go:5: Found IsSliceInBounds + .\bounds.go:7: Found IsSliceInBounds + +Success - we now only check bounds outside the loop. + + +* Real world performance + +From [[https://github.com/klauspost/dedup][dedup package]]: + + var c1 byte // last byte + var h uint32 // rolling hash for finding fragment boundaries + var o1 [256]byte // Order 1 prediction table + + // Split b based on order 1 predictions. + func Split(b []byte) int + for i, c := range b { + if c == o1[c1] { + h = (h + uint32(c) + 1) * 314159265 + } else { + h = (h + uint32(c) + 1) * 271828182 + } + o1[c1] = c + c1 = c + if condition { return i } + } + } + +* Numbers + +https://github.com/klauspost/dedup + + $ go test -bench=DynamicFragments + +Go 1.6.3: + + BenchmarkDynamicFragments64K-8 20 59823050 ns/op 175.28 MB/s + +Go 1.7.1: + + BenchmarkDynamicFragments64K-8 30 37100610 ns/op 282.63 MB/s + +* "Mind == Blown" bonus + + + y := x[1] + z := x[0] + +faster than + + y := x[0] + z := x[1] + +.image go17-compiler/brad-gopher.jpg +.caption Brad Fitzpatrick: [[https://twitter.com/bradfitz/status/335213285815226369][Evil, possessed gopher]]. + +* Conclusion + +- Help the compiler in time critical loops +- Enjoy the free speedups +- Check and Benchmark your code + +.image go17-compiler/pixel-gopher-256.png + +* Questions + +.image go17-compiler/questions.png + +Feel free to ask questions, or ask later. + + diff --git a/2016/go17-compiler/bounds.go b/2016/go17-compiler/bounds.go new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3f2d869 --- /dev/null +++ b/2016/go17-compiler/bounds.go @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +package add + +// Add a and b. len(b) must be >= len(a) +func Add(a, b []float64) []float64 { + c := make([]float64, len(a)) + for i := range a { + c[i] = a[i] + b[i] + } + return c +} diff --git a/2016/go17-compiler/bounds_fix.go b/2016/go17-compiler/bounds_fix.go new file mode 100644 index 0000000..625774e --- /dev/null +++ b/2016/go17-compiler/bounds_fix.go @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +1 package add +2 +3 // Add a and b. len(b) must be >= len(a) +4 func Add(a, b []byte) []float64 { +5 b = b[:len(a)] // HL +6 c := make([]float64, len(a)) +7 for i := range a { +8 c[i] = a[i] + b[i] +9 } +10 return c +11 } diff --git a/2016/go17-compiler/bounds_fixed.go b/2016/go17-compiler/bounds_fixed.go new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8383a2b --- /dev/null +++ b/2016/go17-compiler/bounds_fixed.go @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +1 package add +2 +3 // Add a and b. len(b) must be >= len(a) +4 func Add(a, b []float64) []float64 { +5 b = b[:len(a)] // HL +6 c := make([]float64, len(a)) +7 c = c[:len(a)] // HL +8 for i := range a { +9 c[i] = a[i] + b[i] +10 } +11 return c +12 } diff --git a/2016/go17-compiler/bounds_hl.go b/2016/go17-compiler/bounds_hl.go new file mode 100644 index 0000000..30ff011 --- /dev/null +++ b/2016/go17-compiler/bounds_hl.go @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +1 package add +2 +3 // Add a and b. len(b) must be >= len(a) +4 func Add(a, b []float64) []float64 { +5 c := make([]float64, len(a)) +6 for i := range a { +7 c[i] = a[i] + b[i] // HL +8 } +9 return c +10 } diff --git a/2016/go17-compiler/brad-gopher.jpg b/2016/go17-compiler/brad-gopher.jpg new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4f14a22 Binary files /dev/null and b/2016/go17-compiler/brad-gopher.jpg differ diff --git a/2016/go17-compiler/donovan-talk.png b/2016/go17-compiler/donovan-talk.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000..df45193 Binary files /dev/null and b/2016/go17-compiler/donovan-talk.png differ diff --git a/2016/go17-compiler/pixel-gopher-256.png b/2016/go17-compiler/pixel-gopher-256.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7586208 Binary files /dev/null and b/2016/go17-compiler/pixel-gopher-256.png differ diff --git a/2016/go17-compiler/questions.png b/2016/go17-compiler/questions.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fa37d6f Binary files /dev/null and b/2016/go17-compiler/questions.png differ diff --git a/LICENSE-CC-BY b/LICENSE-CC-BY new file mode 100644 index 0000000..53883b1 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE-CC-BY @@ -0,0 +1,396 @@ +Attribution 4.0 International + +======================================================================= + +Creative Commons Corporation ("Creative Commons") is not a law firm and +does not provide legal services or legal advice. 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For +the avoidance of doubt, this paragraph does not form part of the +public licenses. + +Creative Commons may be contacted at creativecommons.org. + diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d62f2d6 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +This repository holds various Copenhagen Gophers talks that may be viewed with the present tool. + +To install the present tool, use go get: + + go get golang.org/x/tools/cmd/present + +To deploy these talks to App Engine, copy the tools/cmd/present directory to +the root of this repository and run: + + appcfg.py update -A your-app-id -V your-app-version /path/to/talks + +To submit changes to this repository, see http://golang.org/doc/contribute.html. + +# LICENSE + +The standard license is Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 [(CC BY 4.0)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). +However individual talks may have a separate license. In that case a separate LICENSE file will be placed in +the content folder of the talk. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/app.yaml b/app.yaml new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9c50781 --- /dev/null +++ b/app.yaml @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +application: cphgophers +version: talks-test +runtime: go +api_version: go1 + +handlers: +- url: /favicon.ico + static_files: present/static/favicon.ico + upload: present/static/favicon.ico +- url: /static + static_dir: present/static + application_readable: true +- url: /.* + script: _go_app + +nobuild_files: ^201[0-9]/